Nheyo Dzedzikamo Yebumbiro remitemo

Nheyo dzecheki nedzikamo dzinomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinogara zvikurusa pahurumende inonyengedzwa. Dzinopinzwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S., tsika ino inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe chete, dare, kana kuti dare rinodzorwa rinodzorwa nezvimwe. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba nokutanga mitoro inopfuudzirwa, vaFrames vakavaka gadziriro yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga oga kubva mukuiswa kwechiremera. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi ganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda sei inokosha nokuda kwomugari ari wose anoda kuchengeta rusununguko rwake rwehurumende rune chokuita nokuchengetedza rusununguko rwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga.

Mavambo emiedzo nedzinoyera anonongedzera zvakananga kurondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yeNyereso, zvikurukuru manyoro aBaron de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake ra1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [, Montesquieu akarangarira kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo simba rinoparadzaniswa mumabasa akasiyana. Vatangi veAmerica, vanopesvedzerwa zvikuru nepfungwa idzi, vakaichinja kuva chivako chinoshanda chinopfuura muganhu weboka rimwe chete. Sezvakatsanangura James Madison Mages muchi [FL:] Fluveration., "Kufunga kunofanira kuitwa kuti kukunda chinzvimbo." Chikamu chinoramba chiripo chesimba cheAmerica chinodzora chinodzora.

Mapazi Matatu Nemabasa Awo Ebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinokamuranisa hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana, asi masimba iwayo anoganhurirwa namaune nechiremera chinopiwa kune mamwe. Uku kubatana kwetsika kunoparira simba uko chiito chinoda kukurukurirana, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye miganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Bazu Romutemo: Vaiti Vemitemo

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa masimba ose emitemo muCongress, akaumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare.Congress inonyora, nharo, uye inopa mitemo yehurumende. masimba ayo anobatanidza:

  • Kutyora nokuisa mutemo panhau dzakadai semitero, kutengeserana, uye kuzvidzivirira kwenyika.
  • Kukwidza dare rapurezidhendi nenzvimbo ine matatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa sapurezidhendi, kusanganisira vatongi vomuhurumende, vanyori vedare, uye nhume.
  • Zvibvumirano zvokunyepera zvakataurirwa nebazi guru nedare rinovhota ramatatu maviri.
  • Kutsvaka nokubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, nokuda kwe “mhosva huru namabhinya.

Congress inewo "simba rechikwama"" (8) chiremera chakakwana chemari yakafanira. Hapana chiito chavakuru vakuru chinogona kutsigirwa pasina mari inotsigirwa nesangano, cheki yakabvumikisa kuva inotsoropodza mukudzivisa kunyengera kwapurezidhendi munhau yose.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Vamanikidzi

Chikamu II chakatanga bazu guru, richitungamirirwa napurezidhendi. Basa guru rapurezidhendi nderoku "ngwarira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka. Nzvero huru dzebazi iri dzinosanganisira:

  • Kupa mutemo wakapiwa neCongress, kuchimanikidza vaiti vemitemo kurangarira kana kuti kuunganidza kukurumbira kukuru.
  • Kugadza vatongi vehurumende, vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, uye vakuru vakuru vanoisa zvinzvimbo mudare nebvumirano yeDare.
  • Kuitisa muitiro wokumwe, kutaurirana zvibvumirano, uye kuraira mauto ane zvombo somutungamiriri.
  • Kupa kanganwiro nokupazve mhaka dzehurumende, nzvero pakutonga.

Simba rapurezidhendi icherekedzo yakananga yemitemo, asi Congress inogona kurikurira. Nenzira yakafanana, mirairo yavakuru vakuru inopinza simba romutemo mukati bedzi memiganhu yechiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti bumbiro remitemo; inogona kudenhwa mudare kana kuti kubviswa nomutemo unovapo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Vari Kuwana

Nyaya III yakaita dare redare reSangano reSangano reDare Repamusorosoro parinoperera.Matare anodudzira mitemo uye anotema kana ichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo.Masimba Okutonga anosanganisira:

  • Kuhwirudzura pamutemo wemitemo yehurumende nehurumende kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison (103).
  • Kupedza kakavadzano pakati pehurumende kana kuti pakati pehurumende nehurumende.
  • Kutonga nyaya dzinobatanidza mutemo womuhurumende, zvibvumirano, uye kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • Ndichipedza kutsanangura nyaya dzebumbiro remitemo.

Vatongi vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vachidzidzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, simba ravo rinoongororwa namano eCongress okukarakadza gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo, kushandura simba rematare akaderera, uye vatongi vanotevedzerwa nokuda kwokusazvibata.

Kudzivirira Kwaunoita Kodzero Dzako

Unyanzvi hwegadziriro yokunzvera nemwero huri kwete bedzi mukudzivisa udzvinyiriri asi mukuchengeta nokushingaira kodzero dzavagari vemowo zvavo. Kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzongonyedza pasina munhu parusununguko, Bumbiro remitemo rinoparira zvikamu zvakawanda zvedziviriro.

Kudzivirirwa Kwoudzvinyiriri

Simba rinoiswa mungozi nenzira isingadzivisiki rinotyisidzira rusununguko. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera mumapazu matatu, zviratidzo zvakakuita kuti kuve kwakaomera zvikuru boka ripi neripi kana kuti munhu kutora udzori hwose. Somuuyo, kunyange kana rimwe bazi rikaita chiito nenzira youdzvinyiriri, rimwe rine maturusi okudzivisa. Somuenzaniso, kana purezidhendi akaraira gadziriro yokunzverwa kusati kuri kwapamutemo, Dare rinogona kuribvisa, uye matare anogona kuizivisa kuva isingaichinji.

Kuzvidavirira Kupfurikidza Nokutarisira

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzvera ndokufumura kusazvibata mune dzimwe. matare eCongress anoitisa mhaka, magwaro echipameso, uye anomanikidza chipupuriro chinobva kuvakuru vakuru vakuru. Dare ringaramba vaminenesi avo vasina kukodzera kana kuti vanotyisidzira rusununguko rwavanhu. Imba inogona kutanga kupomera mhaka mukurwisana napurezidhendi kana kuti vatongi vanoshandisa zvisina kufanira simba ravo.

Kuongorora Kutonga Senhoo

Simba rehwirudzuro yedare zvichida idziviriro yakananga zvikurusa nokuda kwekodzero dzevanhu. Apo mutemo unoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana, vagari vemo vanogona kuidenha mudare. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusasa mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo [1954] [kudzongonyedzwa kwetsika] Hurumende yakadzongonyedza dzinza, kuputsa mitemo yairamba vana vechitema mukana wedzidzo wakaenzana. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakaputsa mitemo yokuti kuva noukama hwevatano hwevatano kana kuti kuvhotera kwakaganhurirwa pasina pembedzorwa. Pasi pekuhwirudzo yedare, Dare kana kuti Hurumende yavanhu vehurumende yaigona kuita mitemo inodzvinyirirasa.

Mienzaniso Yakatanhamara Yemakemikari Nedzikamo Zviri Kushanda

Nhau inopa mifananidzo yakajeka yokuti kuongorora uye kudzikamisa kunodzivirira sei kodzero.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Kwamakumi amakore, zvikoro zvakasiana dzinza zvakanga zviri zvapamutemo pasi pe "dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana" yakagadzwa mu Pnety v. Ferguson [1896]. Apo maPlatoffi akadenha kuva muvhozhokeri muTopeka, Kansas, Dare Rapamusoro rakabvumirana kutonga kuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakaparadzana dzakanga dzisingakwaniswi, kuchiputsa Amendment'smendicial Development Clause. Ichi chisarudzo chakaratidzira simba rejasticiary rokubvisa mitemo yehurumende yaiputsa kodzero huru, kunyange apo mitemo iyoyo yakanga ine tsigiro yavose yakafara.

Chinokwezva Chinoiswa Mumvura

Mukutanga kwama1970, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akabatanidzwa munhevedzano yokushatiswa, kubatanidza kuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee uye chifukidziro chakatevera. Congress akatanga kufeyafeyafeya, metepi dzeWhite House, uye pakupedzisira akatanga zvisakafanira. Dare Gurusa, mu United States v. Nixon[FLT] [[FLT] [1977]), akaraira purezidhendi kubudisa matepi, kuramba kutaura kweropafadzo yapamusorosoro.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Unodhura uye Kuongorora

Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2010, yakatarisana nedenho dzebumbiro remitemo. Vashori vakapikisa kuti chirevo chomunhu oga chinoraira vaAmerica kutenga inishuwarenzi youtano asi simba reCuarter raipfuura rebhizimisi re National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira chirevo sesimba reCongress Congress Congress arrence rinobhadhara mutero asi rakaganhurira kukura kwemitemo yeMedicaid. Chiratiso chakaratidzira kuti kunzvera mutemo kunogona kuchenesa, kuchengetedza dziviriro kwapamusoro kwamamiriyoni apo anenge achirova pamusoro pegadziriro.

Kuramba Kuchiitwa

Nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikuru, Purezidhendi Donald Trump akakumbirwa kaviri neHouse of Desicrects / zvokutanga muna 2019 nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nokudzongonyedzwa kweCongress zvine chokuita nedzvinyiriro paUkraine, uye zvakare muna 2021 nokuda kwokunyandurwa kwokumukira pashure pedenho ye6 Capitol. Nepo Dare rakasunungura Trump nguva dzose dziri mbiri, muitiro wokusafunda umene wakaratidzira kuti Congress inochengeta chishandiso chebumbiro remitemo chokuita kuti purezidhendi azvidaviridze kukuva anozvidavirira nokuda kwokusazvibata kwakakomba, kunyange apo vatsigiri vanodzivisa kutendwa.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Kugadziriro Yacho

Pasinei zvapo nokusimba kwayo, macheki akanangana nenhamo dzakakomba muudzori hwenguva ino. Kunzwisisa denho idzi kunodikanwa kudzivirira ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga

Kupesana kwepfungwa kuri kuwedzera pakati pemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaputsa tsika dzamasanga idzo dzaichimbova dzinopfavisa batira pamwe pakati pamapazu. Kutarisira kweCongregational kunowanzorangarirwa kupfurikidza nerens inochinja, navazhinji vachizengurira kunzvera purezidhendi webato ravo vamene. Kusimbisa hondo dzevatongi navatungamiriri kwazova kunokwikwikwidzwa zvikuru, nokunonotswa nokudzongonyedzwa kunoderedza mano evakuru vakuru vakuru kuvashandi. Apo kuvimbika kwechikamu kunokunda basa resangano, miitiro yokuzviruramisa yetsika inoderera.

Kunyanyodzora

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akakudza simba ravakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, zviito zvokutungamirira, uye zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvisiri zvenyika imwe. Nepo matanho aya angava apamutemo mumashoko mashoma, vanogona kufuratira muitiro unobvisa unoitwa neFramers. Kushandiswa kwe "kuisa mashoko" kuzivisa vavariro kusamanikidzira gadziriro dzakati dzemitemo, uye kubviswa kwekurumidziro yenyika kuti adzorere mari, kwakamutsa funganyo yokuti bazi guru rinotonga riri kupindira pakodzero dzemitemo.

Kutonga Nokukakavadzana Kunodzorwa

Basa rakafanira redare rinoramba richipokanidzwa. Vatsoropodzi vechiito chokutonga vanotaura kuti matare pane dzimwe nguva anodarika nokudzika mitemo yehurumende yakavakirwa pakuverengwa kukuru kweBumbiro reMitemo. Kune rumwe rutivi, vatsigiri venzvero yorutongeso yakasimba vanotaura kuti kudzivirira kodzero dzeboka duku kazhinji kazhinji kunoda matare kudzorera kunyanyisa. Kukakavadzana pakati pokudzora kwedare nechiito kunogara mugadziriro yacho, asi zvisarudzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakasimbisa kurukurirano yavose.

Kuparara KwemaNorms Nemasangano Anovimba Nevanhu

Kupfuura nzvero dzebumbiro remitemo dzakarongwa, tsika inotsamira pamipimo isinganyorwi yakadai soruremekedzo rwemitemo, kudzivisa kudzorwa kwenzvimbo yedare reSabata, uye kugamuchirwa kwetarisiro yapamutemo. Apo iyi mipimo inofuratirwa, majana edzikamo. Kunyungudza chivimbo chavanhu mumasangano akadai seCongress, declacy, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro kunosekesazve kuvimbwa kwechekero nedzikano. Vagari vanodavira kuti tsika inoiswa panzvimbo inosakafanira kubatanidzwa mumiitiro yedemocracy, kuparira nhevedzano yakaipa.

Basa Redzidzo Yechikwata uye Rokubatana Nevagari Vomunyika

Gadziriro yokushanda yechekero nedzikamo inotsamira kwete bedzi pavamiriri asi pavagari vemo vanoziva. Zivo yeBumbiro reMitemo inopa simba vanhu kuti vadzivise kombamiro dzokudzvinyirira nokuraira kuzvidavirira.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Nemhinduro

Mugari wemo mumwe nomumwe anofanira kunzwisisa kodzero dzake dzinokosha pasi peBill of Rights uye kugadziridzwa kwakatevera. Kuziva dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment nokuda kwokutaura, kubudisa, uye kuungana; dziviriro dzeFine Amendment panzvero isina mufungo; uye muitiro weFireference weFirefur unovimbisa vanhu kushongedzera kuziva kupunzwa nokutsvaka kugadziridzwa mumatare.

Kutora Rutivi Mugadziriro Dzehurumende

Vachizivisa musarudzo nokuda kweCongress, purezidhendi, uye mahofisi ehurumende zvinotapura zvakananga kuumbwa kwehurumende. Apo vavhoti vanotusa avo vanoremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo ndokuranga avo vanodarika, vanosimbisa perero yetsika. Kuwedzera, kutaura navamiriri vakasarudzwa, kupupurira pakutonga, uye kukumbanira masangano ehurumende anosimudzira manzwi evagari vemo.

Kubatanidzwa Nematare

Dzidzo yemitemo inofanirawo kubatanidza kuonga basa rokutonga. Vagari vanogona kupinda nharo dzinotaurwa neDare Rapamusorosa, kurava zvisarudzo, uye kunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinotapura sei upenyu hwavo. Masangano anotsigira kugovera yamuro yapamutemo kana kuti mepu yenhau dzekodzero anobetsera kuti matare arambe achiwanika.

Kuverenga Nekunyora uye Hurukuro Yechokwadi

Munhambo yemashoko asina kururama, vagari vemo vanofanira kutsvaka manyuko akavimbika pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende. Zviwanikwa zvedzidzo zvakadai se Constitution Center yeNational Constitution , National Archives, uye FUDALALD REARC REP [ inogovera mashoko akarurama, asina kunyorwa. Kufunga pamusoro penhau dzenhau dzinobetsera vagari vemo kusiyanisa pakati poutariri hwepamutemo nedenho dze-parusaro.

Kusimbisa Makemikari Nedzikamo Zvenguva Yemberi

Kuchengeta ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo kunoda nhamburiko inopfuurira. Kukarakadzwa kwokusimbisa gadziriro yacho kunobatanidza:

  • [ Simba ravakuru vakuru rinoisa pachena:[[FLT: 1] Congress inofanira kuvandudza mitemo inodzora kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru, migariro yekurumidziro yenyika, uye masimba ehondo kudzorera chiremera chehurumende.
  • Kuderedza tractic gerrymaning: Komiti dzinoshanda yeIndependent reddigical inogona kuita sarudzo dzepaImba dzemakwikwi zvikuru, kuchideredza sundo dzekuwedzera kushambadzira.
  • Kudzikamisa mipimo yetsika: kusimbisa mitemo yetsika nokuda kwamapazu ose matatu uye kutanga mitumbi inotonga yakazvimirira inogona kuvakazve chivimbo chavanhu.
  • Dzidzo yevagari vemo: Nyika dzinofanira kurayira K - 12 paschrowendi dzinodzidzisa magadzirirwo uye kushanda kwecheki nedzikamo, pamwe chete nemienzaniso yenhau yokushanda kwadzo.

mhedziso

Nzvero nedzikamo hazvisati zviri rondedzero isinganzwisisiki asi chirongwa chipenyu chinoumba batano iri yose pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende yavo. Kuvambira pakurukurirano dzekaresa paConvention yeConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo kusvikira kumitemo yeDare Gurusa remisisa yazvino uno, nheyo yokuti simba rinofanira kuganhurirwa uye kugoveranwa inoramba iri madikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga. Nepo zvinetso zvakadai sokuparadzana, kunyengera kwevakuru vakuru vakuru, uye kuderera kuvimba kunoedza tsika, Bumbiro remitemo rinopa midziyo yokupindura. Chipikirwa, vagari vemo vakadzidza icherekedzo chazvose chinofanira kushandiswa kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kutaura, uye kuita kuti bazu ripirwe nokuda kwerusununguko rwehurumende inotonga hurumende inotsamira pairi.