Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States ndiro rinoita kuti munhu asununguke, rinovimbisa rudzi rwakati rwekodzero dzinodzivirira vagari vemo kuti vasazvinyengera uye vave nechokwadi cherusununguko rwavo pachavo. Kunyange zvakadaro kodzero idzi hadzisi kudziuraya; dzinoda zivo inoshanda, kungwaririra, uye nguva nenguva chiito chine simba kuti urambe uchiita muupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva. Kubva pakushanda nemitemo kusvikira pakufambisa mapuratifomu paIndaneti, kubva kubasa kuenda kuhofisi yachiremba, kunzwisisa nzira yokusimbisa nokudzivirira nayo kodzero dzako dzemitemo unyanzvi hunokosha muupenyu. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera zvirongwa zvinoshanda zvapamutemo (5) zvakaiswa mumuenzaniso wetsika uye uchenjeri hunoshanda.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzako Dzomutemo

Zvikamu gumi zvokutanga zvinoumba kugadziridzwa kwekodzero, asi dzimwe dziviriro dzakawanda dzinoumbwa muBumbiro remitemo. Hedzino kusanonzvera zvimwe zvegadziriro dzinokumbirwa zvikurusa:

  • Kuchinja kwokutanga: kunodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, chidhindo, gungano, uye maruramiro okukumbira hurumende. Kunyange zvazvo kwakafara, kune ganhuriro(kukwirira kumasimba masimba, kuzvidza, uye ushati hakuna kudzivirirwa. Zviratidzo zvemarks se Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]) yakasimbisa "chiito chokusateerera mutemo"
  • SAUDHmenter: Kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, inodudzirwa neDare Rapamusorosa mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008) sekodzero yomunhu oga, inoda kudzorwa nemitemo ine mufungo.
  • Finamendment: Inodzivirira pakunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha. Kudzikamisa kwomutemo kunowanzoda rugwaro rwakavakirwa pachingabvira. Zvikamu zvinosanganisira kubvumirana, murangariro wakajeka, mamiriro ezvinhu asina kujeka, uye chiitiko kuti usunge. Kuziva izvi zvinokubatsira kusarudza kuti woshandisa kodzero dzako rini.
  • menduro yeFith Amendment: inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira, inodzivirira pawirirano, uye inodzivisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Miranda yakakurumbira yainyevera. Manda v. Arizona [1966] [66] mapurisa okuzivisa nezvorudyi rwako kuti urambe wakanyarara uye kuva negweta mukati mokubvunzurudzwa kwechira.
  • ... ... ... inosimbisa maruramiro kukutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwavose, vatongi vasina rusaruro, kuziviswa nezvepomero, kunangana nezvapupu, uye kuva nezano rapamutemo. Gideon v. Wainright (63) yakasimbisa maruramiro kugweta redare rakagadzwa nokuda kwevapomeri mumhosva dzemhosva dzemhosva.
  • [[FLT: 0] Hurumende yePuromendi yeChirevo: inoisa mabhero akanyanyisa nefaindi, uye chirango choutsinye uye chechienzi. Nharo dzazvino uno dzinonangidzira ngwariro pamigariro yetorongo, kupfigirwa uri woga, uye chirango chorufu.
  • Foundation: inotambanudza Bill of Rights dziviriro dzakawanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neChuroatement Processom Claus neFractal Protection Claus. Yave ichishandiswa kuchengetedza maruramiro ane chokuita neroorano, kudzivisa pamuviri, uye kubatwa kwakaenzana pasinei zvapo nedzinza kana kuti chirume.

Kupfuura gadziridzo, maruramiro ebumbiro- murairo anopfuurira kushanduka. Kodzero yokuva woga / Kusataurwa zvakajeka (*. Hodges ) yakashandiswa muzviitiko zvakadai se [[FLT] Roe v. Wade [[FLT]] [19773]] [[FLT]]] Obergefell v. Hodges[[20][20]][9]

Mazano Anoshanda Okudzivirira Kodzero Dzako

Kudzivirira kodzero dzako dzebumbiro remitemo hakusi kungoedza kungoita zvinhu chete, asi hakudi kuti ugare uchiita zvinhu zvaunenge uchiita.

  • Ziva Kodzero Dzenyu muContext:[[FLT: 1] Kodzero hadzina kuzara; dzinosiana zvichitsamira pamugariro. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yako yokutanga Amendment yokutaura norusununguko yakasimba zvikurusa munzanga yamagamuchidzanwa yenzvimbo dzehurumende kana kuti zvivako zvapachivande. Dzidza majekiseni kubva munhungamiro dzapamutemo dzinovimbwa.
  • Rambira uchidzidziswa pamusoro pechinjo dzemitemo: Hurumende nematare zvinopa mitemo nemirau inotapura kazhinji kazhinji maruramiro ako. Zvinyorere kumapepa epamutemo kana kuti tevera masangano akafanana ne Expronic Foundation [FFF:3] nokuda kwekodzero dzemirangariro, kana kuti [[FLT:]] ACLU nokuda kwechinjowose yekodzero dzevagari vemo.
  • Tsamba Zvose:[[FLT 1] Kana ukadavira kuti kodzero dzako dzaputswa, nyora mashoko acho nokukurumidza: musi, nguva, nzvimbo, mazita nenhamba dzebheji dzevakuru vakuru, zvapupu, uye chaizvoizvo zvakataurwa. Tora mapikicha kana kuti mavhidhiyo kana asina ngozi uye zviri pamutemo. Ufakazi ibasa kana ukasarudza kunyora nyunyuto kana kuti kuronda chiito chapamutemo.
  • Tsvaka Mazano emitemo Kutanga: Musamira kusvikira mamiriro ezvinhu awedzera. Magweta mazhinji anopa kubvunza kwokutanga kwapachena. Ziva mashoko ehekinyo nokuda kwamasangano eyamuro apamutemo, hofisi dzavanhu, uye magweta ekodzero dzavagari vemo munharaunda yenyu.
  • Kubatanidzwa neNzanga Yenyu: Kutora rutivi mumisangano yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, marusando edare rechikoro, uye masangano amapurisa. Kuunganidza kazhinji kazhinji kunoshanda zvikuru kupfuura chiito chimwe nechimwe. Rangarira kukumbanira kana kuti kutsigira masangano anotarisira nokudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Mukupindira Nomutemo

Kusangana namapurisa ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvinoda kurongerwa zvikuru kuputswa kwekodzero. Nheyo imwe inokosha zvikurusa ndeyokuramba wakaterama ndokusimbisa kodzero dzako zvakajeka pasina kunetsana. Pasi apa inhungamiro dzakawedzerwa:

  • Gara wakadzikama uye uchiita zvechipori: Usamhanya, dzivisa, kana kuti kudzikamisa. Kunyange kana unodavira kuti mukuru mukuru ari kuita zvisina kufanira, kupopotedzana panguva ino kunogona kutungamirira kukuwedzera kupomero. Chengeta maoko ako achioneka nguva dzose.
  • [[FT:0] Rovedza Kururamisirwa Kwako Kuramba Wakanyarara:[[FT:1] Haudikanirwi kupindura mibvunzo kudarika kugovera chiziviso (mumitemo nemirairo inodzora). Taura zvakajeka, kuti: Ndinokuzivisai maruramiro angu okunyarara. Ndinoda kutaura kugweta. Musatsauswa. (8) Kuzvinyima kwoga hakungashaikwi mudare, asi kutaura kwenhema kunogona.
  • [[FOLT:0] Refse Consect to Search: Kutoti mukuru mukuru ane maruramiro kana kuti chisakiso chinobvira, une maruramiro okuramba kunzvera munhu wako, motokari, kana kuti musha. Ronga kuramba kwako zvakasimba: "Ini handibvumi kusecha." Usadzivisa mumuviri, asi kuramba namashoko kunodzivirira maruramiro ako gare gare.
  • [[FT:0] Kukumbira kunyorwa: Kumbira zita romukuru mukuru, nhamba yebheji, uye sangano. Mashoko aya anokosha pakuronga kunyunyuta kana kuchidikanwa.
  • Yakabudisa Interpreciation (Upo kwapamutemo): Munyika zhinjisa, une maruramiro okurekodha mapurisa munzvimbo dzavose chero bedzi usingadzongonyedzi mabasa avo. Shandisa vhidhiyo yako, uye zivisa kuti uri kunyora. Nzvera mitemo yenyika yako inoda kubvumira kwechikamu zviviri zvemashoko.
  • Kupinza mubato Kodzero Yako Kuzano: Kana ukasungwa, unofanira kuraviwa maruramiro ako eMiranda pamberi pebvunzurudzo yekodzero yokuchengeta. Kana wangokumbira gweta, kubvunza kwose kunofanira kumira kusvikira mumiririri wako avapo. Usapambadza iyi maruramiro, pasinei nokuti mapurisa akawanda sei anokukurudzira kutaura.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako PaIndaneti

Upenyu hwemichina hunopa denho dzebumbiro remitemo yechienzi, zvikurukuru mudziviriro yeFramendment yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo. Heyi nzira yokuchengetedza nayo kodzero dzako dzemipimo:

  • Shandisa zvisakiso zvokuisa zvitsvene zvakasimba uye Mitemo yeChikamu zviviri cheSangano reSangano reSangano rePUPU]: Showswo isina simba rinokuita kuti zvive nyore nokuda kwavatakuri--vhuna(kana vatambi vehurumende vasina maruramiro) okuwana maakaundi ako. Mamaneja okurega shoko neautisiro anowedzera zvikamu zvechengeteko.
  • Review and Tirenfic Game: Nhevedzano dzematerevhizheni, injini dzenzvero, uye maapps zvinounganidza zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko. Nguva dzose nzvera gadziriro dzako dzakavanzika, dzivisa kunyora nzvimbo apo kunenge kusingadikanwi, uye ganhurira mashoko kugoverana nezvinodikanwa bedzi.
  • Pasi peMitemo inounganidzwa neForverance: Pe Amendment yeChina haidziviriri nguva dzose mashoko anogoverwa nemativi echitatu (`dzidziso yechitatu]). United States v. Carplant[ [2017]) inotonga kuganhurirwa kuwanikwa kusingaganhurirwi kwemashoko enzvimbo yeserura, asi email, kunzvera nhau, uye mitauro yemafashoni yemafashoni inoramba iri isina kukuvadzwa. Shandisa reza midziyo yehedhekisi yeheyo yakafanana nechiratidzo chechiratidzo chekutumira mashoko, uye hembe yokuvhara paIP yemibato yemibato yeIP yemibato yenhau dzinotapura.
  • Ita kuti kushaikwa kwakakotsekana: Shandisa bedzi mawebsite ane HTTPS (tarira fault yepapyra). Dzivisa kuvhura pamabatani anonyumwira kana kuti kukopa mafaira asingazivikanwi. Nhau yako yokutsvaka ingava pasi pepuena pasina bvumiro mumigariro yakati.
  • Ziva Kodzero Dzenyu Mukupesana Nemazakwatira emari: Kudzika mutemo kunowanzoda murairo wokunzvera michina yenyu. Kana vamiriri vemiganhu vakakumbira kunzvera runhare rwako, unogona kuramba (kunyange vangakumisa). Kumusha, usavhura runhare rwako pasina rugwaro. Bvunza [[FLT:]

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Kubasa

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo mubasa romunhu oga dzakaganhurirwa nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivisa chiito chehurumende, kwete vashandirwi vari voga. Zvisinei, dziviriro dzakati dzinoshanda:

  • Mutemo wePendeko: Vashandi voruzhinji vane dziviriro dzapamhene dzekutaura kupfuura vashandi voga, asi kutaura kunofanira kuva panhau dzeitiro hanya yavose uye kusadzongonyedza mabasa. Vashandirwi vehurumende vanogona kazhinji kazhinji kuganhurira kutaura somumiriro webasa, kunze kwezviito ne "zvido" zvomubato wezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Furth Amendment: Vashandi vehurumende vane kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga munzvimbo yavo yokushandira, asi vashandirwi vanogona kutsvaka kana vane chinangwa chapamutemo chebasa. Vashandi voga vane dziviriro shoma yapachivande pakunzvera mushandirwi; rava bhuku rebasa rako.
  • Kodzero:[[FLT: 1] National Labor Relations Act inodzivirira maruramiro okukurukura mibairo, migariro yebasa, uye mubatanidzwa, pasinei zvapo kana nzvimbo yenyu yebasa yakabatanidzwa.
  • Kurova:[[FT: 1] mitemo yeFederal nehurumende zvinodzivirira vashandi vanoshuma mufambiro usiri wapamutemo kana kuti usina kururama. Kana ukaona kuputswa, itai gwaro, murangane kubvunza mumiriri webasa musati mashuma.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Mune Zvoutano

Kurapwa kunosanganisira mashoko uye zvisarudzo zvinoda kuziva kuti munhu wacho azvizive sei.

  • SHIPAA Amficial Relation: Inishuwarensi yeUnishuwarensi yeHwerenzi neAuthority Act inodzivirira kuvandika kwezvinyorwa zvako zvokurapa. Une maruramiro okuwana marekodhi ako, kukumbira ruramiso, uye ganhuriro. Kuputswa kweHofisi yekodzero dzeChivilini.
  • Revoinywo yakadzidziswa: Une maruramiro okuziviswa zvizere pamusoro pomuitiro upi noupi wokurapa, kubatanidza ngozi, betsero, uye zvimwe zvinotsiva, uye kuramba kurapwa. Ikoku kunowana kubva mumaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kusvikira kuperero yomuviri uye Gemeterment ye14 yeClausce.
  • [ Mirairidzo yapamberi: Itai kuda kupenyu nesimba rinogara regweta nokuda kwokurapa. Magwaro aya anovimbisa kuti zvishuvo zvenyu zvinoteverwa kana musisina simba.
  • Kupaza urwari hwemimba: Pasi pomutemo wazvino ([[FLT:]]] Dobbs v. Jackson Basity Health Organization[), maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri anosarudzwa nomutemo wehurumende. Ziva mirau yehurumende yako nesarudzo kana zviri madikanwa. Kudzora kukuvamba kunoramba kwakadzivirirwa pasi pe [[FLT:]Grislold v.Connecticut[[FF:5] [195]

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Mudzidzo

Vadzidzi havaregi kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo pagedhi repachikoro, asi vanoganhurirwa pahwaro hwedzidzo:

  • Mutemo wePendekosti: Vadzidzi vane maruramiro okuzvitaurira vamene chero bedzi isingadzongonyedzi zvikuru mabasa echikoro ( . Des Moines), 1969. Zvisinei, zvikoro zvinogona kuganhurira kutaura kwakaipa, zvinosimudzira mubato usiri wapamutemo, kana kuti ibasa rechikoro rakadzorwa ([[FLT:]4] Hazelwood v. Kulmmeier, 1988).
  • [[FLT: 0] Gamendeji yechikoro: Vakuru vakuru vechikoro vangatsvaka vadzidzi pasina pamutemo kana vane nyumwiro dzine mufungo dzokuti mutemo kana kuti chikoro zvaputswa ([ New Jersey v. T.L.[FL.], 1985). Kunzvera kunoda mwero wakakwirira wenyuro yenyumwiro ([[[FLT:]]] SAFFDford yakaputi yechikoro yeruwa yeReact., 2009).
  • FERPA:[[[FLT: 1] Dare reMarudzi reDzidzo nePrivial Act rinopa vabereki (uye vadzidzi vanopfuura 18) maruramiro okupinda nokudzora zvinyorwa zvedzidzo. Zvikoro zvinofanira kuwana mvumo zvisati zvabudisa mashoko mazhinjisa.
  • Muitiro unodikanwa: Zvikoro zvavose zvinofanira kugovera ziviso nokunzwa pamberi pokuisa zvirango zvakakomba zvokuranga zvakadai sokudzinga kana kuti kudzingwa. Nguva dzose kumbira kutonga kwakarongwa ndokuunza ufakazi kana kuti zvapupu.

Nzira Yokuisa Nayo Nemhaka Yokunyunyuta Kana Kodzero Dzako Dzichiputswa

Kana uchifunga kuti kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yakanganiswa, une nzira dzakawanda dzokugadzirisa nadzo:

  • [[FT:0] Firimu yokunyunyuta: kunyunyuta kwapamutemo nesangano kana kuti sangano rinobatanidzwa (mutoo, nhau dzomukati, ruwa rwechikoro, chipatara). Chengeta makopi etsamba dzose.
  • .Civil Rights Organizations: Sanganai neACLU, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, kana kuti mapoka eyamuro yomunzvimbomo. Vangapa mufananidzo wakananga kana kuti magweta ebono.
  • Hurumende yeProftime:[[FT:1] shooro neBato reChivil Rights reU.S. Chikamu cheChivil Justice Agandriation nokuda kwemitoo yokusazvibata kana kuti rusaruro. Nokuda kwokuputsa zvakavanzika, nyorera Federal Trade Commission kana kuti Office for Civil Rights.
  • State APPromments: Nyika zhinji dzine masangano ekodzero dzavanhu kana kuti magweta makuru anonzvera kuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo.
  • Marapiti: Munsi ma 42 U.S.C. ■ 1983, unogona kukwirira hurumende nevakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo. Bvunza negweta rekodzero dzavagari vemo kuti uone kuti mhaka yako inoshanda sei.

Kutsigira Kodzero Dzako

Kutsigira mumwe nomumwe kune simba, asi kudzora vanhu pamwe chete kunochinja zvachose.

  • Kuisa pasi uye Tsigiro Mapoka okunyengera: SaACLU, EFF, uye mibatanidzwa yerusununguko rwehurumende yakananga inoita kuti pave nomutemo, mafaira eaicius, uye anogovera zviwanikwa zvedzidzo.
  • Zvimwe: mashopu evagamuchiri munzanga yenyu, goverana mashoko akavimbika pazvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, uye kurukura nhau dzebumbiro remitemo neshamwari nemhuri. Zivo ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro.
  • Yakabatanidza Vamiriri Vako vakaziviswa:[[FLT: 1] Kunyora, kuridza mhere, kana kuti email vaiti vemitemo vako pamusoro pemabhiri anomirira anotapura rusununguko rwevanhu(g., kuchinja kwokunzvera, maruramiro okuvhota, kana kuti dziviriro dzakavanzika. Nhau dzomunhu oga kazhinji kazhinji dzine tapuro hurusa.
  • : Masangano mazhinji ekodzero dzinotsamira pavazvipiri nokuda kwebhangi rerunhare, nzvero yapamutemo, kana kuti kudzokororwa kwenzanga. Kunyange maawa mashomanene pamwedzi anogona kuwedzera tapuro yako.
  • : Vakuru vakuru vanoisa muganhu panzvimbo yedziviriro dzebumbiro-mitemo. Zvinyorwa zvenzvero pamusoro perusununguko rwavagari vemo pamberi pokukandira fomu rako.

mhedziso

Kudzivirira kodzero dzako dzebumbiro remitemo hakusi kuongorora kwenguva imwe chete asi kuzvipira kunoramba kuripo kungwara nechiito. Kubva pakuziva mutauro wakananga weBill of Rights kuti unzwisise sei matare mazuva ano, kubva pakumisa mapurisa zvinyoronyoro kuenda kuchengetedza makumbo ako, nhanho imwe neimwe inosimbisa magariro orusununguko urwo Mutemo wakarongwa kuti utsigire. Kugara uchiziva, kunyora zano repamutemo parinodiwa, uye kubatanidzwa nenzanga yakakura yekodzero dzokuva pamutemo, haungodziviriri rusununguko rwako chete asi unobatsirawo kunzanga umo rusununguko irworwo runoramba rwakasimba nokuda kwomunhu wose. Zivo isimba, uye kungwarira kukura ndiko mutengo worusununguko.