Good Frive Agreement, inozivikanwa nenzira yakarongeka seBelfast Agreement, yakapedzisa musi wa10 April 1998 pashure pemakore okutaurirana. Chinangwa chayo chikuru chaiva chokugumisa kurwisana kwemasimba masimba kwaizivikanwa seNharo, iyo yakanga yauraya vanhu vanopfuura 3 500 kubvira mukupera kwama1960. Kunyange zvazvo Chibvumirano ichichichengetwa zvikuru nokuda kwokutanga rugare nehurumende ine simba, simba racho pazvamatongerwe enyika zveSangano reNorthern Ireland rave rakakura uye richitsungirira. Chinodzodzo charo chakanga chachinja miganhuro, yakachinja mufambiro mutsva wokuvhotera, uye yakatanga gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo inoramba iri manyuko ose ari maviri manyuko okudzikano nerwisano. Kunzwisisa uku kunoda kuti chitarisikire kupfuura kuchinja kukuru kurugare mumashandiro ezvirongwa zvokuvhota, mavhota, uye matsinhanwa anoitwa nevagari vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Nzira yokuenda kuGood Fread Augness yakanga iri refu uye inokakavadzana. Pakasvika pakati pama19990, pashure pamakumi amakore emasimba masimba esekete, mauto ose ari maviri eRepublic nereast Community yeIrland aizivisa kupera, kuzarura hwindo rekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chibvumirano chaikurukurwa pakati pehurumende dzeBritain neIreland, uye vasere pamasangano makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika gumi muNorthern Ireland, kubatanidza SDLP, UUP, Sin Féin, uye Alliance Party. Chikuru chaichikabatanidza kutangwa kweChibvumirano cheRwitiom yeIntement ine chiremera chakazara, Dare reGumbiriro reBasigiratisipo neratimendiro (cane), uye masangano enzvimbo dzose dzinokurudzira kubatira pamutemo muverindimori ino.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika

Pamberi pa1998, zvamatongerwe enyika zveNorthern Ireland zvakarondedzerwa chose chose nembiri dzechibatanidzwa nesvomhu. Gadziriro yevhoora yepfupi yokutanga-pfuti-refu yeFPTP) yakanga yabudisa mibatanidzwa mikuru yakatsiga paWestminster, nepo sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzakashandisa chimiro cheSTV asi neruwa ruduku rwaidzo dzakasiya mapoka maduku akaiswa mumitengo. Chinodikanwa ichi cheGoverindivara chakachinja simba iri nesimba kupfurikidza nesimbiso inodzorwa senheyo huru yehurumende. Gungano idzva, rakasarudzwa neSTV, raigona kuumba bedzi chiremera kana masangano makurusa echikwata nevezvomubatanidzwa wenyika imwe chete. Masangano anomanikidzirwa zvikuru namasangano enyika anobatira pamwe chete.

Kutanga kweSTV nokuda kweGungano rose nesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo (noukuru hwezvigaro zvishanu kusvikira kunomwe) kwakava nemiuyo yapakarepo inoverengeka. Kwakaita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwamapoka maduku navanozvimirira kuwina mimiririri, sezvo vvumba vaigona kuisa vadaviri mumitsetse yebato. Kwakakurudzirawo kukwikwidza vakwikwidzi vazhinji muruwa rumwe norumwe, kusimudzira makwikwikwi omukati nenhepfekero. Kukwidza kwapamuchinjikwa kwemibato yevhoterano yeboka revoti. Kwakaita kuti kukwidzirirwe masangano anoramba zvakananga masangano echechi, zvakadai seRalmon neGrealt, kunyange zvazvo kukura kwawo kuchida kuva kwakatsigarira kupfuvura ruzhinji kubva pamashoko ose ari maviri.

Kumuka Kwemapati Matsva Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chitsinhano chamajekiseni chinokosha zvikurusa pashure pomuna 1988 chakanga chiri kutsiva mapoka ane mwero akanga adzora gadziriro yorugare — Ulster Union Party (UP) neSocial Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) (SDLP) (S) / kupfurikidza neStridentidentidentidentifist Democ Union Party yeDéin (Déin) neSin Féin. Mune Sangano ra1998, UUP yakawana zvigaro 28 uye SDLP 24, ichiita kuti zvikamu zvikuru munzanga imwe neimwe. Pakazosvika 2003, DuP naSin Fiin vakanga vakunda vakwikwikwidzani, vachiratidzira kushatswa kwavo nokupfuudzira nokushanda kwechini kwadzokororo, izvo zvakapfuurira kutsigira zvikuru Hurumende yeChibvumirano pakati pemasangano ose ari maviri echinvhoriti. DUPley, akatungamirirwa nePan, akapfurwa naPasley kubva paChibvumirano chaGroriti, chiRegiswose, chikabudirira zvikuru, chakatsigira

Uku kuparadzwa kwakapfuurira kwemakore gumi. Kumuka kwemasangano maviri kwakareva kuti simba rekubatana rakava mubatanidzwa mukurusa uye, pashure pa2017, boka gurusa rose muGungano. Sinn Féin akawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kuvhota kwake, zvikurukuru pashure pokubhomba kweHomba yeOmagh kwa1998 uye kubviswa kwezvombo zveIRA zvishoma nezvishoma. Kumuka kwemapoka maviri aya kwaireva kuti simba rekubatana razova mubatanidzwa wemakwikwikwi pakati pe “VaRungu Hama ” vaikwikwikwidzani vaitsigira maonero akasiyana zvikuru paChibvumirano. Asi, zvinoshamisa, vakakwanisa kudzora pamwe chete kwenguva yakawanda, nomutungamiriri weDupus Ian Paisley uye Sin Féin’s Martin McGin’s jinswongwong akakurumbira kuvambira muna 2008. Uku kubatana kwairatidza kuti hurumende yaigona kutakura hurumende yehurumende paidzoromewo huru paidzorome kunyange paidzonge pakanga pakanga paripo.

Electoral System uye Simba

Gadziriro inopfuudzwa yoga, inorairwa neChibvumirano, inheyo yezvamatongerwe enyika zvitsva zvinosarudzwa. Vavhozheri vanorongeka nokuda kwezvinodiwa paruwa rwavanhu vakawanda. Vachasvika padanho rakavakirwa pahwerengedzo yamavhoti anoshanda akakamuraniswa nenhamba yezvigaro pamwe chete neyomwe. Vhoti dzinobva kuvanenge vasarudzwa dzinochinjirwa kuzvinodiwa zvakaderera, uye vanobvisa vavhoti vevachada vanobviswa zvakafanana. Muitiro uyu une migumisiro inokosha yakawanda nokuda kweNorthern Ireland:

  • Chiratidzo: Chikamu percentage yezvigaro chinohwina chinosanowirirana nechiverengero chazvo chevhoti yokutanga, kuita kuti Gungano rive mumiriri mukuru wevavhoti. Mapati maduku akafanana neGreen Party, People Before Conficience, uye Forational Unionsist Voice ose ahwin.
  • Chikumbiro chemacommony: Nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanogona kuisa vadaviri mumapati akasiyana, mapati egadziriro anogona kukwezva zvisarudzo zvechipiri nezvechitatu kubva kuvavhoti venzanga yakasiana. Chikwata chaAlliance, zvikurukuru, betsero dzinobva muna ikoku, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuva chinodikanwa chechipiri kana kuti chechitatu nokuda kwavabatanidzwa vazhinji vane mwero navagari venyika.
  • Nhimbe dzinonangidzirwa: Mapati anofamba nevakawanda mudanho rimwe nerimwe, achivamanikidzira kusiyanisa vadaviri vavo pachinyorwa chomunhu oga nenhau dzomunzvimbomo panzvimbo pechiratidzo chepati. Ikoku kunokurudzira kubatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunoderedza udzori hwemichina yebato.
  • Kushanda kupfurikidza nokubatanidza simba: Gadziriro inobatanidzwa nomuitiro wed’Hondt wekubatanidza mapazi okushumira. Boka gurusa muzita rimwe nerimwe renzanga (ichinjo, chidzoreso chenyika, uye “imwe”) rinowana chisarudzo chokutanga, ipapo chikurusa chinotevera, uye zvichingodaro. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti Mukuru mukuru iboka ramabato makuru, asi kunorevawo kuti boka gurusa muboka rimwe nerimwe rinogona kumisa zvinobudirira kana kuti kunonotsa zvisarudzo, kuchitungamirira kuambutsa mabhineti.

Mutezo wesimba unotapudza wave usati uri usina njodzi. Masangano anoderedza njodzi akaputsika katatu: kuvambira muna 2002-20017 (anofungidzirwa kuti mubato weIRA), kuvambira muna January 2017 kusvikira muna January 2020 (pamusoro pechinyadziso chinomutsidzira chokudziya nokusawirirana pakodzero dzomutauro weIrish), uye misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa kubva muna February 2022 kusvikira kuna February 2024 (pashure pemarongedzero ebhizimisi reBr eetisk, Northern Ireland Protocotocol),. Mabhineti mamwe namamwe akaratidzira kuti apo gadziriro yavana pamutemo inogona kubudisa hurumende inotera apo mapoka anobatira pamwe chete, haagoni kumanikidza. Mukati , Munyori weHurumende yeNorthern Ireland akafunga kutonga zvakananga kubva kuWest Westernern Ireland, asi gadziriro inosarudzwa negadziriro yebato yakaramba ichiripo, yakagadzirira kudzorerwazve kuvimba.

Migumisiro Yakavapo Nguva Refu Pamatongerwe Enyika

Chibvumirano cheGood Chirefu chakava netapuro inogarisa uye yakaoma panzvimbo inosarudzwa vanhu yeNorthern Ireland. Pane rumwe rutivi, chakapa zvikuru chachinopikira: kuderedzwa kwamasimba masimba ezvematongerwe enyika, kutora rutivi kwakafara mumasangano edemokratiki, uye gadziriro inobvumira nzanga dzose kuva nenzwi. Zvirongwa zvinova makwikwikwi pamusoro pomutemo uye kudzora, kwete chete. Kuchinja kwakadai sokuzvidzora kweutano. Kuchinja uku kwakadai, dzidzo, dzimba, uye rutivi rwemari kunooneka zvikuru mubato, murutivi rwemitengo yemitemo yehurumende. Magungano 20222, somuenzaniso, akaona Sin Féin achiva boka gurusa renguva yokutanga, kuhwina zvigaro 27 zveDUP, kwete kuchinjwa kwechinjo yegore chenyika yose, asi kupfurikidza neTsiné, uye njodzi dzeutano, apo inopfuutsidzira zvikuru.

Zvisinei, kupesana kukuru kunoramba kuripo. Kuvapo kweMubatanidzwa weIrish Language semubatanidzwa weChibvumirano kunoreva kuti hurumende dzose dzinobatanidza nhengo dzakazvipira kuUnion nebato dzakatsaurirwa kuIreland. Uku kunyanduka kunovakwa mugadziriro uye kwave kuchidzorwa panhambo nenhambo. 2017-2020 yakawa paIrish Language Act, uye 2022-2024 yakawa paChibvumirano chemitemo, kwakaratidza kuti apo boka rimwe nerimwe rinorega, sangano rose rinovharwa. Uyezve, gadziriro yetsika inodzorwa yakabvumira manzwi okunyanyisa kuwana maratidziro anenge aripo neShonal Union (UV), iyo inoshora chose chose chose chigaro, yakawana chigaro chimwe muna 20222, uye minda inodzivisa simba rose muchimiro charo charo. Kurutivi rwamarudzi anowanawo, nhamba duku inodzorwa nechigaro chehurumende inorwisana nechibvumirano chinodzoro.

Kuvimbisana kwadzikira uye kwapera. Kuvhota kwave kwakaderera zvikuru kupfuura mumakore achangobva kutevera Chibvumirano, avhareji inosvika 55-65%, zvichienzaniswa na70% muna 1998. Votape vaduku, vasina kuyeuka Nhamo, kazhinji kazhinji vanoona zvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza neres disc reslans yemagmatic, asi vanokarakadzawo kuderera zvishoma kuruvimbiko rwegamuchidzanwa. Chikamu chavavhoti chinozivisa se “vasingawiri mubatanidzwa kana kuti mutsigiri wamarudzi” chakura zvishoma nezvishoma, chakaratidzwa mugoverano inovhotera yeAlliance Par, iyo yakabva ku 7% muna 2016 kusvika ku 13.522. Chimiro ichi chinokarakadzawo kuva chakaderera, kana kuti chinobva pakuvhotera. Anaswo vanotsvaka kusvika kupfundo re [Flectal]

Kusarudza kwenguva refu kunotsamirawo pakuchinja kwechiverengero chavagari vemo. 2021 yakaratidza kuti kwenguva yokutanga, nhamba yavaKaturike (vanowanzozivisa sevanotsigira urudzi) yapfuura vaPurotesitendi (avo vanowanzozivisa sevabatanidzwa) muNorthern Ireland. Uku kwakaparira fungidziro dzokuti kunzvera kwemuganhu weIreland kungachengetwa mukati megumi ramakore rinotevera, sezvinogoverwa neChirungu. Zvisinei, kuverengwa kwemashoko hakusi chiratidzo chakakwana chomufambiro wokuvhotera, uye vaKaturike vazhinji havavhoti vorudzi, nepo vamwe vaPurotesitendi vanotsigira Chikamu cheRelivhosland. Sign pat zvamatongerwe enyika inosarudzwa neyati yevengi inodzokororwa neyamumagariro yezvero yezvemari inovakwa nezvinodzorwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, Hurumende inotonyanya kuitirwa dzidzo yemari inovakwanwa nezvinodzokororwa nezvinoitirwa nezvinoitirwa neverwa.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha cheChibvumirano chave chiri kuumbwa kwevatongi vevhoti uye kuvandudzwa kwakatsiga mukunyoresa nokudzokera pakati pemapoka akachekererwa. Kutanga kunyoresa vanhu vaduku naavo vanobva kumapoka maduku edzinza (kubatanidza vagari vashoma vanobva kuchena vanobva kune imwe nyika) kwakatsigirwa neElectoral Commission. Kushandiswa kweSTV kwakatungamirirawo kumiitiro yakaoma zvikuru yokusarudza, sezvo mapoka anoziva kuti kumhanya vanhu vakawanda vakasimba muruwa kunokosha. Mu 20222 Comportontroation, vanopfuura 250 Kirasition vakakwikwidza zvigaro 90 vachipfuura 18 yemipitien, vachipa vhotanuro hurusarudzo.

Vacherekedzi vokunze vanocherekedza kuti gadziriro yeNorthern Ireland muenzaniso usingawaniki webudiriro pashure pekukakavadzana kwesimba rinokamuranisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, vatsoropodzi vanoramba kuti mauto echikwata ane zvinangwa zvakasiyana - siyana muhurumende, kuparira kusagadzikana kusingaperi. Kuputswa kwesimba re-paramende neRwanda (IDA) kwaizivikanwa semuenzaniso unobvira wezvimwe nzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru. Asi, vashori vanotaura kuti mauto emote yemasangano ane vavariro dzinopesana nehurumende, kuparira kusagadzikana kusingaperi. Kuputswa kwesimba rinofambiswa neRwanda.[Foctivelse] kunonyorwa se “imwe .

Pasinei zvapo nedenho idzi, chirongwa cheChibvumirano cheSangano cheChibvumirano chakabvumikisa kuva chakasimba. Pashure pokunge makore maviri apera muna February 2024, Gungano rakaunganazve neDupus neSinn Fiéin. Uku kupfuurira kugoveranazve mapango makuru. Mutungamiriri mutsva weDuP, Gavin Robinson, akazvipira kuita basa rokudzora simba, nepo Sin Féin’n O’Neill anoramba ari Mushumiri Wekutanga, mutongi wokutanga kubata post. Uku kuratidzira kuti gadziriro yevhiyi, yakaberekwa kubva kuChishanu Chakanaka, zvino yakasimbiswa zvikuru mutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeNorthern Ireland. Inogovera nzira yokuratidzira chisimba, kurwisana nemitwa nechisimba, uye kudzokororomedzodzo dzakadzika kusati zvanzi chasvika padati.

Kutarira mberi, matongerwe enyika eNorthern Ireland achapfuurira kushanduka chitarisiko cheBrein, chinjo yechiverengero chavagari vemo, uye bviro yokuvhota muganhu. Mutezo weProtote neMubato weFrame yakatevera watogadziridzazve makwikwi ebato, kupa DUP chishoro chedombo chekushorwa kumiganhu nokupfuudzira Sin Féin nhauro yechinzwano chinokura. Kuvhozhokera kwakananga kwenhau dzeinhau idzi kuchaonwa muchisarudzo chamagungano anotevera, mudanhoro 20, asi chivako chapasi pevhuro chakaiswa munzvimbo neChirungu cheChishanu cheChirungu cheChirungu (STV, simba reDhind, dhont, dhont, com - commony vrovrony .) icharamba iripoteswa muhondo muidzino.

Nokuda kwenzwisiso dzakawanda pamusoro penhaka yeChishanu yeChibvumirano chaMakurusa nepesvedzero yazvo inopfuurira pamatongerwe enyika eNorthern Ireland, nzvera kubva BBC Northern Ireland [ nenzvero ine udzame yakabudiswa ne Centre for International Borders Research[[[FLT:]] paYuniversite yeQueen’s Belfast. Kunzwisisa tapuro yeChibvumirano kunokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa simba razvino uno rezvamatongerwe enyika renharaunda.