Kushanduka kwemichina yokuvhota kwakagadziridza zvikuru mamiriro enzvimbo inovhota, kuchinja marongedzere anoita vagari vemo mavhoti, mavhoti, uye machengeterwe anoitwa kusarudzo. Kubva kumitoo yakapfava yepepa nependiki kusvikira kumiitiro yakavakirwa pakombiyuta neInternet, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe cheruzivo rwokuvhota chakaunza chipikirwa nengozi. Sezvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa dzinodzorwa munyika yose dzinorwisana netyisidziro itsva nemikana, kunzwisisa kurongwa kweizvi zvitsva zvinokosha zvinokosha mukuchengetedza nheyo yenheyo yemitemo yokusarudza yakarurama neinosvikika. Nyaya ino inonzvera mamiriro ezvinhu enhau ekare, kunzvera kuvhotera, kugadzirwa kwezvokuvhota, kuoneka, uye kuchengeteka.

Zvakaitika Kare Pachishandiswa Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Magetsi

Miitiro yokutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa yakavapo zvishoma nezvishoma asi nenzira yakasimba kwamazana amakore. Muzana ramakore rechi19, mapepa akabuda senzira yokuti vagari vemo vaone zvisarudzo zvavo pachivande, vachitsiva inzwi ravose nerokushandisa maoko zvakanga zvakakurumbira mumarepubhubhubhubhura. Zvisinei, mapepa akanga ari echikanganiso uye aivhura kushandisa tsvina yenhumbi dzepepa, kuisa zvitsama, kuverengera, uye kunonozeka kwemichina yemichina yemichina yemichina yemichina yainjini yaishandiswa, izvo zvakabvumira kuti mapurisa akwidze kukwidza mudavi. Michina iyi yakavhuro yakaderedza chikanganiso uye yaderedza kukanganisa kukanganisa vanhu, asi yakanga yave inodhura, uye yaoma kuvhura. Kuzosvika kuma1900, kumhanya kwemadhikichadhina, uye yakapinda mumakadhiro makuru, asi yakapfumisawo mao anosvika 2000. Michina iyi yakabudisa kupesana pakati penhau yenyika.

[ Nhamba huru munhau yokuvhota dzinobatanidza:

  • Pepart blotts (zana ramakore rechi19): Gadziriro yakapararira yapachivande yerock, asi kuverenga kwamaoko kwakanga kuchinonoka uye kuri nyore.
  • Michina yokushandisa (kuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20): yakabatanidza nokuverenga kuvhota, bva yakanga isina pepa.
  • Makadhi ePunch negadziriro dzescapess (mid- ukuya kutezo yezana ramakore rechi20):[[[FT:1] Kumhanya kwakawedzera noururami, asi kundikano dzamahare kungabvisa vavhoti.
  • Michina yemagetsi (DRE) (ma90 zvichienda mberi):[ kuvhota rezasiti yetauch nemigumisiro yapakarepo, asi purogiramu yesoftware yakamuka.
  • Michina inoisa chiratidzo cheBallot (BMDs) (20 000) zvichienda mberi: batanidza wirirano yemagetsi nepepa robot, ichigovera chinyorwa chivota.

Iyi nhau inozivisa kusagadzikana kunopfuurira: Kukurumidza kumwe nokumwe kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunopa betsero dzokubudirira apo kunotanga miitiro mitsva yokundikano iyo inotyisidzira chinodikanwa chikuru cheperero yesarudzo: kuti vhoti iri yose inorongwa zvakarurama, yakanyorwa nenzira yakachengeteka, uye inoverengwa nenzira yakarurama.

Kuwedzera Kwemichina Yemagetsi

Michina yokuvhota yemagetsi (EVM) yazova chinhu chinooneka muzvisarudzo munyika yose . Kubva pakuvhota kukuru kwenyika kumativi maduku omunzvimbomo muUnited States neEurope. Shoko "EVM" rinobatanidza mapoka makuru maviri: Michina ye direct-Recording Electronic (DRE), iyo inovhota zvakananga kumifungo yemifungo, uye Ballot-Marking Spagence (BMDS), iyo inobudisa pepa iro muvhotera anowirirana pamberi pokutara. Gakava pamusoro pegadziriro inopfuudzira inopfuurira zvikuru, asi betsero dzokuvhota pamagetsi dzakajeka dzakajeka dzakajeka.

  • [[FT:0] Sviti: EVM dzinogona kuvhura mavhoti mumaminiti, kunyange mukusarudza kwakakwirira.
  • Accurituration: Apo inochengetwa nokuedzwa zvakafanira, inobvisa zvikanganiso zvokuverenga.
  • Ubhazi:[[FLT: 1] mascreen okufambisa mashoko, yamuro yenzwi, uye magaradzire anogadziridzwa anobetsera vavhoti vane urema kukanda mapepa avo pachivande.
  • Mubatanidzwa Unoshandisa: Kutsigira mutauro uye kufamba nengarava kunoderedza vhiringidziko yomuvhoti.

Zvisinei, ruzivo rumwe cheterwo urwo runogonesa idzi betsero dzinopinzawo ngozi. Zvipembenene zvesoftware, code yakaipa, uye kuchinjwa kwehawa kungachinja miuyo munzira dzakaoma kuziva pasina pepa rerap. Ndicho chikonzero nei nyanzvi dzakawanda dzekudzivirira vasarudzo dzichitsigira zvinyorwa zvepepa zvinovhota-heneka, nzvimbo yakatenderwa nenzira yapamutemo namasangano akadai se Kugadzirwa kwa Voct ne U.SCOUFFF COM. Pasi pekunzvera kwepepa, mapepa anotenderwa papepa anonyorwa echisarudzo, uko kungarambwa.

Kutapura Kukwira Mumvura

Ukama pakati poruzivo rwokuvhota husinganzwisisiki. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kuita kuti bhokisi rebhoti rive nyore kushandisa. Kufundwa kwemidziyo yokuvhota yazvino uno muU.S. kwakawana kuti kuvamba kweBMS nemubatanidzwa woushamwari neboka revashandi kwakaderedza nhamba yetsorodzi vakashata vakashata uye kuwedzera kufungwa kuva nyore kuvhota, zvikurukuru pakati pevavhoti navanhu vakuru vane urema. Munyika dzakafanana neIndia, umo maEVM anoshandiswa pamwe chete nemitemo mikuru inovhotera, kutendeuka kwakaramba kwakadzikama pa 60 muzana inopfuumbika vanhu mamirioni 900. Bva, ufakazi hahusi hwakanaka nenzira yakafanana: kunzvera kuti "kuvhotera" kunokarakadza kuti kuvhotera kwemagetsi" kunochinja zvinhu zvakawanda zvakafanana nokuvhotera, kupfurikidza nokuvhotera, kuvhotera, mavhotera.

Kana pasina kurongwa kuti zvinhu zviparadzane, kuvhota kungatowedzera musiyano pakati pevanogona kufamba nengarava uye vaya vasingakwanisi kufamba.

Kubudisa Mashoko paInternet: Nguva Yemberi Yezvisarudzo Here?

Hapana musoro muruzivo rwokuvhota unopfuura kuvhota kweInternet. Vatsigiri vanofungidzira nguva yemberi umo vagari vemo vanogona kukanda mavhota avo pafoni, marapy, kana kuti table / kubvisa mitsetse mirefu, kugonesa kutora rutivi mumakungwa, uye kusimudzira pakati pechiverengero chavagari vemo vaduku. Estonia yakava mwana wechiratidzo cheichi, achiva avhotera paIndaneti kubvira muna 2005 achishandisa iredhiyo yetsika yenyika. Muna 2023, inenge hafu yevhoti dzose dzeparamendery dzeEstonia dzakaiswa paIndaneti. Sangano yakafanana inoshanda muSwitzerland nokuda kwezvimwe zvidhina, uye kunzvera kwakaganhurirwa kwakaitika muCanada, France, neAustralia.

Pasinei nokubudirira uku, vanhu vanochengetedza vanenge vanobvuma kunyevera kuti kuvhota paIndaneti kunosangana nematambudziko akaoma:

  • [[FT:0] Chibayiro: Chishandiso chipi nechipi, nzvimbo ipi neipi, nguva ipi neipi(h_ose zvinodzivisa zvokuchinja nokuda kwavavhoti.
  • Nhamo dzekuvhota: rwisano dzechiMalshare, uye tyisidziro dzokuramba kuvigwa dzinogona kubvumiranisa padziri neperero zveroti pamwero mukuru. Kusafanana nomuchina wokuvhota munzvimbo inovhota inodzorwa, muvhoti wePC kana kuti runhare anogona kuva mungozi yokunyengera kusingaonekwi.
  • Kusimbisa: Kunyange nokunyorwa kwamashoko okunyora, kwakaomera muvhoti ari kure kusimbisa kuti bhaundi ravo rakanyorwa zvakarurama uye rakabatanidzwa mukunyora kwokupedzisira pasina kuputsa kuvandika kwevhoti.
  • Kushanda: Gadziriro dzokuvhota paIndaneti dzinowanzova dzisina nzira yokuona nayo mapepa, zvichiita kuti zvisave nyore kurondedzera zvinhu zvinokosha kana kubatwa nechisimba pakombiyuta kukafungidzirwa.

Masangano akafanana ne Estonia i-Votting anoshandisa vhoti dzakavanzwa, siginicha dzemitemo, uye mibatanidzwa mizhinji youchokwadi. Kunyange zvakadaro, marudzi akawanda akamira kana kuti akarega basa rokuvhota paInternet pashure pokunzvera kwechengeteko kwaratidzwa. National Academie of Sciences, Engineering, uye Medicinetic inopetwa mumushumo wa2018 kuti kuvhota kuti “kusafanira kushandiswa nokuda kwesarudzo ipi neipi yomunguva yemberi yehurumende" kutozosvikira zvinetso zvikuru zvokuchengeteka zvapedzwa.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Mukubudisa Mari

Blockchain akasimudzirwa sechingangogona kupedza kuchengeteka nokuona denho dzokuvhota paIndaneti. Kupfurikidza nokunyora vhoti imwe neimwe sechibvumirano chakafanira, vatsigiri vanotaura kuti blockchain inogona kudzivisa kukanganisa, kuva nechokwadi chokuva nechokwadi, uye kubvumira uchokwadi hwokuzvimirira uku achichengeta muvhoti asingazivikanwi. Kutanga kunoverengeka uye kunyange dzimwe hurumende dzakaita kuvhota kwakavakirwa paidzo, kubatanidza nyika yeWest Virginia (yokuvhotera varwi vehondo vari mhiri kwamakunze) uye guta reZug, Switzerland.

  • Trapment: Kutenga kwokuvhota kwakakodzera kwose kunonyorwa pabhengi rinogoverwa iro munhu upi noupi anogona kunzvera, kana kuti zvimwe murondedzero.
  • [[FT:0] Kushata: Kana mashoko akawedzerwa kuvhairasi, haigoni kuchinjwa ichiita basa pasina kudzora simba resocial computer.
  • Kuderedza:[ Hapana mushandisi mumwe kana kuti chiremera chine simba rinodzora, kuchideredza ngozi yepfundo rimwe rokundikano kana kuti kunyengera kwapakati.

Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzakamutsa panikiro dzakakomba pamusoro pekukwaniriswa kwekuvhota. Ruzivo harusati ruchipedza chose chose chinetso chikuru chokusimbisa kuti muvhoti ndeyeivo vanotaura kuti, kuti vhoti yavo inoramba iri yakavanzika, uye kuti hakuna kumanikidza kwakaitika. Kupfuurirazve, michina inovhara mitemo inogona kuva inononozeka uye inoisa simba ramagetsi, uye kudzivirira kwemichina inodzorwa namagetsi kunodzivisa kudzvinyirira kana kuti kuvhota zvisiri pamutemo. Zvichida yakakomba zvikurusa, gadziriro yokuvhotera ichiri inoda chishandiso chisingatapukurwi (Rota kana kuti chirango) chinodzivirira bedzi sechotoko. Sangano dzakawanda dzinodzivisa kuvhara senzira inodzorwa pamusoro pezvipototekisi zvinotenderwa zviri kureverwa. [Foctive]

Zvinetso Zvekugadzira Mazambiringa

Pasinei zvapo nokuti purogiramu yokuvhota yafambira mberi zvakadini, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwokuvhota runoramba ruchitarisana nezvibingamupinyi zvinofanira kupiwa kuti vanhu varambe vachivimba nazvo.

  • Digal Ivonity: Mitemo isingaviki inowanika paInternet, kurava nokunyora, kana kuti unyanzvi hwemitauro inogona kuderedzwa nemichina inogadzirwa. Indaneti nemagetsi okuvhotera zvinogona kuparira njodzi inoparira kubatanidzwa kwemiitiro miviri uko vamwe vagari vemo vanowana kusashanda nesimba uye vamwe vanotarisana nemipinyi mitsva.
  • Tsvakaturo dzekuvhota: Nhevedzo yemipimo yechisarudzo yazova chipfuro chikuru nokuda kwavatambi venyika, vagadziri vemari, uye matsotsi. Kudenha kunogona kuvambira panhimbe dzeReformation kusvikira kudzokororo chaiyo mumapepa okunyoresa kana kuti vashandiri vanovhota. Mushumo 2020 neBrennan Center yeRuramisiti wakawanikwa kuti michina yokuvhota munenge mugadziriro dzose dzeU.S. Hurumende yairamba ichiita kuti ive yakaregere basa kana kuti isingatsigiki, ichiita kuti ive nyore kubatwa zvisina kufanira.
  • Trust: Kunyange miitiro yakatendeseka inogona kuva nyajambwa wokunyumwira. Kana vavhoti vasingavimbi michina(kana kuti vakuru vakuru vanoigovera (v) kuva pamutemo kwemiuyo yesarudzo kungapanikidzwa. Iyi perevedzo yechivimbo inogona kubviswa nemiitiro yechrezice yakajeka uye kushaikwa kwokujeka pamusoro pokuedza uye miuyo youchokwadi.
  • [[FT:0] Comst ne-Vhentetion: Michina yokuvhota yakakwirira inodhura kutenga, kuchengeta, uye kutsiva. Mitemo mizhinji inoshanda pasi pemari yakaganhurirwa, ichitungamirira kukukwegura kungasashanda zvakanaka pazuva resarudzo.

Kuongorora kuchengetedza nguva dzose, nzira dzinodiwa dzokuongorora mapepa, uye kuongorora kurongwa kwepashure pekusarudza kunokosha zvinorumbidzwa nenyanzvi dzesarudzo munyika yose.

Fundo Dzomuitiro Dzoruzivo Rwokugadzira Mazaya

Kubudirira chaikoiko kweruzivo rwokuvhota kunopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha pamusoro pezvinoshanda nezvisingashandi.

Estonia: Utongi Hunosarudzwa Nevanhu

Estonia inowanzodudzwa semuenzaniso wakakwirira zvikurusa wekuvhota. Chifo cha2005, vagari vemo veEstonia vakakwanisa kuvhota paIndaneti vachishandisa kadhi remagetsi rehurumende kana kuti imota. Gadziriro inoshandisa kunyorwa kwakasimba, siginicha, uye "mvuropo mbiri" kuparadzanisa kuvhota kwavo nezvinoiswa munhengedzo yekombiyuta. Kunyange zvakadaro, vavhotera vanogona kuchinja mavhoti avo akawanda, nechokupedzisira chokuisa mumunhu pazuva resarudzo kana vachida. Sangano yacho haina kuwana kuparadzwa kwakanyorwa pachena, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vazivi vechengeteko vakaona kuti vhoti yemavhoti yemagetsi muzvinhu zviri pasi pezviteshi. Kunyange zvakadaro, ruzivo rweEstonia runoratidza kuti nokushandiswa kwemapepa renyika yose, urongwa hwekuvhotai vhoti yemanyuko, uganda renyika yemakombiyuta inogona kupfunya.

United States: Kurerwa Navabereki Vari Mubasa Nokuitirana Nharo Kunopfuurira

United States inopa muenzaniso wakaisvonaka umo nyika imwe neimwe (uye kazhinji kazhinji nyika imwe) inosarudza ruzivo rwokuvhota. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukugadzirwa kwamativi mana kweDRES, BMD, mascan, marapner, mapepa anonyorwa namaoko, uye munzvimbo shomanene, kuedzwa kwokuvhota kwakaganhurirwa kweInternet. Sarudzo 2020 dzakaona kuongororwa kusina muenzaniso kwemidziyo yokuvhota, nokuedza kuvimbika kwemichina. Kushandiswa kwemapepa kwakawedzera zvikuru pashure pokuva netsororororororo dzakareverwa napapo pamashoko echitsamisi yavanhu kwazova kwakakurumbira zvikuru. Zvisinei, nhamburiko dzokuita kuti zvikwanivirirwa zvapamutemo pasi peyamutengi Vote Act zvakashambato zvakashairwa zvishoma.

India: Kushatisa Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Mazaya Erectorate Rukurusa Munyika

Dare reEcommust reIndia rinoshandisa michina yokuvhota yakarongwa uye yakaitwa mudzimba. Iyi michina yakabatana nesociation ne(*) uye inogadzira mukoto wepepa wekuvhota (VVPAT) kubva muna 2014. Muna 2019, vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 900 vaikwanisa kuvhota, uye maEVVPAT eVM akaiswa muzviteshi zvinovhota. Kusimba kwegadziriro yacho yakaedzwa mumatare uye yakaedzwa kurwisa, asi vatsoropotedza vanonongedzera kukuvadziko dzinoda kushatsa purodziro mukati mekufambisa nokuchengeta. Chinoitika cheIndia chinonyanya kukosha kwekumhanya rePUPUPFS.

Basa Redzidzo Mukugadzira Mari

Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwoga haruna kukwana pasina vavhoti vakadzidza uye vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vakaziviswa. sezvo gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinova dzakakwirira zvikuru, vanhu vanofanira kukurumidza kuva nechokwadi chokuti ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoshandiswa sezvinodiwa uye zvisingatyiwi.

  • Marobhakitiro okushandira naMakoroko Esarudzo: Zviremera zvamasarudzo zvizhinji zvinova namarusarudzo apo vavhoti vanogona kuedza michina mitsva zuva resarudzo risati rasvika. Ikoku kunoderedza funganyo nezvikanganiso, zvikurukuru pakati pavavhoti vakuru kana vakaremara.
  • Online Resources: Kujeka mavhidhiyo okurayiridza, mabhorati, uye nhevedzo dzenhano dzinobetsera vavhoti kunzwisisa muitiro kubva pakunyoresa kusvikira pakukanda bridge paBMD kana kuti kuisa pepa bharoti.
  • Chibvumirano cheCommunity: kushandira pamwe neraibhurari, nzvimbo dzapamusoro, uye masangano enzanga anogona kuparadzira mashoko akarurama pamusoro poruzivo rwokuvhota uye mashoko anopesana pamusoro pemichina inoiswa mabhii kana kuti gadziriro dzisina kukotsekana.
  • [ Tsvakatanuro muKunzvera: Apo vavhoti vanonzwisisa kuti mapepa anoongororwa uye kuti vacherekedzi vakasununguka vanogona kubvumikisa miuyo, kuvimba mutsika kunowedzera. Nhimbe dzedzidzo dzinofanira kutsanangura kuti mipimo yemitengo yemipinduro yemitengo yemibato yemari inodzororo yebasa uye nei vachikosha.

Kuedza kudzidzisa kunokosha zvikuru munzvimbo dzinotanga ruzivo rwokuvhota kokutanga.

mhedziso

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rucharamba ruchichinja, asi chinangwa chedemocracy chakakomba chinoramba chisina kuchinjwa: mugari wemo ari wose akakodzera anofanira kukwanisa kukanda muchina wakavanzika, wakachengeteka, uye unowirirana. Michina yemagetsi inogovera kumhanya, kururama, uye kuwanikwa, bva inotangawo zvinhu zvinoda kutarisirwa zvakasimba. Kuvhota kunovimbisa kuvadziko isina kumbobvira yavapo asi kunotakura ngozi dzeIndaneti dzisati dzanyatsogadziriswa zvizere. Blockchain, nepo inoshamisa, haisati iri idikangwa. Pakupedzisira, ruzivo rwamabasa okugadzirwa navose vari vaviri runoshanda nokuda kwokushanda zvakanaka uye mapepa enhau nokuda kwokuongorora pamutemo nokuda kwemitepirwo yehurumende yakasimba, kuoneka, uye dzidzo yevhoti.

Sezvo nzanga dzinofambira mberi nemugadziridzo woruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, ngwariro inofanira kuramba iri paperero yomuitiro wedemocracy. Vhoti iri yose inofanira kurangarirwa sezvayakatangwa, uye muvhoti ari wose anofanira kuva nechivimbo chokuti inzwi radzo rakanzwiwa. Kuwana dzikamo iyoyo ndichimwe chedenho dzinorondedzera dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno.