Table of Contents
Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei kuvagari vemo vose, sezvo masangano aya achiumba pamutemo unotapura upenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Kubva pakugadzirisa kusawirirana kwevanhu kusvika pakududzira Bumbiro remitemo, matare ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha mukuchengetedza mutemo uye kuvimbisa kuti ruramisiro inowanikwa nevanhu vose.
Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera kushanda kwakaoma kunzwisisa kwedare redare redare rehurumende, ichinzvera chimiro charo, miitiro, uye nheyo dzinokosha dzinotungamirira kushanda kwaro. Ungave uri mudzidzi, nyanzvi yapamutemo, kana kuti mugari wemo anoitira hanya, iyi nyaya ichakupa nzwisiso dzinokosha mukuvimbisa kunoita matare ehurumende muUnited States yose.
Tsika Yebumbiro Remitemo Rematare Ehurumende
Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chakagadzira Dare Gurusa neChibvumirano chakabvumira kugadza mitemo inosimbisa gadziriro yematare akaderera. Iyi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakatanga dare redare serimwe ramapazu matatu ehurumende akaenzana, pamwe chete namapazu emitemo neanotungamirira. Chikamu III cheBumbiro remitemo chakasimbisa judicary yehurumende yehurumende serimwe ramapazu matatu akaenzana ehurumende yehurumende.
Vatongi vaiziva kuti kuti ruramisiro igoitwa zvechokwadi, vanofanira kuva vakasununguka padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye vanokwanisa kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa chose chose pamutemo namaidi zviri pamberi pavo. Iyi nheyo yokuzvimirira kwokutonga inoramba iri chinhu chinokosha chetsika yemitemo yeAmerica nhasi.
Bumbiro reMitemo rakapa Congress simba rokuita matare "inferior" kuDare rapamusorosoro "panguva nenguva," kunoreva kuti Congress ine simba rokuita nokubvisa zvose zviri zviviri mamwe matare ehurumende, uye kuti gadziriro yedare iri kuramba ichichinja sezvo zvinodiwa norudzi. Uku kuchinja kwakabvumira dare rehurumende kugadziridza uye kuwedzera kudarika mazana maviri emakore kuti risvitse zvinodiwa zvinochinja zvenyika iri kukura.
Zvirongwa Zvitatu Zvakatsigiswa zveDare Rehurumende
Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine mwero mitatu mikuru: matare oruwa (dare rinotongwa), matare edunhu ayo ari mwero wokutanga wekwirira, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, mwero wokupedzisira wekwirira mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa. Ichi chimiro chedare rinotonga chinovimbisa kuti mhaka dzinogona kuhwirudzurwa pamwero mizhinji, kuchigovera dziviriro dzinokosha mukurwisana nezvikanganiso uye kuchisimudzira kusachinja mukushandiswa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa.
Kunzwisisa Kunyengera
Gadziriro ine mativi matatu inoparira nzira yakajeka yokuti nhau dzifambe nomudare rehurumende. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mitoro yakasiana namabasa zvinobatira pamwe chete kuvimbisa ruramisiro inogoverwa. Gadziriro inobvumira kusanodzokororwa kwechisarudzo chapamutemo apo inotarisirawo mutoro mukuru uyo matare ehurumende anobata gore rimwe nerimwe.
Chirongwa ichi chesangano chinoratidza dzikamo yokungwarira pakati pokusanoita nokusanoita. Nepo nhau zhinjisa dzichipedzwa pamwero wedare roruwa, kuvapo kwehwirudzuro kunogovera cheki inokosha mukurwisana nezvikanganiso zvinobvira uye kuvimbisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa unoshandiswa nguva dzose munyika yose.
Matare Oruwa: Fandesheni yeRuramisiro
Matare eruwa eUnited States matare okutonga edare rehurumende, umo mhaka dzehurumende dzinotongwa, apo zvapupu zvinopupurira, uye matare omubatanidzwa anobatira. aya matare anomirira nzvimbo yokupinda nokuda kweinenge mhaka dzose dzomubatanidzwa uye anobatira sehwaro pakavakirwa gadziriro yose yokutonga yehurumende.
Kuparadzirwa Kwenzvimbo Nesangano
Nyika yose ine runenge ruwa rumwe chete, uye dzimwe dzine vanhu vakawanda vanosvika kana kuti vana.
Dare rakatanga dare reruwa rimwe chete, asi nokufamba kwenguva sezvo chiverengero chavagari vemo chakawedzera ndokuchinja, zvakawanda zvakawedzerwa. Kukura kwematare eruwa kunoratidzira kukura kwenyika nokuoma kukura kwenhau dzemitemo dzehurumende. Nyika dzine vagari vemo vakawanda kana kuti nzvimbo huru zvikuru dzinova namaruwa akawanda kuti dzitakure nhau dzadzo nenzira inobudirira zvikuru.
Kupomerwa Kwenhema Norudzi Rwoutsinye
Dare reruwa rine simba rapakuvamba, uko kunoreva kuti rinotungamirira pamhaka dzokutanga, uye idzi mhaka dzingava mhaka dzoutsotsi kana kuti dzevagari vemo. Kudzora kwokutanga ipfungwa yakakomba mukunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei — kunoreva kuti matare oruwa ndiwo anotanga kutonga, uko ufakazi hunotanga kupiwa, uye uko zvisarudzo zvokutanga zvinoitwa.
Matare ehurumende matare ane simba rakaganhurirwa, kureva kuti anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinobvumirwa neUnited States Constitution kana kuti mitemo yehurumende.Iyi ganhuriro inosianisa matare ehurumende nematare ehurumende, ayo kazhinji kazhinji ane simba rakafara pamusoro pemhatsa hurusa yenhau dzapamutemo.
Mhaka Dzoutsotsi Mumatare Oruwa
Mhaka umo unoputsa mutemo womubatanidzwa ndokusungwa dzinonzwiwa mudare reruwa. mhaka dzeutsotsi dzeFederal dzinobatanidza kuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende, zvakadai semhosva dzinoparwa nehurumende, mhosva dzinoitwa pazvinhu zvomubatanidzwa, kana kuti kuputswa kwemirau yehurumende. Iyi mhaka inotongwa neUnited States Attorneys, uyo anomirira hurumende yehurumende.
Mukutonga kwoutsotsi, matare oruwa anova nechokwadi chokuti vakwirirwi vanogamuchira dziviriro dzose dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza maruramiro okutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwavose, maruramiro edare rinosarudza, uye maruramiro ezano rapamutemo. Kutonga kwoutsotsi mudare rehurumende kunotevera mitemo yorumano yorumano yakarongwa kudzivirira maruramiro eapomero nepo achibatirawo fariro dzeruramisiro.
Mhosva Dzehurumende Mumatare Oruwa
Mitongo yevagari vomunyika mumatare eruwa inogona kuva nemhaka dzakasiyana - siyana, kubvira pazvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo kusvika pakubvumirana, kubva panhau dzemari kusvika pakuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu.
Dare reruwa rinopedza nharo kupfurikidza nokuwana maidi nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi iwayo. Iri basa rokuwana idi ndirimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa ematare anotonga. Kupfurikidza nokupiwa kwoufakazi, kunzverwa kwezvapupu, uye nharo dzapamutemo, matare oruwa anogadza chinyorwa cheidi icho chichaumba hwaro hwezvikumbiro zvipi nezvipi zvinotevera.
Vhoriyamu Yemhosva
Kubva pamhaka dzenguva dzose dzevagari vemo kusvikira kumatare akaoma, matare oruwa anobata mhatsa huru yenhau dzapamutemo dzinotapura mamiriyoni eAmerica.
Vatongi Vehurumende Navatongi Vakachenjera
Dare roruwa rimwe nerimwe rine anenge Mutongi mumwe weRuwa weUnited States, akagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare nokuda kwenhambo youpenyu, uye matare oruwa anobata kutonga mukati megadziriro yedare rehurumende yavagari vemo navose vari vaviri utsotsi. Kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kwavatongi vehurumende chinhu chinokosha chokuzvimirira kwokutonga, kuchibvumira vatongi kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo pasina kutya miuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika.
Magistrate anogadzwa nedare roruwa nevhoti yoruzhinji yavatongi ndokubatira nokuda kweshoko ramakore masere kana nguva yakazara namakore mana kana akaitika nguva isina kuzara, asi anogona kugadzwazve pashure pokupedzwa kweshoko ravo. Vatongi vakachenjera vanoita basa rinokosha rinotsigira mugadziriro yedare rehurumende, vachibetsera kudzora mhaka huru uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mhaka dzinofamba zvakanaka nomumuitiro wokutonga.
Munhau dzoutsotsi, vatongi vangatarisira nhau dzakati, kunzvera nokusunga zvibvumikiso zvokusungwa, kuisa matare okutonga pakutanga, kugadza bherai, kusarudza mabasa akati (zvakadai sokuedza kudzvinyirira ufakazi), uye mamwe mabasa akafanana, nepo mumhaka dzehurumende, vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanobata mhatsa yenhau dzakadai sedzokutongwa kwapamberi pedare nokuwana. Uku kukamukana kwebasa kunobvumira vatongi voruwa kuisa ngwariro pamativi akaoma zvikurusa naanokosha enhau nepo vachivimbisa kuti nhau idzodzo dzenguva dzose dzinobatwa nenzira yakanaka.
Matare Okutonga Ane Mitemo Yakaumbwa Nemauto
Kupfuura matare makuru eruwa, gadziriro yehurumende inobatanidza matare akasimba anoverengeka ayo anobata marudzi akati emhaka.
Matare Okusabhadharwa Mari
Matare ebhangi masangano akaparadzana ematare oruwa, uye matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakakwana pamusoro penhau dzokubhuroka. Vanhu kana kuti mabhizimisi anorongedzerwa nokuda kwokubhuroka apo vane bviro huru kupfuura kuva namano okubhadhara kubva mupfuma yavo nemari. matare ebhangi anopa muitiro wakarongeka wokuti vanhu vamwe navamwe namabhizimisi vapedze chikwereti chinokurira, vachipa mavambo matsva kupfurikidza nokuparadza kana kuti nzira yokuwana nayo kupfurikidza nokurongazve.
Mamwe Matare Anokosha
Dare reUnited States reInternational Trade rine simba munyika yose pamusoro penhau dzinobatanidza kutengeserana kwamarudzi ose netsika.
Dare reUnited States reFederal Detions rine chiremera munyika yose pamusoro pemhosva zhinjisa nokuda kwekuvadziko dzemari muUnited States, gakava pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvehurumende, "kutora zvinhu zvomunhu oga kusiri kwapamutemo kunoitwa nehurumende yehurumende, uye mhatsa yezvimwe zvikumbiro muUnited States. Iri dare rinogovera nzvimbo yokuti vagari vemo namabhizimisi vatsvake muripo kubva kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende apo vanodavira kuti zvakaitirwa zvakaipa.
Dare Rokukwirira: Chiyero Chokukwirira
Kune matare 12 enharaunda, uye rimwe re "Federal Ttunhu," rakatangwa neCongress kuti risunungure mimwe mitongo yeDare Rapamusorosoro, uye kuti rinzwe nhau dzinokwidzwa mumatare 94 oruwa. matare ezvikumbiro anobatira somwero wapakati mukuru mudare rehurumende, kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama.
Kutsiva Nebasa
Dare rekukwirira rine simba rekutonga, harisi matare okutonga uye harinzwi nhau pakutanga, uye panzvimbo pezvo, matare anoongorora zvisarudzo zvematare oruwa, uye kuona kana akanga akarurama. Kuhwirudzura uku kwakasiyana zvikuru nebasa redare rinotonga. matare edare haaedzi kuongorora nyaya kana kunzwa ufakazi hutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, anoongorora chinyorwa chepamutemo kuti aone kana zvikanganiso zvakaitwa mukushandiswa kwomutemo.
Basa redare redare redare rinoongorora kutema kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rokutonga kana kuti sangano rinodzora rehurumende. Iyi hwirudzuro yakananga inovimbisa kuti nheyo dzapamutemo dzinoshandiswa nenzira inowirirana uye zvakarurama mugadziriro yose yomubatanidzwa.
Kufadza Kunoita
Muchikumbiro, boka rinorasikirwa rinobva mudare reruwa rehurumende (zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzoutsotsi nedzevagari vemo) rinokumbira dare rezvikumbiro zvokudzokerazve kunhau yavo, uye kuita rutongeso panhau yakati yomutemo. Kodzero yokukwirira idziviriro inokosha mugadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica, ichigovera gadziriro yokururamisa zvikanganiso uye kuvimbisa kuti ruramisiro inobatirwa.
Zvikumbiro kumatare edunhu zvinotanga kunzwiwa neboka, rinosanganisira vatongi vatatu vedare redunhu, uye magakava anonyora dare "mabhirife" kudare, achipomera chikonzero nei chisarudzo chedare rokutonga chinofanira ku "simbiswa" kana kuti kutemerwa," pashure pacho dare richaronga kuti dare riudze nyaya dzenharo kana kuti matare edunhu auya pamberi pedare kuzopindura mibvunzo yavo. Muitiro uyu unobvumira kurangarirwa kwakakwana kwenhau dzepamutemo apo rinenge richitarisira vhoriyamu yezvikumbiro zvedunhu iro rinogamuchira.
Vatongi Vedare Redunhu
Vatongi vedare redunhu vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Kufanana navatongi voruwa, vatongi vedunhu vanofarikanya upenyu hwose kuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwavo namano okuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo bedzi. dare rimwe nerimwe redunhu rine vatongi vazhinji, kubvira pavatanhatu paFriture yokutanga kusvikira kumakumi maviri ne44 paNight Transturt. Nhamba yavatongi mudunhu rimwe nerimwe inoratidzira mitoro yakasiana- siyana nenharaunda dzavanobatira.
Kuronga Nzvimbo Nenzvimbo Kwematunhu
Kune matunhu gumi namaviri ehurumende anokamura nyika kuva matunhu akasiyana, somuenzaniso, neNhengo yeNhengo yeshanu, kubatanidza nyika dzeTexas, Louisiana, uye Mississippi, uye nhau dzomumatare eruwa ehurumende idzodzo dzinokwidzwa kuDare reZvikumbiro reUnited States nokuda kweNhengo dzeshanu, idzo dzinovakwa nemisoro muNew Orleans, Louisiana. Iri sangano reruwa rinovimbisa kuti hwirudzuro yeAppelte isvikike uye kuti matare edunhu atange unyanzvi munhau dzepamutemo dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa munharaunda dzaro.
Ganhunhu Rechibharo
Mukuwedzera, Federal Court of Appeal ine simba munyika yose pamusoro penhau dzakananga dzakadai sekodzero dzakafanana nedzomunhu mumwe nomumwe.
Zvakaitika Kare zve "Matare Edunhu"
Apo Dare Gurusa rakatanga kugadzirwa, rakavakwa mudzimbahwe reU.S., asi vatongi vaifambawo "chircit" munyika dzakasiana - siana kuti vanzwe mhaka, uye sezvo Dare Rokukwirira rakasikwa, vatongi vakaita chinhu chimwe chetecho, vachienda kumatare mukati medunhu ravo kana kuti nharaunda sezvinodikanwa. Uyu muitiro wenhau wakaparira zita rokuti "matare echircrit," zita rinopfuurira kunyange zvazvo vatongi vazvino uno vasingachaiti matunhu okufamba munzira imwe cheteyo yakaita nayo vatangi vavo.
Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States
Zvisarudzo zvaro zvine migumisiro mikuru pamutemo nenzanga yeAmerica, zvichiumba chinhu chose kubva pakodzero dzevanhu kusvika patsika dzemari.
Kurongwa Nokuumbwa
Vatongi vapfumbamwe ava pamwe chete vanoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura rudzi rwose, vachidudzira Bumbiro Remitemo nokupedza mibvunzo inokosha zvikurusa yapamutemo yakatarisana nenyika yacho.
Kuongorora Nouchenjeri uye Kusarudza Chirwere
Pachishandiswa kuchenjera kwayo, uye mukati menhungamiro dzakati dzakatangwa neCongress, Dare Rapamusorosoro gore rimwe nerimwe rinonzwa chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenhau dzarinokumbirwa kusarudza, uye nhau idzodzo dzingavamba mumatare ehurumende kana kuti ehurumende, uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro peBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende.uku kudzora kunobvumira Dare Rapamusoro Kunangidzira ngwariro yaro panhau dzapamutemo dzinokosha zvikurusa.
Isingasviki 1% yezvikumbiro nokuda kwecertiorari kuDare Rapamusorosoro zvinopiwa nokuda kwokuhwirudzurwa; zhinjisa dzenhau dzakasara dzinofuratirwa kana kuti zvimwe dzinorambwa, dzichiita zvisarudzo zvinobudirira kubva kumatare akaderera pakupedzisira. Uku kuhwirudzura mhaka kunoratidzira uchokwadi hunoshanda hwokuti Dare Rapamusoro harigoni sezvinobvira kunzwa nhau iri yose iyo mapoka anoda kukwirira. Panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rinonangidzira ngwariro panhau idzo dziripo dzebumbiro remitemo, rwisano pakati pematare ematunhu, kana kuti dzimwe nhau dzouko hworudzi.
Kuronga Kutanga Kwepamutemo
Rimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa eDare Gurusa kugadza mienzaniso yapamutemo iyo inotungamirira matare akaderera mutsika yose yomubatanidzwa. Apo Dare Gurusa rinodudzira gadziriro yebumbiro-mitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende, kududzira ikoko kunobatira pamatare ose ehurumende akaderera. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa sespeach decisis, inosimudzira kusachinjana uye kufanodeya kuziviswa mumutemo.
Zvisarudzo zveDare guru kazhinji kazhinji zvine revo huru dzinotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura mativi akati anobatanidzwa munhau. zvisarudzo zvezviratidzo zvakaumba nzanga yeAmerica munzira huru, kukurukura nhau dzakadai sokusarura rudzi, kodzero dzokuvhota, rusununguko rwokutaura, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye dzimwe nhau dzisingaverengeki dzoukoshi hwebumbiro remitemo.
Kurayira Kwepakuvamba
Mumigariro mishomanene (kufanana nokukwirira mhaka pakati pehurumende dzehurumende kana kuti dzimwe mhaka pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende) inogara sedare rehurumende yapakuvamba. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro richibatira zvikurukuru sedare ramazakwatira, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoipa simba rapakuvamba pamarudzi akati enhau, zvikurukuru kakavadzano pakati pehurumende.
Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Nokuzvinyima Upenyu
Kuzvimirira kwedare redare rehurumende ndichimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikurusa chegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica.
Muitiro Wekusarudza
Muitiro uyu wokugadza unobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mapazi avakuru vakuru nevanotonga, kuumba gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvinobetsera kuvimbisa kuti vanhu vanokwanisa vanosarudzwa nokuda kwebhenji romubatanidzwa.
Vatongi veFederal (neDare Gurusa "ruramisiro") vakasarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa "nezano nebvumirano" zveDare uye "vachabata mahofisi avo mukati momufambiro wakanaka". Chinodikanwa chekusimbisa Dare chinopa chekero inokosha pasimba roupurezidhendi, kuvimbisa kuti vadzori vedare vanogamuchira nzvero kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa.
Kudzivirirwa Padzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika
Nguva youpenyu inodzivirira vatongi vehurumende mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye inovabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa chose chose panzwisiso yavo yomutemo neBumbiro remitemo. Vatongi havafaniri kunetseka pamusoro pokufadza vezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti vavhoti apo vanoita zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi asi zvapamutemo. Uku kuzvimirira kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta mutemo nokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe, zvikurukuru maruramiro evoruzhinji avo vangave vasina simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.
Kubviswa Uye Kuzvidavirira
Ivo vangabviswawo nokusazvidavirira neHouse of Scretations nokupwiswa kunoitwa neDare, uye munhau yose, vatongi vomubatanidzwa gumi navashanu vakapikiswa nemhaka yokunzi chakaipa. Nepo vatongi vomubatanidzwa vachifarikanya upenyu hwose, havasati vari vasingatapurwi chose chose pakuzvidavirira. Muitiro wokusakodzera unogovera gadziriro yokubvisa vatongi vanoita mufambiro wakashata wakakomba, kunyange zvazvo usingawanzoshandiswa.
Ukama Pakati Pematare Ehurumende Namamwe Mapazi
Dare rehurumende harishandi mukuparadzaniswa asi rinoshanda sorutivi rwegadziriro huru zvikuru yehurumende inobatanidza mapazu emitemo neanotungamirira.
Makeja Nedzikamo
Aya mapazu matatu — anotonga, anotonga, anotonga — anoshanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo ye "checks nedzinodzikama," izvo zvinoreva kuti kunyange zvazvo bazu rimwe nerimwe rakaparadzana nenzira yakarongwa nezvimwe zviviri, Bumbiro reMitemo rinowanzoda batira pamwe pakati pamapazu. Iyi tsika inodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyowanda uye inovimbisa kuti chiremera chehurumende chinoparadzirwa uye chakadzikama.
Congress Nematare Ehurumende
Constitution inopa Congress simba rokuita matare ehurumende kunze kweDare Rapamusorosoro uye kusarudza simba rawo, uye iCongress, kwete mutongi, inodzora rudzi rwenhau dzingakurukurwa mumatare ehurumende. Iri dare redare pamusoro pegadziriro yedare uye simba rinotonga rinomirira kunzvera kunokosha kwesimba rokutonga.
Congress inoitawo basa rinokosha mukusarudza zviwanikwa zvinowanika kumatare ehurumende. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro wekuranga, Congress inoronga kushanda kwedare rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo bhajeti yedare rinodzora ichimirira isingasviki chikamu chimwe muzana chemari yose yehurumende. Kuwedzera, Congress inosarudza kuti vatongi vangani vanobatira padare rimwe nerimwe uye kuti vachavapo kupi.
Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri Nematare Anotonga
Mubumbiro reMitemo, Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende ne "basa nebvumirano" yeDare. Iri simba rokugadza rinopa Purezidhendi pesvedzero inokosha pamusoro penhungamiro yenhambo refu yedare redare rehurumende, sezvo kugadza kwokutonga kunogona kugara kwamakumi amakore.
Department of Justice, iyo ine mutoro wokutonga mhaka dzomubatanidzwa uye nokuda kwokumirira hurumende mumhaka dzehurumende, ndiyo ritarigadzi anowanzova mugadziriro yedare rehurumende. nokudaro bazu ravakuru vakuru rinoita rutivi ruviri pamusoro pematare: kugadza vatongi nokuoneka pamberi pavo sebato mukutonga.
Nzira Iyo Matare Ehurumende Anovimbisa Nayo Kururamisira
Matare makuru anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana nenheyo kuva nechokwadi chokuti ruramisiro inoshandisirwa zvakarurama uye nguva dzose.
Kunamatira Kuzvinhu Zvakatangwa
Dare reFederal rinoshanda mukuwirirana nemitemo ine udzame inodzora rutivi rwuri rwose rwenhema, kuvambira pakunyorwa kwezvikumbiro zvokutanga kusvikira kumufambiro wemiedzo nokukwirira. Iyi mitemo, yakadai seFederal Regages of Civil Procediture uye Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, inovimbisa kuti mativi ose agamuchire kubatwa kwakarurama uye kuti mhaka dzinopfuurira nomutoo wakarongeka.
Kururamisira kwemusikirwo haisi nhauwo zvayo yeunyanzvi (jeri) iko kunokosha kururamisiro. Apo matare anotevera miitiro yakagadzwa nguva dzose, vanhu vanogona kufanotaura kuti nhau dzavo dzichabatwa sei uye vanogona kugadzirira maererano nazvo. Uku kudeya kutaurwa uye kusachinja zvinhu zvinhu zvinhu zvinhu zvinhu zvinokosha zvomutemo.
Kodzero Yokutongwa Kwakarurama
Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, matare ehurumende anodzivirira zvakasimba kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzevakwiri. Dziviriro idzi dzinosanganisira kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye pachena, kodzero yedare rinosarudza, kodzero yokutaura nezvapupu, kodzero yokumanikidza zvapupu kupupurira, uye kodzero yezano repamutemo. Kodzero idzi, dzakabatanidzwa muSixth Amendment, dzinovimbisa kuti vapomerwi vabatwe zvakanaka uye kuti hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhosva pasina kupokana kune mufungo.
Gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inoita basa rinokosha mukuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro mukutonga kwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokubvumira vagariwo zvavo vemo kutora rutivi mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro, gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inogovera cheki yesimba rehurumende uye inovimbisa kuti mipimo yenzanga inoratidzirwa muzvisarudzo zvapamutemo. Madare anobetsera anofanira kusarudzwa mudanho renzanga rakarurama, uye vatongi vanobvira avo vanoratidzira tsvetesaro vanofanira kubviswa.
Kuwana Ruramisiro Yakaenzana
Dare rehurumende rinoedza kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vose vanogona kuwana ruramisiro, pasinei zvapo nemigariro yavo yemari. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vasingagoni kupa gweta vane maruramiro ezano rakagadzwa nedare. Gadziriro yavose yehurumende inogovera ratidziro yapamutemo yakakwirira yedzinganopomerwa, ichibetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti urombo hahupariri miuyo isina kururama.
Muzvinoitika zvehurumende, miitiro yakasiana - siana inobetsera kuvimbisa kusvika kururamisiro. Mitemo inochinja mumarudzi akati enhau inobvumira vanhu vakapararira kuwanazve mari yegweta ravo, kuchikuita kuti kuve kunobvira mune zvemari kuronda tsinhiro dzinokosha. Kumirira kwomutauro kunoitwa namagweta anozvipira kunobetserawo vanhu vasingagoni kubhadhara mabasa epamutemo.
Kuwanika Nenzira Yakajeka uye Kuwanikwa Kwavose
Kuona uku kunobatsira mabasa anokosha akawanda: kunobvumira vanhu kuona kuti ruramisiro inoitwa sei, kunosimudzira kuzvidavirira, uye kunowedzera chivimbo mugadziriro yokutonga.
Zvinyorwa zvedare zvinowanzowanikwa nevanhu, zvichibvumira vagari vemo kuongorora magwaro anochengetwa mumhosva uye kunzwisisa kuti matare anosvika sei pazvakatongwa.
Mirangariro Yakanyorwa uye Kuita Zvisarudzo Zvakarangarirwa
Dare reFederal rinonyora mirangariro inotsanangura mirangariro yavo zvikurukuru, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzinobatanidza nhau dzapamutemo dzinokosha. Idzi mirangariro dzinobatira zvinangwa zvinoverengeka zvinokosha. Inotsanangura kufunga kwedare, kubvumira vanhu kunzwisisa chikonzero nei vakakunda kana kuti kurasika. Inogovera nhungamiro kumatare maduku uye kumashoko omunguva yemberi pamusoro penzira iyo mutemo unofanira kushandiswa nayo. Uye dzinoita chinyorwa chavose icho chinogona kuongororwa nenyanzvi dzemitemo, vanobudisa nhau, uye vanhu vose zvavo.
Vatongi vanofanira kutaura mitemo yakakwana inokwanisa kukurira kuongororwa uye kutsoropodzwa.
Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo
Bumbiro Remitemo rinosimbisa kodzero dzinokosha dzisingagoni kuputswa nezvinoitwa nehurumende, uye matare ehurumende ndiwo anonyanya kushandiswa pakusimbisa kodzero idzi.
Kuhwirudzura Kutonga
Matare ehurumende ane simba rokuhwirudzura kutongwa() chiremera chokusarudza kana mitemo nemabasa ehurumende zvichiwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Iri simba, kunyange zvazvo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, rakatangwa pakuvamba munhau yeAmerica uye razova reringiriro yetsika yokutonga yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, matare anogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, achivimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinoramba riri mutemo mukurusa wenyika.
Kunyange apo mutemo unopfuudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusainwa naPurezidhendi, matare ehurumende anogona kuuderedza kana ukaputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Iri simba rinodzivirira maruramiro mashoma uye rinovimbisa kuti zvinhu zvikuru zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvechinguvana hazvigoni kubvisa nheyo huru dzebumbiro remitemo.
Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokusunungurwa Nehurumende
Kubva pakugumisa kusarurana kwedzinza kusvika kukudzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, kubva pakuchengetedza rusununguko rwechitendero kusvika pakuvimbisa kodzero dzokuvhota, matare ehurumende ave ari pamberi mukuwedzera uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga.
Kudzivirira uku kunokosha zvikuru kuvanhu uye mapoka asina simba rezvematongerwe enyika kana muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika uchikundikana kudzivirira kodzero dzevoruzhinji, matare ehurumende anogona kupinda kuti atsigire bvumirano dzebumbiro remitemo. Iri basa rinorwisana nemitemo rinokosha kuchengeta nzanga yakasununguka uye yakarurama.
Habeas Corpus uye Rusununguko Runomwe Nomumwe
Mutongo wehabeas corpus, unowanzonzi "Mubvunzo Mukuru," unobvumira vanhu vanoiswa mutorongo kudenha kuva pamutemo kwokusungwa kwavo mudare rehurumende. Iyi mushonga wapamutemo wakare inoshanda sedziviriro yakakomba pakuiswa mutorongo kusiri kwapamutemo uye kubatwa nehurumende. matare ehurumende anonzvera nokungwarira zvikumbiro zvehurumende kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu havasati vachipunzwa mukuputswa kwamaruramiro avo emitemo.
Kusachinja uye Kufanana Mumutemo Wehurumende
Matare makuru anoita basa rinokosha mukuvimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unoshandiswa nguva dzose murudzi rwose.
Kupedza Kukamuraniswa Kwematunhu
Apo matare akasiana-- siyana ezvikumbiro edare rimwe chetero rehurumende anodudzira mutemo mumwe cheteyo wehurumende nenzira dzinorwisana, "chibvumirano chakakamuka" chinoitika. Uku kuparadzana kunoparira kusadavira uye kunogona kuguma nemitemo yakasiana inoshanda mumativi akasiyana enyika. Dare Rapamusoro rinowanzopa certiori mumhaka dzinobatanidza zvikamu zvedunhu kupedza idzi rwisano ndokutanga dudziro yakafanana yomutemo womubatanidzwa.
Kunyengera Kwokutanga Nekwenyeredzi
Dzidziso yokutarira nokutarira decis() iripo yokuti matare anofanira kutevera muenzaniso. “ Kana dare rikasarudza nyaya yepamutemo, chisarudzo ichocho chinowanzodzora nyaya dzenguva yemberi dzinosanganisira zvinhu zvakafanana nemibvunzo yepamutemo. Iyi nheyo inobvumira magweta kurayira vatengi nechivimbo, inobatsira vanhu kuti vazive migumisiro ingangovapo yokuita kuti vagadzirwe, uye inoita kuti pave nokutsiga mumitemo.
Nepo matare anogona kudzora muenzaniso apo kunenge kuri nenzira yakajeka kusina kururama kana kuti kusipo, anoita kudaro nokungwarira uye bedzi pashure pokurangarira kwokungwarira.
Nhengo Dzakakosha Nenhau Dzakaoma Kunzwisisa
Kubva pamakakavara okupa kodzero dzokusachengetedzwa kusvika pakuputswa kwemitemo yezvakatipoteredza kusvika pakuputswa kwemagariro, matare ehurumende anotaura nyaya dzemitemo dzinogona kuva dzeunyanzvi uye dzakaoma zvikuru.
Uchapupu Hwamazvikokota Noufakazi Hwounyanzvi
Munyaya dzakaoma kunzwisisa, matare ehurumende anowanzovimba nezvapupu zvine unyanzvi zvinopa ruzivo rwakanyanya kuti zvibatsire vatongi nevatongi kunzwisisa nyaya dzezvirongwa.
Dzidzo Yokutonga Nerovedzo
Vatongi vehurumende vanogamuchira dzidzo inopfuuridzirwa nerovedzo kuvabetsera kubata nhau dzakaoma nenzira inobudirira. Federal Judicial Center inogovera gadziriro dzedzidzo nokuda kwavatongi vomubatanidzwa, ichivabatsira kuramba vane zvinoitika zvinofambira mberi mumutemo nomuitiro wapamutemo. iyi musengwa kudzidzo yokutonga unovimbisa kuti vatongi vomubatanidzwa vane zivo nounyanzvi zviri madikanwa kubata nhau dzakasiyana - siyana uye dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzinouya pamberi pavo.
Chisarudzo Chinotsiva Mumatare Ehurumende
Nepo kutongwa kuri rutivi runooneka zvikurusa rwezviito zvedare rehurumende, nhau dzakawanda dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nemitoo yokusarudza yokutsiva yegakava yakadai sokuyananisa nokugadzirisa misangano. matare eFederal anokurudzira nenzira yokushingaira mapoka kunzvera zvisarudzo zvokugadzikisa, achiziva kuti zvisarudzo zvakakurukurwa zvinogona kazhinji kazhinji kubatira fariro dzeruramisiro nenzira inobudirira zvikuru kupfuura kupfuudzira kunofambira mberi.
Zvirongwa Zvokugadzirisa
Dare reruwa rakawanda rakavamba gadziriro dzokuyananisa idzo dzinobetsera mapati kupedza nharo dzavo pasina kuenda kukutonga. Mudare, rutivi rwechitatu runobetsera mapoka kukurukurirana nokutaurirana kuchisarudzo chinogamuchirika. Kutaurirana kunogona kuchengetedza nguva nemari nepo kuchibvumira mapato kugadzira zvigadzikiso zvokugadzira izvo zvingasawanika kupfurikidza nokuparidzwa.
Misangano Yokugara Munzvimbo
Vatongi vehurumende kazhinji kazhinji vanoitisa misangano, vachiunza mapoka pamwe chete kuti vakurukure chisarudzo chinobvira chekakavadzano dzavo. iyi misangano inogona kuva inobudirira zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti vatongi vanogona kugovera nzvero dzechokwadi dzesimba neutera zvenhau yorutivi rumwe norumwe, vachibetsera mapoka kuita zvisarudzo zvine ruzivo pamusoro pokugadzikiswa.
Matare Ehurumende Negadziriro Dzehurumende
Dare reNational Labor Relations Board rinoita basa rinokosha mukuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakaitwa namasangano ehurumende. Zvirongwa zvakadai seEnvironmental Protection Agency, Securities and Exchange Commission, uye National Labor Relations Board zvinoita zviuru zvezvisarudzo gore rimwe nerimwe zvinotapura mabhizimisi navanhu vamwe navamwe. matare eFederal anohwirudzura izvi zvisarudzo kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano anoshanda mukati mechiremera chawo chapamutemo ndokutevera miitiro yakafanira.
Nzvimbo Yokuhwirudzura
Apo vanohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvesangano, matare ehurumende anowanzoshandisa mupimo unocherekedzwa wehwirudzuro, achiziva kuti masangano ane unyanzvi chaihwo mumativi awo omutoro. Zvisinei, matare achashandura zvisarudzo zvesangano zvoushingi, zvechipameso, kana kuti zvinopesana nomutemo. Uku kunzvera kunovimbisa kuti masangano anoramba ane mhaka apo anoremekedza unyanzvi hwavo nechiremera chokuita mitemo.
Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nematare Ehurumende
Pasinei nokuti matare ehurumende ane simba rakawanda, anotarisana nematambudziko akakura pakuita basa rawo rokuita kuti pave neruramisiro.
Dzvinyiriro Dzokuremerwa Nehosha
Dare reFederal rinobata nyaya dzakawanda, uye kukwira kwemhosva uku kwakawedzera zvikuru mumakumi amakore. Mitongo mikuru inogona kutungamirira kukunonotsa mukupedza nhau, uko kunogona kusekesa maruramiro okutonga kwokukurumidza ndokuisa ndyiko pavatongi. Nepo panhambo nenhambo Dare rakagadzira matare matsva okutonga kuti ripedze dzvinyiriro dzokukwira, chiverengero chavatongi hachina kuchengeta nguva dzose fambiro mberi nokukura mumapepa.
Mazano Okushandisa Mari
Kushandisa mari shoma kunogona kunonotsa kugadziriswa kwemhosva, kuganhurirwa kwemabasa edare, uye zvinetso mukuchengetedza dzimba dzematare uye zvinhu zvekugadzira zvinhu.
Kusvikwa Kururamisiro Kuitira Hanya
Pasinei zvapo nenhamburiko dzokuva nechokwadi chokuwana ruramisiro yakaenzana, mhinganidzo dzinokosha dzinosara. Ndyiko yomufananidzo wapamutemo inogona kuva inodzivisa vanhu vazhinji namabhizimisi maduku. Nepo gadziriro yehurumende yokudzivirira yavose inogovera kuratidzirwa mumhaka dzoutsotsi, hapana gadziriro yakaenzana iripo nokuda kwemhosva zhinjisa dzehurumende.
Kuoma Kunzwisisa uye Kuwanika
Mitemo mizhinji, mutauro wepamutemo, uye maitiro edare zvinogona kuita kuti zviome kuti vanhuwo zvavo vanzwisise uye vatsigire mudare. Kunyange zvazvo matare akaita zvose zvaigona kuti vawedzere kuwanikwa, kusanganisira kupa rubatsiro rwezvipo uye kupfavisa zvimwe zvinhu, zvinetso zvinokosha zvinosara.
Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nokuzvivandudza Mumatare Ehurumende
Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu uku kuri kuchinja mashandiro anoita matare uye mashandiro anoita vanhu matare.
Kufambisa Pamagetsi uye Kutarisira Matsotsi
Matare ehurumende akashandisa gadziriro dzemakombiyuta dzinobvumira magweta kunyora magwaro pafoni panzvimbo pokupa mapepa. Uku kuvandudza kwakavandudza kushanda zvakanaka, kwakaderedza ndyiko, uye kuita kuti zvinyorwa zvedare zviwanike zvikuru. CM/ECF (Cectronic Case Fimeal) gadziriro zvino inoshandiswa mugadziriro yose yedare remubatanidzwa.
Kupfuurira Kure
Matare ehurumende akawedzera kushandiswa kwemavhidhiyo uye mamwe makombiyuta ari kure, zvikurukuru nokuda kwamarudzi akati enhau nezvinoitika. Unyanzvi uhwu hunogona kuderedza ndyiko dzezvifambiso, kuvandudza nzira dzebato munzvimbo dziri kure, uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka. Murakatira weCOVID wakawedzera kushandiswa kwezvinoitika zviri kure, uye matare akawanda anopfuurira kushandisa unyanzvi uhwu kunyange muzvinoitika zvadzo zvakare.
Kuwana Pakombiyuta
PACIR inogovera mukana wokushandisa zvinyorwa zvedare rehurumende paIndaneti, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti voruzhinji, vanobudisa nhau, uye vepamutemo vatarisire nyaya dzinotongwa uye vabudise magwaro edare.
Nguva Yemberi Yematare Anotonga Nemabhapatidzi
Kuchinja kwemashandiro anoita zvinhu, kuchinja magariro evanhu, uye kugadzirisa nyaya dzemitemo kuchada kuti matare ehurumende achinje kuwirirana nokuzvipira kwawo kukuru kururamisiro uye kutongwa kwomutemo uku zvichienderana nokuchinja kwakaita nzanga yeAmerica.
Kutanga Nhau Dzepamutemo
Nzvimbo idzi dziri kubuda dzichada kuti matare abvumirwe kushandisa mitemo yemitemo mumamiriro ezvinhu matsva, kutanga mienzaniso mitsva ichaumba mutemo kwemakumi emakore achauya.
Kupfuurira Kuzvipira Kusvika Nokuva Nerusarudzo
Iyi nhamburiko inopfuurira ichada kukurukura neganhuriro dzezviwanikwa, kuderedza mhinganidzo dzokutora rutivi, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti betsero dzekugadzirwa kutsva kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzinowanika kuvose, kwete bedzi idzo dzine pfuma nounyanzvi.
Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwematare Enyika
Matare ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha muhurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica, achitarisira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, anoturikira mutemo wehurumende, uye anopa migumisiro yekakavadzano.
Chivako chine mbiri chedare rehurumende chakaenzana nechakakomba chakadai sematare oruwa anobatira sematare edare, matare edunhu anopa hwirudzuro, uye Dare Gurusa rinopa chisarudzo chokupedzisira chemibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha zvikurusa — zvinoumba gadziriro yakasimba yokushandisa ruramisiro. Ichi chirongwa chinodzikamisa kusasa nokukwana, chichibvumira mhaka zhinjisa kupedzwa pamwero wokutonga apo zvichigovera miitiro yokururamisa nokuvimbisa kusachinjana mukushandiswa kwomutemo wehurumende.
Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei kunokosha kuvagari vemo vose, kunobatsira upenyu hwedu munzira dzakawanda, kuti tisadzivirira kodzero dzedu dzebumbiro remitemo kuti tigadzirise kusawirirana kunokanganisa upfumi hwedu nenzanga.
Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, pawebsite yeUnited States Courts inogovera mashoko akazara pamusoro pomugadzirirwo wedare, miitiro, uye mabasa. Nhevedzo yeSanihedhbhuro yedare [ inogovera zviwiso pamusoro pokudzika mutemo nedare. Kuwedzera, masangano akadai se [[FLT:]] American Bar Association inogovera zvitoko zvedzidzo pamusoro pegadziriro yemitemo nokuwana ruramisiro.
Sezvatinofambira mberi, matare ehurumende achapfuurira kushanduka ndokuchinjira kutarisana nedenho itsva achichengeta kuzvipira kwawo kukuru kururamisiro pasi pomutemo. Rubudiriro rwawo muiri basa runotsamira kwete bedzi pakutsaurirwa kwavatongi navashandi vedare asiwo pavagari vemo vanoziva vanonzwisisa uye vanokoshesa basa redare rinozvitonga rakasununguka munzanga yakasununguka. Kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti matare ehurumende ane zviwanikwa, tsigiro, uye ruremekedzo ivo vanofanira kushanda nenzira inobudirira, tinodzivirira rimwe ramashongwe anokosha zvikurusa ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica.