Chisarudzo chekunatsiridza kwezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States chakashandurwa zvikuru chifo chechisarudzo chedare gurusa mu Citizens United v. Federal Envotion Commission muna 2010. Iyi chisarudzo, chakabatanidzwa neApo Dare reNhenharedzo raitonga Speech zvino.org v.FEC[FL:3], inozarura zvitsama zvikuru zvendyiko yematongerwe enyika, inopa chizvarwa chitsva chezviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika (PAC). Pakati paizvozvi, zvisingabatanidzwa nePACIS, kana kuti zvinoshandira pasina sangano, mubatanidzwa, kana kuti chizviwanwa chakazviwana chikashamira, chikabudirira, uye chichiripozve. Masangano aya akato anoramba achitsigira kutsigira kutsigira mitoo yawo yokugadzira, uye kuronga.

Kuchinja Kunoita Fandesheni: Vagari Vakabatana uye Kuberekwa KwepaC Yakakwirira

Kunzwisisa kuti maPUC ari kugadziridzwa sei, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa kudengenyeka kwapasi kwapamutemo uko kwakatanga gadziriro yazvino uno. 2010 Citizens United chisarudzo chakaparira zvirambidzo zvakagara kwenguva refu pasangano uye mubatanidzwa wemari inoshandisirwa zvinotsamira pamitengo zvinoparira ngozi imwe cheteyo yekushambadzwa kana kuti kukundwa kwemutengi pasina kuwirirana nenhimbe dzechirongwa ichocho. Dare rakarangarira kuti kupambadza mari chakanga chiri chimiro chokutaura kwakadzivirirwa uye kuti ndyiro dzakasununguka hadzina kuita ngozi imwe cheteyo yeUori hwechitsoro chakananga semipiro.

Dare reNhenhare mu [[FLT:] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iyi hurumende miviri yakaparira kupesana kwakajeka munyika yamatare ezvamatongerwe enyika asina kubatanidzwa. Kune rumwe rutivi yakatsigira parakatenwa regamuchidzanwa risingabatanidzwa. Mukuwirirana neganhuriro dzemipiro dzakatsiga namano okupa zvakananga kuvadaviri. Kune imwe yakabuda Super PAC, yasunungurwa pamiganhu inodzorwa asi yakadzivirirwa kubva kunhimbe dzemari inovharwa. Muuyo wakanga uri kuputika kwemari yokunze. Mukuwirirana nemirairo inobva [[FLT: 0]] , mazati okunze akawedzera kubva pa $340 000 000 000 muvhota revhota revhota kusvika ku $2020, uye kukwira muna 20222.24.

Kufamba Kwakaita MapaCs Nemapepa Akanaka

MaPAC azvino uno asina kubatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji anowira mumapoka maviri akasiana apamutemo, rimwe nerimwe rine mitemo yakasiana yokushanda nebetsero dzamazvo.

Pacs Dzisiri Dzamagamuchidzanwa Dzisiri Dzakabatanidzwa

Iwaya ndiwo ma "PAC" agara aripo kubvira kuma 1970. Vanogona kuganhurirwa zvakasimba kuFederal EFoant Campaign Act (FEKA). Vanogona kukumbira nokugamuchira $5 000 pakarenda pagore. Vanogona kupa zvakananga kuboka rezvamatongerwe enyika. Nemhaka yokuti vanogona kupa ukama hwakadzama navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa uye kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandiswa nevezvamatongerwe enyika. Mwero wavo haugoni kukwidziridza zvitsama zvisere zvinodikanwa nokuda kwezvirongwa zvakazvimirira, zvinobudisa nhau zvakakura.

MaPACI makuru (Matare Anotsamira Pakubatira Nhaka bedzi)

Super PACs inoshanda pamuenzaniso wakasiana zvikuru. Vanogona kukwidza zvitsama zvisingagumi kubva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, mibatanidzwa, uye mamwe matare ezvamatongerwe enyika. Hamuna kepisi yapamutemo paukuru hwemipiro. Zvisinei, vanorambidzwa chose chose kubva [ kuzivisa [ nokushandisa kwavo mari nepesvedzero ipi neipi kana kuti vapariti yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ivo havagoni kupa zvakananga kunhimbe. Pesvedzero yavo inodzorwa chose chose kupfurikidza nendyiko dzakazvirongwa zvakazvimirira: terevhizheni nemirairo yemichina, kunyora, kunyora, uye kuvhotera. Kukwira kwePUPC kwadzo kwadzo kwadzo dzePrecrectated revorencesssss.

Mapakishi Ehwanyai (Matare Ematare)

Chikamu chechitatu, chinozivikanwa navose iHybrid PC, yakagadzwa pashure peD.C. chisarudzo cheNdunhu mu Carey v. FEC (2011). Aya matare anochengeta nhauro mbiri dzakasiana: nhauro yegamuchidzanwa ine ganhuriro dzemipiro inogona kupa zvakananga kuvada kufunda, uye nhauro yeSuper PAC inogona kukwidza ndokupedza zvitsama zvisina muganhu pandyiko. Hybrid PACS inogovera kuchinjika kwakakwana asi inouya nezvinodikanwa zvokuchengeta mari yapamutemo uye kuvimbisa mari yomupiro hazvina kufanira.

Kudzika Midziyo Yokutungamirira: Miedzo Yepfungwa Nekushandira Pamwe

Denho inochinjika nokuda kwemaPACI anofambidzana inovamba newirirano imene. Federal Evotion Commission (FEC) ibasa resangano nemitemo yemibato yemari inomanikidzira. Zvisinei, inozivikanwa zvikuru seboka rinodzongonyedzwa, kazhinji kazhinji rakavharwa mumitsetse yemagiramu (3) pamabasa anokosha okuchengeta nokugadzira mitemo. Iyi girafu inoita zvose zviri zviviri ngozi nemikana.

Nokuda kwePaCs, kuoma kwemitemo kunoreva kuti mitemo inowanzoumbwa neMirangariro (AOs), kuratidzira, uye nhungamiro isina kurongwa yokuteerera panzvimbo pokujekesa pamutemo. PaC inofanira kushandisa zano rokuteerera rine ruzivo kuti idudzire kuti mitemo inoshanda sei kuzvinhu zvitsva zvakadai semipiro yakavanzika, NFTTAraissing, kana kuti kushambadza kweAI.

Nzvimbo dzinokosha dzokuteerera dzinosanganisira:

  • Kushuma Regimes: PCs dzinofanira kunyora mishumo yenguva dzose neFEC inopa mijekedzo yadzo nendyiko. Kutsamira pamwero wadzo womubato, dzinganyora mwedzi nomwedzi, chikamu chezvina, kana kuti kaviri. Kukundikana kunyora mafaira zvakarurama uye panguva inogona kuguma nezvinonyorwa nefashoni.
  • The Foreign National Ban: Hakusi kwapamutemo kuti dare ripi neripi rezvamatongerwe enyika rikumbire kana kuti kugamuchira mipiro inobva kumarudzi okumwe (haana kuvagari vemo vechigarire). Iyi itambo tsvuku yakakomba inoda PACIS kuti ishandise miitiro youfakazi hwakasimba hwemupi, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemipiro yepapapa paIndaneti.
  • Dysclaimers: kurukurirano dzose dzavose, kubatanidza kushambadzira kwemichina nenzvimbo dzemasangano enhau, zvinofanira kutakura chiratidzo chokuzivisa avo vakabhadhara kurukurirano yacho uye kana yakatenderwa nomubhadhari. FEC ine mitemo yakananga pamusoro poukuru, kuiswa, uye rondedzero yeidzi dislaimer.

Kugadziridza Kwakarongwa Munguva Yokuedza Kugadzira Zvemagetsi

Kupfuura kuzviisa pasi, maPUC aisabatanidzwa aitofanira kuchinja mabhuku avo okutambira kuti arambe achikosha mumhoteredzo yakakamukana, yemitengo yenhau inobudiswa namashoko. Muenzaniso wekare wokutenga nokutepfenyura mapepa etsamba wakananga hausati wakwana.

Kugadzirwa kweDrive-Microwiting-Tartiget

Pacs dzazvino uno dzinoshanda semafemu emifungo akaoma. Vanotenga kana kuti vavhoti vhoti hombe dzine mashoko evagari vemo, nhau yokuvhota, uye mazivikanwo etsika dzevatengi. Kupfurikidza nokunatsa mashoko akarongwa kubva kumadhipatimendi emichina, vanogona kuisa mashoko akasarudzwa munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu uye kuvatumira mashoko akawandisa. Mutevedzeri mukuru anotsigira muteveri wedhiapureji angafambisa zvakawanda zvakasiyana-zvo paFacebook kana kuti Youtube, rimwe nerimwe rakafanana neboka ravanhu vanobva panzvimbo yakati.

Uku kurongeka kuduku kunobvumira PACIS kushandisa zvinhu zvavo nokuvhiya kwakarurama, kusvika kuvavhoti vanopwisa nepo vachidzivisa kupambadzwa kwokuparadzira kuvatsigiri vakaoma kana kuti vavhoti vasingachinjiki. Kubatanidzwa kwe mashoko okubatanidzwa nokuunganidza muvhoti ndiimwe yemiitiro inokosha zvikurusa [ mugadziriro yenhimbe mumakore gumi apfuura.

Kuchinja Kuduku Kunoita Zvemari Kuchinje

PCs dzisingabatanidzwi, zvikurukuru PPACs, dzakagamuchira nokushingaira muenzaniso muduku wedar - colgrade unofadza navanoda kuva purezidhendi vakapfuudzwa naBernie Sanders naDonald Trump. Anoshandisa zvikuva zvakadai seAct Blue neWin Red, PaCs anotumira maemail akakwirira nemirando yemirau yamashoko, kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa kukwezva kwokukurumidzira uye kwemirangariro kupinza muchadenga mipiro.

Nepo mipiro imwe neimwe ichiiswa pa $5 000 pagore nokuda kwePCs dzegamuchidzanwa, PPACs dzinogona kugamuchira zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa. Zvisinei, mhoteredzo yezviwirirano zviduku zvinopa denga rinobvumira kuti zvivake mativi makuru avapi avo vanopa $5,50, kana kuti $25 panguva imwe. Ikoku kunopa mukoto wemari unotsamira zvishoma pavabetseri vashomanene vakapfuma uye kunopa rukudzo rwetsigiro yemidzi youswa. Chinetso chiri pano chakafanana nerasika yeshoko; kuwana vapi vatsva zvinodhura zvinodhura zvikuru.

Kubudiswa Kwezviri Mukati Nokutumirwa Kwokuzvimirira

Zvichida kuchinja kunooneka zvikurusa kubudiswa kwezvinobudisa nhau. MaPUPU azova mastudio maduku, achigadzira kushambadza kwakakwirira kweterevhizheni, mapepa emifananidzo mirefu, mavhidhiyo, uye zvinhu zvinobudisa magariro avanhu. Nemhaka yokuti haagoni kubatana nenhimbe, anofanira kuvimba nechisarudzo chavo vamene pamusoro pezvipi mashoko achabudirira zvikurusa.

Uku kuzvimirira ibakatwa rinonamirwa nemativi maviri. Kunobvumira kuti maPACI makuru ashambadzire pamisoro mizhinji ingawana kuva ine ngozi zvikuru kana kuti yakaipa. PAC AZ anogona ku "famba zvisina kunaka" pamurwi, achibvumira nhimbe yehurumende kuchengeta mufananidzo wakanaka. Nenzira inopesana, nzira isina kururama yokunyorera yakarongwa neSuper PAC inogona kukuvadza mudaviriri anoda kubetsera pasina kupiwa mhinduro yapamutemo yokuimisa pakati pomukoto.

Kuronga Kubatana: Mupimo Wakaoma Zvikuru Wokufamba

Kurambidzwa kwapamutemo pakubatana kwesangano inzvimbo imwe yakaoma zvikurusa neine ngozi nokuda kwePACIs. FEC inorondedzera kubatana sokuumbwa kwekurukurirano inoitwa "mubatira pamwe, kukurukura, kana kuti konzati ne, kana kuti pakukumbira kana kuti pachikarakadzo che" dare remubhadharo. Kana mari inowanwa kuva inodzorwa, ganhuriro dzemupiro nokuda kwedare iroro dzinoshanda, sezvinobvira kuita kuti anenge atenga zvisabvumirwa nemutemo.

Kufamba neiyi nzira, PC nenhimbe dzakavaka mirwi yemoto yakatsiga . Vavambi navapi zano kazhinji kazhinji vanosaina zvibvumirano zvisingapidinesi uye vanovharwa kubva mumazano omukati. Zvirongwa zvichaparadza pachena mitsetse yakananga yedenho kana kuti unyanzvi hwokunyora mashoko kuti zviite daro.

Kukura kwemichina ine mitemo yakaoma inobatanidza zvinhu. FEC yakaparapatika kuvambirana nenzira iyo nhimbe namapoka okunze zvinogona kuratidzirana nayo kupfurikidza nokutaura kwavanhu vose, nzvimbo dzesocial network, kana kuti vatengesi vamwe. Muna 2022, FEC yakarangarira mitemo mitsva pamibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yetsika, asi yakadzivisa chinjo huru[. Naizvozvo PCs anofanira kushanda nokungwarira kukuru, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kudzivisa vatengesi kana kuti miitiro yemifungo yavose ingarangarirwa seyananisira.

Kachipa Kanoona Nezvemagetsi: Mari Yemari Yemagetsi Nerima

MaPUSI asina kubatanidzwa anoshanda muhurumende yokuona iyo iri zvose zviri zviviri yakakomba uye yakazara namabudire. MaPACI makuru anofanira kuzivisa vapi vawo kuFEC. Zvisinei, kunyora kwapamutemo kwakachenjera kunogona kudzima manyuko apakuvamba emari.

Ipfuura nomuzvinatsa neLLC

Kuchinja kumwe kunowanzoitwa nemakambani ane mitoro mishoma (LLC) uye masangano anofamba. Munhu mumwe akapfuma anogona kugadzira maLLC akawanda ndokupa kuEPON PC kubva kune rimwe nerimwe, muitiro unozivikanwa se "LLC kuunganisira." nepo FEC ine mitemo inorambidza kuita mupiro muzita romumwe, kuchengetwa hakuwanzowaniki.

Mari Isina Kunaka

Rubatso rukuru runobva muukama pakati peSuper PACs na 501(c)(4) "masangano enzanga". A 501(c)(4) anogona kusimudza mari isina kuganhurirwa kubva kuvapi vasina kuziviswa uye ipapo anopedzera mari iyoyo pakushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, chero bedzi matongerwe enyika asati ari chinangwa chawo chikuru. Mapoka aya anogonawo kupa mari kuSuper PAC. Apo mubato mukuru anogamuchira mupiro kubva ku 501(c)(4), PFECC Ipages inofanira kushuma mupiro wacho, asi haafaniri kuronga kuronga mupi wokutanga ku 501(c)(4).

Uku kuchinja kunomutsa nharo. Vatsigiri vokuona chitarisiko vanotaura kuti kunosekesa mufungo wokuzivisa unotsigirwa mu Citamizens United. Dare reStuftme rakanyora zvakajeka mumurangariro waro[ kuti kujeka nokujeka kunobvumira muvhozhokero ku "pa ukoshi hwakafanira kuvakurukuri vakasiana namashoko." Zvitima zvemari zverima zvinobudirira kunyora mumurangariro wazvo kuti kujeka nejeka] kuti kubvumira kuvhotera kuti "kupa uremusikiro wakafanira kuvatauri vakasiyana namashoko namashoko.

Zvinetso Zvinokosha Nezvinetso Zvepamutemo Mumamiriro Ezvinhu Achiri Kuitika

MaPC asati abatanidzwa munhambo 2024 uye kupfuura kutarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka dzinokurumidzisa:

  • Communication: FEC yabudisa mirangariro yePINS inobvumira PC kugamuchira Bitcoin uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemichina, asi inofanira kuwirirana nenhungamiro dzorumano. Vanofanira kuchinja chichemo kuti vawane mari nokukurumidza, vanova nechokwadi chokuti mupiro wacho wapamutemo, uye kuubata somupiro worudzi kana mabasa api naapi (akaita semari yemitengo) achigoverwa.
  • -AI-Mitemo yakagadzirwa: FEC yatanga kugadzira mitemo kudzora kushandiswa kwemanyuko akadzika neII-gene mumashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo pasina mirau yokupedzisira yakagamuchirwa, PCs inofanira kuva anongwarira pamusoro pokushandisa zvinobudisa nhau zvokugadzirwa izvo zvingagona kurangarirwa kuva zvinonyengera. Dzimwe nyika dzakatopfuudza mitemo inoda dislaimers paIP-geney yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Commentating Judication Moracture: Shoko reDare Gurusa richava rakakomba. Nhau dzinobatanidza mwero wezvinobudisa nhau, kumira kukwirira, uye nguva yemberi yomutemo wokudzora ine revo dzakananga pamusoro penzira iyo PCs dzinokurukura nayo uye kuti FEC inomanisira nayo mutemo. Mugumo we [[FLT:]C] CHEVron[[ dzidziso ingagona kuzarura denho dzapamutemo dzakawanda kuHRATIOM.
  • Kuputika kwePUC kwakaparira makwikwi makuru nokuda kwavapi. Mutungamiriri wePUPU mukuru anodzorwa nenzira inowedzera nechiverengero chiduku chemabhiriyoni enyeredzi namasangano makuru, kuchiita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kwamaPACI maduku, akavakirwa pachinyorwa kuwana mubatanidzwa.
  • Public Sentiment and Backlash: Kune vhiringidziko inokura yavanhu nebasa remari yakawanda mune zvamatongerwe enyika. PAC dzisingabatanidzwa dzinofanira kudzora shongwe yadzo yavose nokungwarira. PAC inoonekwa seyakashata kana kuti inopesvedzerwa zvikuru nomupi mumwe inogona kuva mhaka nokuda kwavapi vanoitsigira.

Kuchinja Kwenguva Yemberi: Kuda Kungwarira

Makore gumi anotevera sezvingabvira achaona maPC asingabatanidzwi achipfuurira kushanduka - shanduka nokuda kwedzvinyiriro dzapamutemo nedzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Chokutanga, tinotarisira kuti pave nokuwedzera. Tatoona kukwira kwe "zvinyorwa" panzvimbo pezvo maPUKO asingabudisi kushambadzira asi anopa mashoko, zviziviso, uye mabasa okuteerera mamwe mapoka akabatana. Ikoku kunobvumira vapi kuunganidza zviwanikwa nokuda kwemibato inogoverwa pasina kunyandura nhau dzedzoro.

, hondo pamusoro pokuziviswa ichawedzera. Dzvinyiriro inobva kumapoka anorwira, vagari vemo, uye vamwe vaiti vemitemo vangamanikidza kuoneka kwakawanda kubva mumaredhiyo ane rima. Kutonga kweSEC pakuziviswa kwemari yezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo panguva ino kwadzima, kunoramba kuri muchinji wemitambo.

, AI ichashandura zviri mukati chisiko. PACS ichashandisa magene anoshandiswa kunyora maemail okudhirowa, kunyora manyoro akagadzirwa, uye kubudisa mashoko evhidhiyo akaitwa somunhu oga nokuda kwamamirioni avavhoti panguva imwe cheteyo. Chikuru chenhau chichava kana zviri mukati menyu zvichida dhiraijiri uye uyo ane mutoro wapamutemo nokuda kwokushambadza kwenhema kana kuti kutsausa AI.

Mubato wepanhamba yehurumende uchakura. Sezvo hurumende inopfuurira, nyika dzakawanda dzakapfuura mitemo yadzo dzimene yemishandirapamwe, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa neganhuriro zvemipiro nokuda kwenzvimbo yePACI. PaCs dzisingabatanidzwa munyika dzakawanda dzinofanira kutevera ndokuwirirana nebasa rehurumende 50 dzakasiana- siyana, mutoro mukuru wokutarisira uyo unobvumira masangano anosanosasarura.

mhedziso

PCAC chisikwa chisingabatanidzwi chinochinjika nenzira inoshamisa chomutemo wezvemari. Chinoberekwa muungwaru hwe Citizens United uye [FLT]Speech Iye zvino.org, aya masangano akagona kudzora makore gumi okusava nechokwadi kwapamutemo, kudzongonyedzwa kwezvoruzivo rwezvigadzirwa, uye kuongororwa pachena. Mano awo okupukunyuka nokubudirira anotsamira pakunzwisisa mitemo yezve yerekoshi, kumbundira kusingachinjiki midziyo yemichina, uye kutarisirwa kwokungwarira kwemitsetse yemitemo inodziparadzanisa kubva kuvadaviri vanotsvaka kuvhotera.

Seizvo zvikwangwani 2024 zvinoratidzira, PACI dzinosarudzwa hadzisati dzichingotora rutivi bedzi mune zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica; dziri kurondedzera magariro adzo. Dzinowedzera manzwi avapfumi, dzinoronga kufamba kwemari ine rima, uye dzinoita kuti kushambadza kwakaipa kudzore mhepo. Kana idzi kombamiro dzichirangarirwa sekushandiswa kwakanaka kwokutaura kwakasununguka kana kuti pesvedzero inoshatisa pahurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, simba rinochinjika raaya matare rinovimbisa kuti vachagara pakati pezvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika zverudzi nokuda kwenguva yemberi inofanotaurwa. Chinjo bedzi yenguva dzose nokuda kwamasangano iwaya ndicho chinjo, uye gadziriro bedzi inoshanda inopfuurira kugadziriswa.