Sumo

Kunzwisisa nzira yenhau yetsotsi inotevera kubva pakunyumwira kwokutanga kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira kunokosha mukunzwisisa gadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica. Iyi rwendo runodzorwa nemitemo yakarongeka yakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa simba guru rehurumende nekodzero huru dzomunhu. Pfungwa yegadziriro yakafanira inovimbisa kuti mupomerwi wacho anobatwa zvakanaka panhano imwe neimwe. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe, kubva pakuongorora kwokutanga kusvika pakukwirira kwokupedzisira, chinobatira basa rakati uye chinopa dziviriro dzapamutemo. Sangano yacho painotarisana nezvinetso zvinopfuurira zvine chokuita nokusasarura, nokukwana, uye kururama, gadziriro yacho yenheyo inova zivo yakakomba nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, varonze varo. Nyaya inogovera mamepu yakakwana ezvinokosha mukukwidza, kujekesa mashandiro eruramisiro.

Chivako 1: Kunzvera

Chinangwa chikuru ndechokuunganidza uchapupu hwakakwana, hwakavimbika kuti uone kuti chii chingakonzera kubatwa. Kuongorora kwamazuva ano kwakaoma, kuchishandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokubvunzurudza vanhu uye kuongorora kuti vaongorore zvinhu kuti vaone kuti ndezvipi.

Uchapupu uye Kuchengetedzwa

Ufakazi hunogona kuiswa mumativi makuru mumarudzi akananga neakasiana. Ufakazi hwakananga, hwakadai senhauro yapupu yakazvionera kana kuti kureurura, hunobvumikisa zvakananga idi. Ufakazi hwechibvumirano, kufanana neDNA inowanwa pachinoitika choutsotsi, hunoda rondedzero yokuhubatanidza kumhedziso. Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kuunganidza nokungwarira, kuchengeta, uye ufakazi hwechinyorwa kuti kuchengeterwe perero yako nokuda kwokushandiswa gare gare mudare. Chisungo chekodzero chokuchengeta mwana chinofanira kubvumikiswa chose chose chose kudzivisa kutaura kwokukanganisa kana kuti kushatisa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina Nokutonga Kwokugumisa

Chiratidzo chapamutemo chinotsoropodza mukati menzvero ndiIwe Fourth Amendment, inodzivirira vagari vemo pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha. Kutsvaka musha, munhu, kana kuti zvinhu, mapurisa anowanzoda rugwaro rwakapiwa nomutongi pahwavanobvira. Kutonga kwemabudiro, kwakatangwa neDare repamusoro mu [FLT:]. United States [FLT] inowanzoshandisa kuhurumende mu [FT:] Mapp. [[FLT] v] [FLT]], inoraira kuti ufakazi huitwe mukuputswa kwechichichichichichichichichichi. Zvinowanzova mudare.

Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pe [[FT: 0] Kutonga kwePrecuisa paCornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute[[FLT: 1].

Chinoitika 2: Kusungwa

Kusungwa kunomirira kubvutwa kwapamutemo kwekunyumwirwa uye kudzorwa kwenhau kukuru mumuitiro wepamutemo. Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunogona kuita kusungwa negwaro rinobudiswa nomutongi kana kuti, kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru, pasina maruramiro kana vakacherekedza utsotsi huri kuitwa kana kuti vane chisakiso sezvingabvira chokudavira kuti mhaka yaitika. Mupimo we chisakiso chisingadzivisiki [ chinoda chitendero chine mufungo, chakavakirwa pamaidi, kuti munhu akaita kana kuti ava kuda kuita utsotsi.

Kugadzira Mabhuku

Pashure pokunge aiswa muchitokisi, anonyumwirwa anoendeswa kukamba yamapurisa kuti arobe. Uyu muitiro wokutarisira unobatanidza kurekodha mashoko omunhu oga efungidziro, kutora minwe namapikicha, kuita cheki yeshure, uye ndandanda yezvinhu zvomunhu oga. Anonyumwirwa anowanzoiswa muchitokisi achimirira chitarisiko chake chokutanga chedare.

Kodzero dzeMiranda

Nenzira inowirirana, papfundo rino, anonyumwirwa anofanira kuziviswa nezvekodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo, dzinozivikanwa se Miranda maruramiro avo . Kushandisa kubva ku Maranda v. Arizona[[FLT]]] [1966], idzi maruramiro anobatanidza maruramiro okuramba akanyarara, nyevero yokuti chinhu chipi nechipi chavanotaura chinogona kushandiswa kwavari mudare, uye maruramiro kumumiriri, kunyange kana vasingagoni kuva nechinhu chimwe. Donzo racho kudzivirira ropafadzo yeFirth Amendment-information. Mutemo unofanira kurega kubvunza kana kunyumwira idzi kodzero. Kutaura kupi nokupisa kupi nokupinzwa mukati mokutongwa kuchigona kudzo.

Chivako 3: Kuroverera

Muchuchisi anoongorora mishumo yokuongorora kuti aone kana pane uchapupu hwakakwana hwepamutemo hwokunyora mhosva dzakarongwa.

Ungwaru Hwokupomera

Muchuchisi angasarudza kunyora mhosva, kuramba kutongwa (kuzivikanwa se prosequi ), kana kuti kutumira nyaya yacho kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwokuongorora zvakasimba. Zvikonzero zvinopesvedzera chisarudzo ichi zvinosanganisira simba rouchapupu, urefu hwemhosva dzinonzi, kuvimbwa kuti utsotsi, kuvimbwa kwezvapupu, uye kuwanika kwezviwanikwa. Vatambudzi vanoyerawo fariro dzeruramisiro uye vangarangarira zvimwe zvirongwa sechirongwa chemhosva dzakaderera.

Magondo makuru uye Kutanga Kunzwa

Nokuda kwemhosva huru dzehurumende dzeFindremendment, Mutezo weFindre unoda kupiwa mhaka kukuru. chikwata chevatongi vakuru iboka ravagari vemo vanonzwa ufakazi hwomuchuchisi ndokusarudza kana pane chikonzero chingabvira chokudavira mhaka yakaitwa. Ndicho chinhu chimwe chakaiswa padivi; kuzvidzivirira hakupi ufakazi, uye chipfuro chokuongorora chacho hachina kodzero yokuoneka. Kana kuti, nyika dzakawanda dzinoshandisa mukana wokunzwa , kutemwa kwapamheneirwa kwoufakazi hwapakuvamba [, chisaru chakazaudzo chapa mutongi paanonzwa ufakazi kubva kumativi ose (kusvika kutambanu) kusarudza kana mhaka yacho ichifanira kutongwa. Chikamu chokutanga chiono chinopiwa kuzvidavirira kutarisana nokuwana mukana wokutanga.

Terendora nzvimbo yedare guru rinobetsera vatongi remubatanidzwa kubva kuBato reRuramisiro.

Kufamba Muchikuva Chinorovesa

Kutaurirana kwemhosva kunowanzotanga panhambo iyi. Kurovererwa kungapa mukwirirwi mukana wokupomera mhaka duku kana kuti imwe yemhosva dzinoverengeka mukutsinhana nokuda kwokukumbira mhaka kwemhosva. Munenge 90-95 muzana yemhosva dzoutsotsi muUnited States dzinopedzwa nokukumbira kukumbirwa panzvimbo pokutongwa, zvichiita kuti iyi ive imwe yenhambo inoshanda zvikurusa yomuitiro wapamutemo.

Chikamu 4: Kururamisirwa

Kupomerwa ndiko kuonekwa kwokutanga kwomukwiridziri pamberi pedare rinotonga. Kutongwa kwacho kunowanzova kupfupi asi kunokosha zvikuru. Mutongi anoverenga mhosva dzinenge dziri mupomero kana mashoko, achivimbisa kuti mukwirirwi anonzwisisa mhosva dzavanopomerwa. Mukwirirwi anozokumbirwa kupinda muchikumbiro.

Zvaungaita

  • [ Haasati achipa mhaka: Mukwirirwi anokakavara mhaka ndokuraira kutongwa. Ikoku kunochengeta maruramiro ose nezvisarudzo zvetsika.
  • . Mukwirirwi anobvuma kuita mhaka. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunosundira mhaka yacho zvakananga kunhambo yokutonga.
  • Hapana Contest (Nolo Mujaho): Mukwiridzirwi haabvumi mhaka asi anogamuchira chirango sokunge ane mhaka. Betsero huru ndeyokuti ichi chikumbiro hachigoni kushandiswa sebvumwa kwemhosva mumatare apamutemo ane chokuita.
  • Hakuvi Nemhaka Nechikonzero Choupenzi: Chikumbiro chinozivikanwa navose chinoita kuti ndangariro ive muchinetso.

Bhail Nokusunungurwa Kusati Kwaitwa

Dare rinokurukurawo nhau ye beil kana kuti kubudiswa kwedare. Mutongi anorangarira ngozi yokubhururuka nengozi mukwirirwi ainayo kunzanga. Releighth Amendment inorambidza "bhedha yemari," asi vakwirirwi vanopomerwa mhaka dzakakomba kana kuti dzamasimba masimba vangapiwa pasina bherati (kupfigirwa mutorongo kwokunze kwenguva ino). Boka razvino uno rokuvandudza ranangidzira kushandiswa kwemari, richitaura kuti rinotungamirira kukuchengetwa kwapasurudzo yakaderera yemipori inotambirwa kwete nemhaka yokuti vane ngozi, asi nemhaka yokuti havagoni kubhadhara nokuda kworusununguko rwavo.

Chiteji 5: Kufamba Kwapamberi Pokuwana Nokuwana

Nguva iri pakati pekutongwa uye kutongwa inguva yakabatikana yemapoka epamutemo anopikisana.Nguva iyi inosanganisira zvinhu zviviri zvikuru: kuwana uye kutora matanho okuzvidzivirira.

Kuwana Kwazvakaita

Njere], kuzivisa ufakazi hupi nohupi hwenhau hunoitirwa kupfurikidza nahwo kuroverera mhaka uye kutsinhana mashoko noufakazi. Kupomera kune basa rebumbiro remitemo, rakatangwa mu Brady v. Maryland[, kuzivisa ufakazi hupi nohupi hwechipo chemhosva, hunotenderwa kumukwidziridziridziridzo kana kuti chinhu. Kudzivirira kunofanira kazhinji kazhinji kugovera ziviso dzedziviriro dzakati, dzakadai sealibi kana kuti chikumbiro chokupenga. Kukundikana kuwirirana nemitemo yokuwana kunogona kutungamirira kuchira, kubatanidza kubviswa kwoufakazi kana kuti kunyange kubviswa kwepomero.

Kufamba Kunowanzoitika Pasati Pasvika

Kutora matanho apakuvamba kwokutonga kukumbirwa kuti mutongi aite kutonga kwapamutemo chaiko pamberi pokuvamba kwokutonga.

  • Kudzvinyirira: Kazhinji kazhinji chiito chakakomba zvikurusa. Chidziviro chinotaura kuti ufakazi hwakati, zvakadai sokureurura, zivikanwo yezvapupu zvakaona, kana kuti ufakazi chaihwo, hwakawanikwa zvisiri zvapamutemo uye hunofanira kubviswa mumuedzo. Kudzoreka kunobudirira kunogona kukuvadza nhau yemuchuchisi.
  • Motion for Change of Venue:[[FLT: 1] Tsitsi dzinotaura kuti kufukidzwa kukuru kwenhau kana kuti fungira mano yakaipa yenzanga zvinoita kuti kuve kusingabviri kugamuchira muedzo wakarurama muhurumende yazvino.
  • Motion muLimine: A chikumbiro chokuti dare ritonge pakusagona kuzivikanwa kwoufakazi hwakati risati radudzwa pamberi pedare rinobetsera vatongi. Ikoku kunodzivisa mashoko anofungira mano akaipa kushambadzirwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kudzinga: Kuzvidzivirira kunotaura kuti kuchuchisa kwakundikana kutaura chirevo, kuti pane kuperevedza kwapamutemo kukuru munhau yacho, kana kuti maruramiro okutonga anokurumidza omukwirirwi akapunzwa.

Chikamu 6: Kutonga

Kutonga idanho rinooneka zvikurusa renhau youtsotsi, nhano yebumbiro remitemo umo hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yayo " kupfuure kupanikiro ine mufungo" kumunhu akawana idi renhau asingatori rutivi --ose mutongi (kutongwa kwedare) kana kuti mutongi. Kutonga kwacho inhau inopfuurira huru inogadzirirwa kuidza simba roufakazi hwedare.

Kusarudza Chiratidzo cheJury (Voir Dire)

Muitiro wokusarudza vatongi unozivikanwa se wakaipa zvikuru. Mutongi namagweta vanopanikira vatongi vanobvira kuti vawane rusaruro. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rune chiverengero chisina kuganhurirwa chedenho " nokuda kwechisakiso" (mutoo., mutongi anobvuma kuti havagoni kuva vasingasaruri kana kuti vanoziva chapupu) uye chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chedenho, izvo zvisingadi chikonzero chakataurwa (kunyange izvo zvisingagoni kushandiswa zvakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti kuva murume sezvingasimbiswa mu Bhatsona v.). Nhari dzose dziri mbiri dzinodaro ndedzokusarudza mutongi achava vanodavira zvakanaka.

Matangiro Akaita Kutongwa

  1. Kutaura kwokuvhura: Mativi ose ari maviri anoratidzira maidi aanoda kubvumikisa. Uhwu hahusati huri ufakazi asi mepu yedare rinobetsera vatongi.
  2. Kukwidziridza mhaka: Kupomera kunopa ufakazi hwako uye kunodana zvapupu. Kudzivirira kune maruramiro ku aremine [ chapupu chiri chose] maruramiro anokosha mukuedza kuvimbika kwouchapupu.
  3. [[FOL:0] Mhaka yeDefense: Kuzvidzivirira kunopa ufakazi hwakwo kumene nezvapupu. Mukwirirwi ane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okusapupurira, uye vatongi vanorairirwa kuti havagoni kuva vakanyarara mukurwisana navo.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Kutaura kwokuwedzera: Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopeta ufakazi uye runotaura chikonzero nei vatongi vachifanira kuwana mukwiridzirirwi ane mhaka kana kuti asina mhaka.
  5. [[FORT:0] Mirayiridzo: Mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo wakafanira kuti vanofanira kushanda kumaidi. Mashoko chaiwo emirayiridzo iyi anowanzoshorwa zvikuru namagweta.

Mitemo Youchapupu

Kutonga kwacho kunodzorwa nemitemo youfakazi hwakasimba, yakadai seFederal Rules of Evidence. Iyi mitemo inoratidzira chipupuriro nezviratidziro zvinogona kupiwa kudare rinobetsera vatongi. Murangariro mukuru ndiwo Mutemo 403, unobvumira mutongi kubvisa ufakazi hwakafanira kana ukoshi hwawo hwayo hunokurira zvikuru nengozi yefungira mano akaipa, kuvhiringidza nhau dzacho, kana kuti kutsausa dare rinotonga. Ichi chiito chinodzikamiswa chinokatyamadza icho mutongi anotonga anokwanisa munguva chaiyoiyo.

Ongorora muitiro wokutonga [[FT: 0] wakakomba unobva kuUnited States Courts.

Stoge 7: Kupa mhosva

Pashure pokugamuchira mirayiridzo kubva kumutongi, vatongi vanorega kuenda mukamuri redare rinobetsera vatongi kuti vapinde muchivande. Vanofanira kusvika chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe papomero imwe neimwe chokudzorera chisarudzo. Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo chakabatana, inonzi " dare rinobetsera," uye mutongi angazivisa kukanganisa. Mumhaka yakadaro, mutongi anogona kusarudza kudzokorora mhaka yacho kana vakadavira kuti vatongi vakasiyana vangasvika pamugumisiro wakasiyana.

Kana chisarudzo chiri "hachina mhaka," mukwirirwi anosunungurwa nokukurumidza mupomero, uye hurumende haigoni kuzvidzosa nemhaka yedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo pa [[FLT: 0] ngozi yakapetwa kaviri. Kuwanwa kwe"mhosva" kunosunda nhau yacho kunhanho inotevera: kutongesa.

Chinoitika 8: Kutongerwa

Kazhinji kazhinji uku kutonga kwakaparadzana nokutonga kwacho pachako, kuchibvumira dare kurangarira mashoko akawanda akawanda ayo vatongi vangave vasina kunzwa.

Murwi Anotongerwa Kunzwa

Asati apa mutongo, mutongi anorangarira mushumo wekunzvera wekuendesa kubhinya [PSI] wakagadzirwa nomukuru mukuru wevasungwa. Uyu mushumo unorondedzera tapuro dzoutsotsi panyajambwa (mashoko echisimba echimuko), mugariro wemukwiridzo, nhau yemhuri, dzidzo, basa, uye chinyorwa chipi nechipi chapamberi petsotsi. Kuzvidzivirira nemhosva zvine mukana wokukwikwidza mutsetse wakavakirwa pazvakawanwa muPI.

Kufamba uye Zvinhu Zvinowedzera

Mutongi achayera zvinhu zvinobatanidza (zvinhu zvinoita kuti utsotsi huve hwakakomba zvikuru, zvakadai senyajambwa zvikurukuru asina dziviriro, rutivi rwoutungamiriri muutsotsi, kana kuti kupara mhaka nokuda kwokuripirwa) pa zvinhu zvinoderedza (zvinhu zvinoderedza kushaikwa kwemhosva, zvakadai sokushaikwa kwenhau yeutsotsi, kushanda pasi pezviito zvetsotsi, kana kuti kuratidzira kuzvidemba).

Kutongwa Kwakasiyana - siyana

  • Chirango: Mukwirirwi anobudiswa munzanga iri pasi poutarisiri, achiva mumigariro chaiyo yakadai sokuedza mirimo kana kuti nguva yokusvika panguva.
  • [[[FT:0] Finitsi neRestitution: Zvirango zvemari zvinobhadharwa kuhurumende (mafaro) kana kuti zvakananga kuna nyajambwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa kwavo.
  • [[FOLT:0] Kuisa murango: A tongero kutorongo (sezvinganzi nokuda kwematsotsi) kana kuti jeri (nokuda kwezvakaipa).
  • Actern Sentinces: kusungwa kweimba, kuongorora kwemagetsi, basa renzanga, kana kuti kutora rutivi mugadziriro yokurapa.

Federal Sentensing Guidelines dzinogovera gadziriro nokuda kwokuverenga mitsetse, kunyange zvazvo zvino yava rondedzero panzvimbo pokusungirwa kutevera chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu United States v. Bhuku (2005).

Bvunza United States Sendmining Commission nokuda kwenhungamiro dzapamutemo namashoko.

Chiteshi 9: Kukwirira

Chikamu chedare ibanza romukwirirwi rokudenha chisarudzo kana kuti mutongo mudare rapamusoro. Chikumbiro hachisi kutongwa kutsva; kuhwirudzurwa kwechinyorwa chemhosho dzemitemo idzo dzingava dzakatapura nomutoo usina kururama muuyo.

Nzvimbo Dzokukwezva

Mukwirirwi (zvino [[FLT: 0]] apurellant[) anofanira kuziva chikanganiso chapamutemo chakananga chakaitika. Nheyo dzinobatanidza zvisarudzo zvenhema kupfurikidza nomutongi anotonga paufakazi kana kuti miraidzo yedare, ufakazi husingakwani kutsigira chisarudzo, betsero isingashandi yezano, kana kuti kusazvibata kwapamutemo. Mupimo wekukwidza kunobudirira ndewepamusoro; mutongi anofanira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuratidza kuti chikanganiso chipi nechipi chakanga chisati chiri “chisina kushatakwa" uye sezvingabvira chakatapura mutongo.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura

Matare okukwirira anoshandisa mipimo yakasiana yokuhwirudzura kutsamira panhau. Zvisarudzo zvepamutemo zvinohwirudzurwa " devo" (itsva), kureva dare redare rezvibvumirano haripi kunonotswa kududzira kwomutongi anotonga mutemo. Zviwanwa zvenhau zvinohwirudzurwa nokuda kwechikanganiso chakatanhamara. [[FLT:]] ZVIRATIRO zvinohwirudzurwa nokuda kwe miraudzo] yechisarudzo". Iyi mipimo inoratidzira mabasa akasiana-njikanhwa edare rokutonga namatare.

Habeas Corpus

Pashure pokunge kukwirira kwakananga kwehurumende kwapera, mukwiridzirwi wehurumende anganyora chikumbiro che corpus mudare rehurumende, achisimbisa kuti maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo akatyorwa. Uku kudenha kwakaoma zvikuru uye kunoganhurirwa patendero. Matare ehurumende haasati achizonzwa kutaura kwokuti hakuna kupiwa nenzira yakafanira mudare rehurumende, kutoti mukwirirwi agona kuratidza kuparira nefungira mano akaipa, kana kuti kupfuudzira kunokosha kweruramisiro.

Understand the writ of habeas corpus at Cornell Law School's Legal Information Institute.

mhedziso

Nzira yenhau youtsotsi muitiro wakarongwa nokungwarira wapamutemo wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vasina mhaka nepo uchivimbisa kuti vane mhaka vanozvidavirira kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakarurama. Kuvambira paChikamu cheChina cheFindment Isipission inorambidza kunzvera kusvikira kukubvira kwokupedzisira kwechikumbiro chehabeas corpus, chikuva chimwe nechimwe chinobatira sedziviriro yetsika pakushandiswa kwehurumende kwokusasarura. Nepo tsika yacho isina kukwana uye inotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzine chokuita nokururamisira nokubudirira, kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro inosimbisa nheyo huru yeruramisiro yeAmerica: Hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa nguva dzose mhaka yayo, uye kunyange avo vanopomerwa mhaka hurusanofanira kudzivirirwa zvizere.