Kunzwisisa kuti bhiri rinochinja sei kubva papfungwa iri nyore kuva mutemo unosungirwa kunzwisiswa kwegadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica. Rwendo rwemitemo rwakaoma, runobatanidza mwero mizhinji yehwirudzuro, kurukurirano, kugadziridzwa, uye tendero mumapazu akasiyana - siyana ehurumende. Nepo bazu remitemo richiita ndokupfuudza zvikwereti, bazu rinotungamirira rinoita rutivi runokosha munhambo dzokupedzisira dzeiyi gadziriro, richisarudza kana mutemo unokarakadzwa uchiva mutemo wenyika.

Hwaro: Bhikiri Chii?

Mitemo inofanira kutanga sepfungwa, asi pfungwa idzi dzinofanira kuchinjwa kuva mutauro wakarurama wepamutemo dzisati dzapinda muhurumende.

Mutezo upi noupi weCongress – unobva kuDare kana kuti Imba yaVamiriri – uyo ane pfungwa yomutemo anogona kuita mutongo. Iyi mifungo inobva kumitezo yeCongress iyo imene kana kuti kuvagari vemo vezuva riri rose namapoka okusazvidzora. Mukuwedzera, munhu upi noupi anogona kukarakadza pfungwa nokuda kwomutezo wemunhu, boka ravatengi, sangano rehurumende rezvourongwa hwehurumende, kana kuti gavhuna. Iyi fandesheni yedemocracy inovimbisa kuti mutemo unogona kubva mumanyuko akasiyana - siyana, kuratidzira zvinodikanwa neitiro dzavatengi vakasiana - siyana munzanga.

Muitiro wokunyora umene unoda unyanzvi chaihwo. Kunyora kunoda rovedzo yapamutemo chaiyo, uye inowanzoitwa navashandi veLegislative Bill Distrating Commission yeNew York. Pamwero wehurumende, mahofisi akafanana anobetsera mitezo yeCongress mukushandura mifungo yemitemo kuva zvikarakadzo zvakarongwa zvakanaka. Ruzivo rwokunyora mari kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inokarakadzwa yakajeka, inomanikidzirwa, uye inowirirana negadziriro dzapamutemo dziripo.

Kutanga Nokupedza Kudzidza

Kana bhoti rangonyorwa bedzi, rinofanira kupinzwa nenzira yakarongwa muImba yaVamiririri kana kuti Dare. Mutezo mukuru weDare unotsigira mutongo wacho unonzi "sponsor". Mimwe mitezo inotsigira mutongo wacho inonzi "co-sponsors". Basa romutsigiri rinokosha, sezvo uyu munhu anotora mutoro mukuru wokufudza mutemo kupfurikidza nomuitiro weparamende wakaoma.

Kana mumiriri ari mutsigiri, mutengi anosumwa muImba. Kana Senator ari mutsigiri, chikwereti chinosumwa muDare. Kana bhiriti rangonyorwa, rinofanira kutangwa, uye parinotanga, rinofanira kuwanikwa nhamba. Iyi gadziriro inobetsera kutevedza mutemo wemikoto murwendo rwayo rwose. Zvikwereti zveimba zvinogamuchira `H.R.'. inonyorwa, nepo mabhii eDare anoiswa ne "S." ateverwa nenhamba.

Nguva yekusuma inogona kuvawo yakakodzera. Mitezo inogona kunyora mapepa echikwereti mwedzi usati watanga purogiramu. Iyi inonzi "prefiling". Zvikwereti zvePrefiled zvinotangwa pamutemo zuva rokutanga repurogiramu. Izvi zvinobvumira vaiti vemitemo kuva nenzvimbo yokutanga mumitemo uye kuzivisa zvavanozoisa pakutanga nokuda kwepurogiramu iri kuuya.

Muitiro Wedare: Uko Mabhiri Anoumbwa

Pashure pesumo, mabhii anopinda muinowanzova rutivi rwakakomba zvikurusa rwomuitiro wemitemo: dare rehwirudzuro. Nokukurumidza apo chikwereti chinosumwa, chinonongedzerwa kudare. Vatungamiriri muImba kana kuti Dare vachasarudza kuti idare ripi rokunongedzera kupepa. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kune chokuita nenhau yepepa.

Zvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare zvine matare akasiana - siana akaumbwa namapoka emitezo yeCongress ayo anofarira zvikuru nhau dzakasiana - siana dzakadai senhau dzoutano kana kuti dzamarudzi ose.

Kurangarira Nekunzwa kweDare

Kana dare riine dare, rinosanonzvera uye bviro dzaro dzokupfuura naro dzinosarudzwa. Uyu muitiro wokunzvera unosanorongwa uye une zvakawanda. Dare ringatosarudza kuva nokutongwa kuti rinzwisise zviri nani rerevo dzemutongo. Kunzwa kunobvumira mirangariro yebazu revakuru vakuru, nyanzvi, vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende navatsigiri, uye vashori vomutemo kuti zvinyorwe.

Dare rinoita zvinangwa zvakawanda. Rinopa nzvimbo yavose nokuda kwavamiririri vedare kuti vataure mirangariro yavo, rinobvumira mitezo yedare kuunganidza mashoko nechipupuriro chenyanzvi, uye rinogadzira chinyorwa chemitemo chinogona kuva chinobetsera nokuda kwedudziro yomunguva yemberi yomutemo. Zvapupu pakuteerera zvingabatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, nyanzvi dzedzidzo, vamiriri veindasitiri, mapoka okusasarura, uye vagari vemo vanotapurwa.

Masangano makuru akarongwa pasi pamatare uye ane imwezve rondedzero chaiyo panhau yakati.Kazhinji kazhinji, matare anonongedzera mabhiri kudare duku nokuda kwefundo uye kunzwa kwawo amene. iyi nzvimbo yokuwedzera yehwirudzuro inobvumira kusanonzvera kwakakwana zvikuru mutemo wakaoma.

Kuoneka Kwaiitwa

Pashure pokunzwa nokurangarira, matare angapinda mumuitiro unonzi "markpoup," umo anoita chinjo kumutemo. Dare ringavhota kudzosa bhiri mukati mechikamu chino. Muitiro wokupa mutemo ndiwo umo muitiro womutemo unowanzochinjwa zvikuru, nemitezo yedare inoronga, kukwikwidza, uye kuvhota pakugadziridza.

Dare rinoshuma rumbidzo yaro yokuti bhukwana "rea", "ipfuure seyakagadziridzwa", kana kuti "haipfuureri". Zvikarakadzo izvi zvine ukoshi hukuru, sezvo mishumo yedare yakanaka ine bviro huru yokugamuchira kurangarirwa kwouriri kupfuura uko kusina rumbidzo dzakadaro.

Zvisinei, handi zvikwereti zvose zvinopukunyuka kuhwirudzurwa kwedare. Kana dare rikasaita chiito pabhukwana, mutongo wacho unorangarirwa kuva "wakafa". Uku idi kunoreva kuti matare anobatira savachengeti vemasuo vanokosha mumuitiro wemitemo, nesimba rokudzivisa zvikwereti kuenda mberi pasinei zvapo nezvido zvavatsigiri vavo.

Kurangarira Nokukakavadzana

Mabhiri anobudirira kunzvera gadziriro yedare anoenda kuuriri hwekamuri rawo rokuvamba nokuda kwokurangarirwa nemitezo yakazara. Kana akasunungurwa nedare, mutengo unoiswa pakarenda kuti uvhoterwe, kukurukurwa kana kuti kugadziridzwa. Muitiro wokurangarira pauriri unosiana zvikuru pakati peImba neDare, kuratidzira mabasa avo akajeka ebumbiro remitemo netsika dzetsika.

Zvikurukuru, mitemo yedzimba nemiitiro zvinobvumira voruzhinji kuita mitemo nokukurumidza zvikuru. Mitemo yeDare nemiitiro, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinotendera kurangarira chiito chokukurumidza, sezvazvinogovera mibato inokosha kuvareversi vamwe navamwe. Iyi misiyano yemifungo inoratidzira chiono cheFramers cheImba sekamuri rePropulist neDare seboka rinorerutsa zvikuru.

Pamusana pokurangarira kwouriri, mitezo ingapa gadziridzo, kubatanidzwa mukurukurirano, uye pakupedzisira kuvhota pamutemo. kurukurirano dzose dzomutunhu sechibvumirano se "Commettee of the Work". Amendments ingapiwa ndokuvhota. Uyu muitiro unobvumira kumwe kunatsiridzwa kwomutezo uye unovimbisa kuti kamuri rakazara rine banza rokuumba mutemo.

Kupfuura Muimba Yokutanga

Kana bhiri racho rikapfuudzwa nevoruzhinji (218 ve 435), bhiri racho rinoendesa kuDare. Izvi zvinoti mutengo wacho wakabva muImba; kana wakatanga muDare, gwaro rakasiyana neracho raizova rechokwadi.

Mukati momuitiro wose wegadziridzo dzinowedzerwa uye chinjo dzinoitwa kupepa mudare napauriri hweDare neImba. Nokudaro kupfurikidza nevhota yokupedzisira mutengi ungave wave wave waita gadziridzo dzinoverengeka ndokutarira zvakasiana nomuripo unotsigirwa. Uyu muitiro wemhindumupindu unoratidzira batira pamwe uye kubviswa kwomutemo mutsika yedemocracy.

Dare Rechipiri: Kuongorora Badameral

Chinodikanwa ichi chebhiza chinokosha chegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, chakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuhwirudzura nokudzivisa kugadzira mitemo kwokukurumidzira. Kugadzwa kwomutemo nguva dzose kunoda kuti makamuri ose ari maviri abvumirane nenzira imwe cheteyo muchimiro chimwe chetecho asati aipa Purezidhendi.

Dare rechipiri rinoita kuongorora kwaro, rinoita kuti dare rizvinzwire rizvinzwire kana kuri madikanwa, uye rinoita nharo dzaro pauriri uye rinoita kuti pave nokugadziridzwa.

Kugadzirisa Misiyano: Dare Romusangano

Kana imwe imba ichiita chinjo kupepa, imba yokutanga inofanira kuvatendera. apo chinjo dzacho dzinenge dziri duku, iyi tendero ingava yakananga.

Kana Imba neDare zvikasabvumirana pamusoro pechinjo kudare redare redare remusangano. Padare remusangano, mitezo inobva paimba imwe neimwe inosangana ndokuedza kusvika kubvumirano. Apo shanduro dzeSango neDare dzemitemo dzine misiyano inokosha uye kana kuti misiyano mizhinji, dare remusangano rinogadzwa pamutemo kuyananisa misiyano iri pakati peshanduro mbiri mupepa rimwe.

Matare esangano matare edare enguva pfupi anoumbwa nenhengo dzinoshanda pamwe chete dzinobva mumakamuri ose, zvikurukuru kubatanidza mitezo yavakuru yematare akaenzana. Kana vakabvumirana pamusoro pechokuita, dare remusangano richaita mushumo. uyu mushumo unomirira kubvumirana pakati penzvimbo mbiri dzekamuri.

Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinofanira kuvhota kuti dzitendere dare redare remusangano nokuda kwemushumo wokupfuudza Legislature. Zvinokosha, mishumo yemisangano haifaniri kugadziriswa; mitezo inofanira kuvhota kuti igamuchire kana kuti irambe kubvumirana kwacho kwose. Kana vapi vedangwe vasingakwanisi kusvika pabvumirano, mutemo unofa, zvichisimbisa kukosha kwokubudirira kukurukura mudanho iri.

Kupiwa kuBazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angotendera zvimiro zvakafanana zvepepa remitemo, zvinoenda kubazu guru nokuda kwechiito chapurezidhendi. Pashure pokunge pamutemo wapfuura zvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare, Legislature inotumira kuna Gavhuna (pamwero wenyika) kana kuti Purezidhendi (pamwero wehurumende). Pashure pokunge zvose zviri zviviri imba neDare zvatendera muchimiro chakafanana, rugwaro rwacho runotumirwa kuna Purezidhendi.

Chikamu I, Chikamu 7, Claus 2 chinogovera kuti kana mutemo wangopfuura dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeDare unofanira kupiwa kuna Purezidhendi nokuda kwetendero kana kuti kupfuudzira. Chinodikanwa ichi chinovimbisa kuti bazu guru rine mukana wokuhwirudzura uye kuita chiito kuzviito zvemitemo.

Zvisarudzo zvaPurezidhendi: Chiratidzo, Veto, kana kuti Usaite Chiito

Paanowana chibvumirano, Purezidhendi ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka, chimwe nechimwe chine miuyo yakasiana yapamutemo. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo kunokosha kunzwisisa basa remukuru mukuru mumuitiro womutemo.

Kusaina Bhiro muMutemo

Chisarudzo chakananga zvikurusa ndechokuti Purezidhendi atendere mutemo. Kana Purezidhendi akatendera mutemo, unosainwa ndokuva mutemo. Kana Mutungamiriri wenyika akasaina mutongo, unova mutemo. Chisaini ichi chinomirira kutsigira kwaPurezidhendi mutemo uye chinopedzisa muitiro wokuita mitemo.

Mitambo yokusaina yaPuerrente inowanzoitwa nokuda kwomutemo unokosha, ichipa Purezidhendi mukana wokuchengeta pachena chiitwa, kuonga vatsigiri, uye kutsanangura ukoshi hwomutemo kuvanhu veAmerica. Iyi mitambo ingabatanidza vatsigiri vemari, vatsigiri, uye vanobetserwa, kuratidzira kubatira pamwe kwegadziriro yemitemo.

Kubvumira Bhirogiramu Kuva Mutemo Pasina Chibvumirano

Purezidhendi haafaniri kusaina chibvumirano chokushingaira chokuti chive mutemo. kana Purezidhendi asingatori chiito kwamazuva gumi apo Congress inenge iri murusando, mutezo wacho unova mutemo.Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Purezidhendi mazuva 10 (kubvisa maSvondo) kuti aite chiito pamutemo kana kuti mutemo wacho unova mutemo.

Purezidhendi angasarudza kuita izvi kana asingatsigiri zvizere kana kuti asingapiki mutemo, achiubvumira kuva mutemo pasina kutsigira uko kusaina kungamiririra.

Veto Yenguva Dzose

Chikamu I, chikamu 7 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa Purezidhendi chiremera kumutemo weveto unopfuudzirwa neDare. Chiremera ichi chimwe chezvishandiso zvinokosha zvikurusa icho Purezidhendi anogona kushandisa kudzivisa kupfuudzwa kwomutemo. Kana Purezidhendi akashora mutemo, vangapa pamutemo wacho.

Vhoto yenguva dzose iveto yakakwaniriswa. Purezidhendi anodzorera mutemo usina kuiswa zita kuimba yeCongress mukati menhambo yezuva 10 kazhinji kazhinji nemhesano yokusatendera kana kuti "shoko." Dare rinogona kukurira chisarudzo chaPurezidhendi kana chikabatanidza vhoti mbiri dzinodikanwa dzeimba imwe neimwe.

Shoko reveto chinodikanwa chinokosha chebumbiro remitemo icho chinobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda. Rinopa Dare nerangariro yaPurezidhendi yokuramba mutemo, rinopa chinyorwa chavose chezvirambidzo zvemukuru mukuru, uye ringapesvedzera nhamburiko dzemitemo dzinotevera kuti dzipedze zvinetso zvaPrezidhendi.

Kunyange tyisidziro yegweta inogona kuparira chinjo mumitemo kare kare mutongo usati wambopiwa kuna Purezidhendi.Iyi tapuro inopa Purezidhendi pesvedzero inokosha pamuitiro womutemo, sezvo Congress ingagadziridza zvikwereti kudzivisa bvumirano yokuti ivo havana vhoti dzokudzora.

Pocket Veto

Rudzi chairwo rwechinomira parumwe rudzi rwechinomira paruchinomira parusarira Purezidhendi paruchinopara. Kana pasina chiito chinoitwa kwamazuva 10 uye Congress yakatopidwa, kune "pocket " kana purezidhendi asingasaitiki pabhiri uye inoramba isina kusinwa apo Congress inenge isati ichiri murusando, pamutemo wacho uchabviswa nokusainwa kwapanguva dzose. Chiito ichi chinonzi chihomwe chehomwe, uye hachigoni kuiswa neDare.

Chishava chehomwe ivhato chisati chichigona kushandwa. Chinova chinobudirira apo Purezidhendi anokundikana kusaina mutemo pashure pokunge Congress yapika uye asingakwanisi kukurira chirevo. rudzi urwu rweveto rune simba zvikuru nemhaka yokuti runoramba Congress banza rokupindura kupfurikidza nomuitiro wekudzora.

Chikwama chave chiri nhau yekurukurirano yebumbiro remitemo. Chiremera cheveto chehomwe chatorwa muChikamu cheBumbiro reMitemo I, chikamu 7, "Congress nebvumirano yavo inodzivisa kudzoka kwayo, muchiitiko ichi, hachisati chichizova mutemo." Nokufamba kwenguva, Congress naPrezidhente vakabonderana pamusoro pokushandiswa kwechikwama cheveto, vachikakavadzana shoko rekuti "dajournment". Kushandiswa kwechikamu chetsoro chazvino uno kwakaganhurirwa kazhinji kazhinji kacho kudzosera mirano yemite pamugumo wemitemo yekokoro.

Veto Inodzosera Kudzorwa

Constitution inopa Congress mutoo wokugadza mutemo pamusoro pezvirambidzo zvapurezidhendi. Kana Purezidhendi akaisa mutongo, Congress angaedza kukurira dare. Kana vose vari vaviri Dare neImba zvikapfuudza mutongo wacho nevoruzhinji vari vaviri nezvitatu, vaPurezi vadzorwa, uye mutezo wacho unova mutemo.

Paripi rerista yomusango rakarambwa, Congress inokwanisa kuvamba mutoo weveto wakakwirira, unoda vhoti yezvitatu zviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri kuti mutongo uve mutemo. Ichi chinodikanwa chikuru chinovimbisa kuti mutemo bedzi netsigiro yakafara, bipartaria unogona kukurira chishoro chapurezidhendi.

Muitiro wokukunda unovamba mukamuri umo pamutemo wakavamba. Kana Purezidhendi akaisa mutengi muDare, mutongo uchatanga kudzorerwa kuDare uko muitiro unobvira wokukunda ungavamba. Kana kamuri rokutanga rikavhotera nenzira inobudirira kukunda nevoruzhinji vaviri netutatu, mutemo wacho ipapo unoenda kunzvimbo yechipiri, iyo inofanirawo kuwana vhoti mbiri dzekubudirira.

Nhoroondo YezveVeto Inoshatisa

Kukunda hakuwanzoitiki munhau yemitemo yeAmerica. Mapurezidhendi akabatanidza zvikwereti 2 576 chifo cha 1789; zveizvi, Congress ine 111 (4.3%). Mwero wakaderera uyu wokukunda unoratidzira simba rinokosha iro vhoto anopa kuMutungamiriri wehurumende uye chitambudzo chokuunganidza kukura kunodikanwa kurikurira.

Hakusi kunokosha kuti pasave nomusengwa webumbiro remitemo, wemitemo, kana kuti wetsika uronge kuvhota kwokukunda. Hakusi kwechienzi kuti Congress isaite nhamburiko yokukurira dare kana vatungamiriri vesangano vasingadaviri kuti vane vhoti dzakakwana. Uku kutaura kunoshanda kunoreva kuti vapfumi vazhinji vanomira vasingatsumwi, neCongress vachigamuchira rutongeso rwaPresidentias kana kuti kusarudza kuvandudza mutemo kukurukura nhau dzapurezidhendi.

Pesvedzero yaPurezidhendi Pamitemo

Nepo Simba rokuita mutemo reBumbiro reMitemo richiisa simba muCongress, Purezidhendi anoshandisa pesvedzero yakati pamusoro pomuitiro wemitemo kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana - siana inopfuura simba repamutemo.

Zvikarakadzo Zvemitemo Nebhajeti

Mutungamiriri wehurumende anorumbidzawo bhajeti yegore negore yemasangano ehurumende uye anowanzopa mitongo yemitemo.

Hurukuro yegore negore yeHurumende yeUnion inopa Purezidhendi nzvimbo yakatanhamara yokuratidza zvinhu zvinokosha zvomutemo uye kutsigira ruzhinji nokuda kwezvirongwa zvakati.

Kutyisidzira Nokutaura Kwomutemo Woutungamiriri

Zvichida zvinotokosha zvikuru, simba rokupa mutemo weveto rinogona kutapura zviri muzvikamu zvezvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa neCongress. Sezvo kusiri kwechienzi zvikuru kuti mutemo uitwe pamusoro penzvimbo yapurezidhendi, Congress zvikurukuru inofanira kugadzikisa chimiro chapurezidhendi pamiitiro inokarakadzwa.

Tyisidziro inogonawo kuva chishandiso chinobudirira nokuda kwaPurezidhendi, pane dzimwe nguva kumanikidza Congress kugadziridza mutemo usati wapa mutezo wacho kuna Purezidhendi. Hofisi yeDzidziro neHlori yeDzinobhabhu inoronga kurongwa kweMitemo yeAdministration Policy (SAP), iyo inokurukura nenzira yakarongwa chimiro chaPurezidhendi pamusoro pomutemo unomirira uye ingabatanidza tyisidziro.

SAPS ichiratidzo chokutanga chedonzo reHofisi. MASAPU ane tyisidziro ane mutauro unoratidzira zvimwe vavariro yaPurezidhendi yokuda, Purezidhendi achipiwa zano rokuita senhengedzo namasangano, kana kuti Purezidhendi achipiwa zano rokuita kuti apfuure navakuru vakuru veHofisi. Mashoko aya anobvumira Congress kufanoziva kurambidza kwapurezidhendi uye kugadziridza mutemo kuti adzivise chiteshi.

Kushandisa: Kubva Kumutemo Kuenda Kuchiito

Kana bhoti rangova mutemo chete (panenge pangova nesaini yapurezidhendi, kudarika kuiswa kwedare), kana kuti kugadzirwa kwemitemo kunofanira kuitwa uye kutoitwa.

Basa Regadziriro Dzehurumende

Masangano ehurumende ari mukati mebazi guru ane mutoro mukuru wokushandisa mitemo mitsva. Masangano aya anoshandura mutauro unowirirana kuva mitemo yekongiri, mapurogiramu, uye nzira dzokuita kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe. Kushandiswa kwacho kunowanzobatanidza:

  • Kutanga mitemo ine udzame inoratidzira nzira iyo mutemo uchashandiswa nayo
  • Kuronga miitiro yehurumende nokuda kwokuteerera nokuchengeta
  • Kuronga pfuma navashandi kuti vaite mirairo yomutemo
  • Kuronga gadziriro dzokuongorora uye dzokushuma kuti dziite
  • Kupa nhungamiro kumasangano anotungamirirwa uye kuvanhu

Muitiro wokuita mitemo umene unogona kuva mukuru, kazhinji kazhinji uchibatanidza ziviso yavose netsinhiro izvo zvinobvumira vatarisiri kugovera muuyo pamirau inokarakadzwa. uyu muitiro wokutarisira unovimbisa kuti kuita kunoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri vavariro dzokuronga nokurangarira kunoshanda.

Masikati Anobudirira Nenhambo Dzokuchinja

Mitemo yose inoita chinhu painoitwa.Congress ingataura misi chaiyo inoshanda kana kuti nguva dzokuchinja kuti ibvumire kuitwa zvakarongeka. Somuenzaniso, mitemo mitsva mizhinjisa inoshanda pana Ag. 1 kutoti paine mutevedzero wemitemo unoreva rimwe zuva. Mitemo yacho igweta ine purogiramu, inova inoshanda pana July 1, musi mumwe chetewo wegore rechitsauko chinovamba.

Misi iyi inononoka kushanda inobatsira zvinangwa zvinoverengeka: inopa masangano nguva yokushandisa mitemo, inobvumira vanhu vanenge vawirwa nenjodzi kuti vagadzirire kuzviisa pasi pemitemo, uye inoita kuti zvive nyore kuchinja kubva kare kuenda kuzvinodiwa zvitsva zvepamutemo.

Kumanikidza Nokutsigira

Mitemo yatoshandiswa bedzi, inofanira kumanikidzwa kuita zvinangwa zvayo.

  • Zvirango zvevagari vomunyika imwe chete zvokusawirirana
  • Chirango Choutsotsi Nokuda Kwokupunzirwa
  • Zviito zvokutarisira
  • Kurapa kwevatambi vanobatwa nemhosva
  • Zvirongwa zvepamusoro zvokukurudzira kuzviisa pasi

Masangano anotarisira kuchengetwa kwemitemo anofanira kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwomutemo zvakasimba nokusasarura uye kuenzana.Anowanzoita kuti mutemo uve pakutanga, achiisa mari pakuputswa kana kuti nzvimbo dzinoitirwa hanya zvikuru nevanhu.

Kunyatsotarisirwa Mumutemo

Miganhu Yebumbiro remitemo Pamabhiribhuroko Edu

Imba bedzi ndiyo inogona kutanga mutemo wemitero nemari inowirirana. Dare bedzi ndiro rinogona kuita mutemo une chokuita nezvibvumirano zvoupurezidhendi. Izvi zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo zvinoratidza kugoverwa kwamasimba kwakarongwa kwavakuru vehurumende pakati pamakamuri maviri.

Simba reImba remari yemari inotambirwa rinobva mubatano yaro yakananga zvikuru kuvanhu kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvipfupi uye zviduku. Basa reDare mukuita zvibvumirano nemhiko rinoratidzira basa raro rinoitirwa donzo seboka rinorerekera zvikuru nounyanzvi hwakati munhau dzokumwe uye kurongeka kwevakuru vakuru.

Mitemo yeOmnisbus

Mutengo wehomunibus igweta guru rinobatanidza nhau dzinoverengeka dzakati kuti pasi pomusoro mumwe wakakurumbira wakadai sedzidzo. Inowanzova mutengo wekudzokorora, une mapeji akawanda, uye unowanzova nezvinyorwa zvinoverengeka. Mabhiri eOmnibus azova anozivikanwa zvikuru mutsika dzazvino uno dzemitemo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwekurukurirano yegore negore.

Kunyange zvazvo mabhiri okubhadhara mabhazi anogona kuita kuti mitemo iende zvakanaka uye kugadzirisa nyaya dzakawanda panguva imwe chete, vanomutsawo kunetseka pamusoro pokuona zviri nani uye kuongorora.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Uye Kuchinja - chinja Kwebasa Racho

Muitiro uyo gweta rinova mutemo hauwanzovi unoziviswa uye unogona kusiana zvikuru pakutaura nechikwereti. Kutaura idi, nokuda kwezvikwereti zvizhinji, muitiro wacho hausati uchizotevera nhevedzano yematanho esangano ayo anowanzonzwisiswa kuva muiti wemitemo. Uku kuchinjika kunoratidzira kuchinjika kwemiitiro yebvumirano uye rudzi rwakasiana rwezvikarakadzo zvemitemo.

Mitemo yemhaka yemhaka yemhandura ingapfuura miitiro yenguva dzose, nepo zvikwereti zvenguva dzose zvichitevera nzira inodikanwa. Kunzwisisa uku kuchinjika kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kupesvedzera kana kuti mutemo wemukoto.

Kuchinja Kwenzvimbo Yehurumende

Nepo nyaya ino yanyanya kutaura nezvemitemo yehurumende, matare ehurumende anotevera miitiro yakafanana asi kwete yakafanana.

Hurumende yose navatongi venyika vane simba rakafanana, sezvinoita vamwe vanameya navakuru vakuru veruwa. Muhurumende dzakawanda nenharaunda gavhuna ane masimba okuwedzera, kubatanidza mativi omutsetse, kuderedza nokuderedza. Aya masimba okuwedzera anopa vatungamiriri vehurumende zvishandiso zvisingawaniki kuna Purezidhendi.

Mutsetse wevhito, zvikurukuru, unobvumira magavhuna kuramba gadziriro dzakati dzezvikwereti zvokuranga nepo achitendera zvakasara. Simba iri rinoita kuti pave nokuhwirudzurwa kwavakuru vakuru kwokushandisa mutemo, kunyange zvazvo richimutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira pakati pechiremera chemitemo nechavakuru vakuru.

Ikoku kunoda vhoti yavaviri navatatu muImba (mavhoti 90) uye Dare (mavhoti 45) kukurira chivhoti chagavhuna muMinnesota, kuratidzira kuti zvikumbaridzo chaizvo zvokuvhota zvinosiana sei nehurumende yakavakirwa paukuru hwemirayiro yavo.

Kukosha Kwokuva Nomutsetse Nokutaurirana Nevamwe

Ruzivo rwazvino uno rwaita kuti muitiro wewiscreati ujeke zvikuru uye uve unosvikwa kupfuura nakare kose. Kana mutengo wangotangwa bedzi, unogona kuwanwa paCongress.gov, iyo iri website yehurumende inobvumira mutemo wehurumende. Iri redhibhurokuro repaIndaneti rinobvumira vagari vemo, vatori venhau, uye mapoka ezvechinyakare kuongorora mutemo panguva chaiyo, kurava mashoko epepa, kugadziridzwa kwechikwapanhau, uye kutevera fambiro mberi yepepa kupfurikidza neCongress.

Kubatanidzwa pachena mumuitiro wemitemo kunoitwa nenzira dzakawanda:

  • Vamiriri vanoonana kuti varatidze tsigiro kana kuti chishoro kuzvikwereti
  • Kupupurirwa pakutonga kwedare
  • Kunyora mhinduro dzakanyorwa panguva dzetsinhiro dzavose
  • Kutora rutivi munhimbe dzokuita mabasa okutendeseka
  • Kukumbira vamiriri vanogoverana zvinhu zvavo zvokutanga zvemitemo

Uku kutora rutivi kwavose kunokosha kuudzori hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuchiva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo unoratidzira kuda nezvinodikanwa zvavanhu.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Rwendo rwegweta kubva kupfungwa kuenda kumutemo runoratidzira nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yechekeso nedzikamo. Hakuna bazi rimwe rehurumende rinogona kuita mutemo pasina muganhu. Dare rinofanira kupfuudza mutemo kumativi ose ari maviri, asi Purezidhendi anogona kuuita. Purezidhendi anogona kuuita mutemo, asi haagoni kuugadza pasina mvumo yedare. Chivako chinogona kukunda purezidhendi wedangwe, asi bedzi nenzvimbo yakakwirira.

Kunyange zvazvo kuronga mitemo kuchigona kunonoka uye kuvhiringidza, kunodzivisawo mutemo wokukurumidzira kana kuti usina kufungwa zvakanaka uye kunodzivirira kuiswa simba pasangano rimwe chete.

Bazu rokutonga rinogovera imwe nzvero kupfurikidza nesimba raro rokuhwirudzura, richiva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoiswa inowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.

Mugumisiro: Kuzvidira uye Kusarudza

Nzira inobva pagweta kuenda kumutemo yakaoma namaune, inoratidzira kuzvipira kwavaFramers kurumbidzo rwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chegadziriro yacho (kubva kudzokororwa kwokutanga kupfurikidza nedare, kurukurirano youriri, mvumo yebhikameral, uye chiito choukuru) zvinobatira mabasa anokosha mukuvimbisa kuti mitemo iri madikanwa, yakagadzirwa zvakanaka, uye inotsigirwa nebvumirano huru.

Basa rebazu guru muuyu muitiro, nepo riri kusvika pedyo nomugumo, rinokosha. Kuhwirudzura kwapurezidhendi kunogovera nzvero yokupedzisira pamutemo, kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inoratidzira kwete bedzi kuda kwesangano asiwo rutongeso rwavakuru pamusoro pokuitwa kwemibato negadziriro. Simba reveto, ringave rinoshandiswa kana kuti rakangotyisidzirwa, rinopa mutungamiriri wehurumende pesvedzero inokosha pamusoro pemiuyo yemitemo.

Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu kunokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hunoziva, kunoratidza kuti udzori hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji hunoshanda sei chaizvoizvo, huchiratidza mifungo mizhinji apo vagari vemo vanogona kupinda uye kupesvedzera. Kunoratidzira ukoshi hwesarudzo, sezvo vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kubatira muCongress uye bazu rapamusoro vachaita zvisarudzo zvinotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pomuitiro wemitemo, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. Conrer.gov inopa mashoko akazara pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende, kubatanidza rugwaro rwebhii, mamiriro enhau, uye mishumo yedare. Imba yeVamiririri na SATE[] mawebsite edzidzo pamusoro pemiitiro yavo yakatengwa.

Kudzikamiswa kwemitemo, nepo pane dzimwe nguva kuchikangaidza mukuoma kwayo uye kunonoka, kunomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu iri mumabasa.