Chibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu uye Kuzivikanwa Kwechizivikanwo chechiIrish Chokuchamhembe

Chibvumirano cheChishanu, chakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, chinomira sechimwe chezvibvumirano zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvakavapo zvikurusa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. KuNorthern Ireland, nharaunda yakanga yatsungirira makore makumi matatu erwisano yamasimba masimba yemasekete anozivikanwa se Nhamo [, chibvumirano chacho chakanga chiri chinopfuura kumira kana kuti kudzorwa kwesimba. Chakanga chiri kuedza kuvandudza hwaro chaihwo hweve hwevezvamatongerwe enyika munzanga yakakamukana zvikuru. Kupfurikidza nokutanga gadziriro yokutonga yakadzika midziro mukubvumirana, kuenzana, uye kuzivikanwa, chibvumirano chakatangwa mukuchinja zvishoma asi zvikuru kwe [FL.F.2] Chiziviso chaMabva kuNorthern Ireland [FLT] [FF]

Pamberi pa1998, kuzivikanwa muNorthern Ireland kwakarondedzerwa zvikuru nemagamuchidzanwa makuru maviri: Vabatanidzwa nevechiHindu, vaizvirangarira vamene sevokuBritain, uye vaNationalism neRepablicans, vaizvirangarira vamene sevaIreland. Idzi tsika dzakanga dzisiriwo zvadzo dzinongova zvitendero zvetsika dzetsika; dzakanga dzakadzika miganhu yaibatanidza rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu — uko vanhu vaigara, zvikoro izvo vakapinda, izvo vakapinda mitambo yavaiita, uye nzira yavaisarudza nayo. Masimba eHondo akanga akudza iyi mitsetse, achiumba nzanga umo nzvimbo yehurumende yakanga iri duku. Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu hachina kubvisa uku kukamu chizivikanwa chitsva chehurumende uye chinoratidzira mamiriro ezvinhu enzanga matsva — yavakanga vasina kubatana mudzinza kana kuti rudzidziso, asi vakagoveranawo mukodzero dzehurumende ruzhinji.

Mavambo Echibvumirano: Kubva Pakukakavadzana Kusvika Pakutaurirana

Kuti unzwisise chibvumirano chacho pazivikanwo yevagari vemo, zvinokosha kunzwisisa kupesana kwakatangira. Kupesana kwemuNorthern Ireland kubvira muna 1968 kusvika muna 1998 kwakanga kuri kukuru pamusoro pouchangamire hwebumbiro remitemo uye zita renzanga. Hurumende yeUnion yakatsvaka kuchengetedza nzvimbo yeNorthern Ireland pakati peUnited Kingdom, nepo vaRoma vashoma vaitsvaka kuti Ireland ive yakabatana. Uku kusabvumirana kwemitemo kwakasimbiswa nemitoo yakadzika mirefu yenzanga: vaPurotesitendi vakawanda vakapinda muzvikoro zvakaparadzana, vaigara mumafemu echiPurotesitendi, uye vaishanda mumafemu echiPurotesitendi, nepo vaKaturike vaiita zvakafanana navo. MuReganitional Beganication vakanga vasingadi kuwanikwa. — nzvimbo dzeruzhinji, mapurofiti, maruwa ezvitoro — vaiwanzonzikanwa nenzanga imwe kana kuti dzimwewo.

Masimba masimba eNhamo akauraya vanhu vanopfuura 3 600 uye akakuvadza makumi ezviuru zvakapfuura. Pakasvika ma1990, kuneta kwehondo, kubuda kwoutungamiriri hwechinzvimbo kumativi ose ari maviri, uye kubatanidzwa kwokushingaira kwehurumende dzeBritain neIreland, pamwe chete neUnited States pasi paPrezidhendi Bill Clinton, yakagadzira hwindo nokuda kwekurukurirano yakakomba. Before Wendill Frial Agreement — yaizivikanwawo seBelfast Agrecment — yakatsigirwa nenhau dzedzose dziri mbiri yeNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland muna May 1998. KuNorthern Ireland, 71 muzana yevokushamba kwaReputukeri kwaiiiii. Iyi tsigiro yakavapo muRepublic, inopfuura 94 muzana.

Chibvumirano chacho chakavakirwa panheyo nhatu: wirirano (kuti mugariro webumbiro remitemo weNorthern Ireland ungagona kuchinja bedzi nokubvumira vanhu vayo), simba rokudzora[ (hurumende iyoyo inofanira kubatanidza zvose zviri zviviri Union and Nationalism partics), uye [[FLT:] muganhu woruremekedzo [ (kuti zvose zviri zviviri British neIrlandIrth reconveity zvinofanira kubatwa zvakaenzana). Nheyo idzi dzakanga dzisati dziri puro dzogaro, dzakanga dziri dzetsika zvikuru, dzakaita tsika umo kuzivikanwa naNonGreastrishy Counity yaigona kufungidzirwa.

Gadziriro Huru Netapuro Yadzo Pakuzivikanwa

Mubatanidzwa Wokutanga: Gungano Rokuchamhembe kweIreland uye Kutungamirira

Kuumbwa kweGungano reNdove Northern Ireland rakabviswa simba raiitirwa murairo wakava denho yakananga kuzvamatongerwe enyika ekare. Munyasi D'Hondt system[, vabati vanogoverwa, kuvimbisa kuti mapoka ose eUnionism neveHurumende anofanira kudzora pamwe chete. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, izvi zvinoreva kuti hurumende iri pachena yakayambuka-communy. Mutengi weNational Revital anoona mushumiri weUnion anoita zvisarudzo pautano, dzidzo, kana kuti nzvimbo — uye kuti mushumiri ane mutoro kunzanga yose. Munguva ino inotendwa inotendwa yagara iripo pfungwa yavose, haina kubatana netsika yetsika inoteverwa netsika imwe chete. Chiziviso chinozivikanwa chavagari vemo chakaenzana:

Strand II: Dare Roushumiri Rokumaodzanyemba Kwakadziva kuMaodzanyemba

Chibvumirano chacho chakatangawo Dare roKuchamhembe-South Mishumiri, iro rinobatanidza vashumiri vanobva Northern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland kuti vatsinhiranise muitiro panzvimbo dzakadai sokurima, zvokufambisa, zvokushambadza, uye zvakapoteredza. Iri sangano rinoisa uzivi hweIreland yeNorthern Ireland, richipazve kuti vagari vemo vakawanda vazive kuti vagari veIreland uye kuti vane fariro dzapamutemo mukubatira pamwe mukugura muganhu. Panguva imwe cheteyo, rinoshanda pahwaro hwebvumirano — Chikamu cheNorthern Ireland hachina kuiswa asi chinobvumiranwa. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira kuzivikanwa navanhu kuti vagari vemo vasarudzi: munhu anogona kuva mugari weNorthern Ireland, mutezo weUnited, uye rutivi rwenzanga yose yeUnited States, pasina kupesana.

Kubatana Kutatu: Dare reBritain Nesangano Rehurumende

British - Idict Council inobatanidza hurumende dzeUnited Kingdom, Ireland, vadzori vakaderera veScotland neWales, uye Hurumende yeHurumende yeIslael. Iyi dare inosimbisa kubatana kwezvitsuwa izvi. Inosimbisa pfungwa yokuti Northern Ireland haina kusiiwa asi yakadzika midzi muukama hunoremekedza mativi ose ari maviri eBritain neIreland. Nokuda kweichizivikanwo chenyika, zvinoreva kuti kuva munhu haangorondedzerwi nevhu kana kuti rudzi asi kuti iwirirane uye idiro.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Negadziriro Dzokuenzana

Rimwe ramativi makurusa ebvumirano yacho rakanga riri mubatanidzwa wayo wekodzero dzavanhu nokuenzana muuvaki hwebumbiro remitemo. Northern Ireland Rights Commission yeHuman uye Super Commission yeNorthern Ireland] yakagadzwa kuti itarisire nokusimudzira kodzero dzayo. [Kubvumirana kwacho kwakagadzawo hurumende kuti itange Bill of Rights of Northern Ireland (kunenge kusati kwaitwa zvizere). Iyi kodzero inopa vagari vomunyika imwe mashoko akagoverwa kuti vagadzirwe kutaura uye zvigumbu zvavo, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga. Kana munhu achisimbisa kodzero dzavo dzeko dzokugara, utano, kana kuti kurapa, ivo vanopesana. Vai nzanga ava vanoumba kupesana nenzanga vakabatana muboka nzanga munzanga.

Zviratidzo Zvinobatanidzwa Nezvinogoveranwa: Kuvaka Tsika Yavose

Zviratidzo zvine muganhu mukuru munzanga dzakakamukana. Pamberi pebvumirano, zviratidzo zvavose kazhinji kazhinji zvakanga zviri nzvimbo dzerwisano: Union Jack yaibhururuka pazvivako zvehurumende, tricope inooneka pazviitiko zveNational, kufora kwaOrange Order kupfuudzira nokuna vaKaturike. Chibvumirano chacho hachina kuraira kubviswa kwechiratidzo chipi nechipi, asi chakaumba mativi e kuremekedza kworuremekedzo[ — nheyo yokuti zvose zviratidzo zveBritain neIrishrian Orderne and magamuchidzanwa zvinofanira kuremekedzwa zvakaenzana zvakaenzana. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvave zvave zvave zvichitungamirira kuratidzira kufana kwapachena kwavose vari vaviri pamazuva akarongwa. Kutsigira pamutemo kutsigira mabasa etsika dzetsika dzetsika neGalelthlet Association's Association. Mite yenhau yenhau dzinoudzanwa pamusoro penhau dzinozivisa nhau dzenhau dzakawanda dzevanhu, dzinoonekawose.

Dzidzo yave iri chinhu chinokosha nokuda kweiyi nhambo. Chibvumirano chaibatanidza misengwa yokusimudzira kuyanana kupfurikidza nedzidzo. Nepo zvikoro zvizhinjisa muNorthern Ireland zvichiramba zvichisino zvitendero, kwave kune kukura kukuru mu dzidzo yakakurumbira [ — zvikoro zvinodzidzisa namaune vana vePurotesitendi neveKaturike pamwe chete. Kubvira muna 2023, 8 muzana yavadzidzi vanopinda zvikoro zvine mibatanidzwa, uye nhamba yacho iri kukura. Zvikoro izvi zvinodzidzisa zvakajeka zvirongwa zvinosimudzira kunzwisisana, kuremekedzana, uye kufunga kwakaipa pamusoro penhau. Hazvikurudzi rwevadzidzi kuti vaongorore kuzivikanwa kwavo pachavo pavanenge vachiremekedza vamwe. Chizvarwa ichi chinoita kuti chive chizvarwa chavanhu vasina kuzivikanwa nenzvimbo yavose asi vanodzidzawo pamwe chete.

Imwe nhau ine simba inhau yegadziriro yorugare imene. Chibvumirano chaGood Wearth chinodzidziswa nenzira inowedzera muzvikoro sechinoitika chakatanhamara chekurukurirano yedemokrase nebvumirano. Mitemo yakadai se John Hume uye David Trimeble[, uyo akawana Nobel Peace Prize yemabasa avo mubvumirano, anokudzwa sespiringi ezvematongerwe enyika. Iyi nhau — kuti rugare rwakahwinhwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, kwete rukundo — inogovera chiziviso chamavambo chamavambo nokuda kweNorthern Ireland. Inhau yokuti nzanga dzose dziri mbiri dzinogona kudada, kunyange kana vachitsanangura nenzira yakasiana.

Zvinetso Zvokuti Uzivikanwe Nevarume: Kupfuurira Kwokupesana

Pasinei nokufambira mberi kwemakore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura, nyika yeNorthern Ireland yakakamuka chaizvo uye kuchinjwa kwainoitwa vanhu vose kunenge kusiri kwechokwadi, uye kune zvinetso zvakawanda zvinoramba zvichinetsa.

Kubatana Mudzimba Nedzidzo

Panzvimbo pa2021 pakuverengwa kwavanhu, inopfuura 90 muzana yedzimba dzavose muNorthern Ireland inoramba yakaparadzaniswa nechitendero. MuBelfast moga, kuchine midhuri mizhinji yerugare — miganhu inoparadzanisa vaPurotesitendi neveKaturike vavakidzani — mizhinji yacho yakavakwa pashure peReviko reGoomho reChishanu. Nepo nhamba yavo yakaderera zvishoma, vanoramba vari chiyeuchidzo chakajeka chokuti miganhu isingaparadzwi. Nenzira yakafanana, pasinei zvapo nokukura kwedzidzo yakavhengana, ruzhinji rwevana vanopinda zvimwe muvaKaturike zvikuru kana kuti zvikurukuru Purotesitendi. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vanhu vaduku vakawanda vanokura neonana zvakananga nevamwe vanhu, vachiita kuti ive yakaoma kuvaka chizivika chavanhu vose vakabatana.

Pesvedzero Yehondo Noutsotsi

Mapoka ehondo kumativi ose ari maviri, nepo achichengeta zvikurukuru kumira mwoto, haana kuparara. Mapoka akafanana ne light Defence Association na[FLT]] Kuzvinyima IRA[FLT]] ichiri kushanda munzvimbo dzakati, inobatanidzwa muutsotsi hwakarongeka, kutengesa mirimo, uye masimba masimba apanhambo nenhambo. Kuvapo kwavo kunozvidza mutemo uye kuvakwa kwapamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nokuda kwavagari vazhinji venharaunda dzinoshanda, varwi vanoshandisa kudzora kwamagariro avo vamene, vanodzora nzanga uye miganhu yavo vamene yewirirano. Ikoku kunoita chiziviso chinopesana nebvumirano chapamutemo kupfurikidza nechibvumirano — chichiri chiyeuchidzo kurungano kurumbidzo kurumbidzo kurusa kuvimbika.

Kusagadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokuparara Kwegungano

Masangano esimba akambomiswa kanoverengeka, nguva pfupi yapfuura kubva muna 2017 kusvikira muna 2020 pamusoro pegakava pamusoro pe Language Act [ nedzimwe nhau. Nhambo idzi dzokuoma kwomuviri dzinobvisa chivimbo chavanhu mumasangano anofungidzirwa kuva anozivikanwa nevoruzhinji. Kana Gungano risingashandi, hapana hurumende inoshanda inomirira nzanga dzose. Izvi zvinogona kuwedzera kushora nokusimbisa murangariro wokuti zvematongerwe enyika achiri anokosha pamusoro pesimba redzinza, kwete kudzora pamwe chete.

Nhaka Yezvinetso Negakava Munguva Yakapfuura

Nzira yokubata nayo nenhaka yeNhaka dzinoramba dziri imwe yenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikuru. Chibvumirano chaGood Chishanu chakabatanidza gadziriro dzokusunungurwa kwapakuvamba kwavasungwa vehondo, uko kwakanga kuchimutsa nharo huru asi kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta rugare. Zvisinei, nhau yenzira yokupedza nayo zviuru zvekuuraya kusina kugadziriswa, basa reuto reBritain, uye mutoro wemauto unopfuurira kuparadzanisa pfungwa. [Saint] House Act [ ye 2014 uye Chiratiso chamagaro [[FLT]] chinoitwa pasina kudzorwa, zvaverwa nomutemo we2023] waedza kuparira miitiro yokubata nezvakaitika kare, asi anoramba achikwikwikwidzana.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuzivisa Chizivikanwo chechiIrish Chokuchamhembe

Tichitarira mberi, miitiro inoverengeka ichaumba mhindumupindu yezivikanwo yavagari vemuNorthern Ireland.

Chinjo Yokuchinja Marudzi uye Kubvira Kwechinjo Yebumbiro remitemo

Chiverengero cha 2021 chakaratidza kuti chiverengero chavagari vemo cheKaturike chakura kusvika ku 45.7 muzana, nepo vaPurotesitendi vakaderera kuva 43,5 muzana, uye chisaririra chinozivisa sechimwe chitendero. Ichi chinjo yokugarika kune revo yevagari vemo chine revo huru. Vanzveri vazhinji vanokarira kuti kubatanidzwa kweIreland — sezvinogoverwa muPakavindi reChirungu raGood Wewerendi — zvaigona kunzi mugumi rakatevera kana kuti maviri. Tariro yechinjo yebumbiro remitemo inoita kuti pave nokusavikanzvikwa kwehurumende pamusoro penyika. MuIreland yakabatana, chii chaizoreva kuva mugari weIreland weNorthern Ireland? Chizivikanwo chomubatanidzwa chamagariro chakaitwa chingagona kuva chikwa, kana kuti chizivikanwa chakasiyana chive chiwanwa chavanhu vaIreland chikabvumiranwa kubvumiranwa kubvumiranwa kubvumiranwa kubvumiranwa kubvumiranwa kwakasiyana - siyana. Chibvumirano chinenge chinoreva kuti mukusatetese vanhu vose muIreland, chinogara chinogara chinogara Hurumende chinenge chinenge chinenge chiri mberi chinenge chinenge chinenge chinoitwa

Brexit neMuitiro Wemitemo woKuchamhembe kweIreland

United Kingdom’s kubva kuEuropean Union yave iri katyamadzo huru kugadziriro yeChibvumirano cheChishanu cheChibvumirano chaGook, zvikurukuru ukama pakati peNorthern Ireland neRepublic yeIreland. Northern Ireland Paratition[, yakurukurwa sorutivi rwebvumirano yeBretiffin, yakaitawo muganhu nokudzoserazve muganhu muIrish Sea, zvinobudirira kuchengeta Northern Ireland yakawirirana nemitemo imwe yeEUROS. Ikoku kwave kunoitira nharo zvikuru pakati peUnistism, iyo inozviona sokusekesa kuzivikanwa kwavo kweBritain nokunetesa nzvimbo yeNorthern Ireland muUK. Mutemo wemitemo yakaitawo kusagadzikana kutsva kwezvamatongerwe enyika, neDdemocratic Union inoramba kudzokera kusimba resimba kusvikira yataura pamusoro penhau iyi. Pamubatanidzwawo pabvumirano chakaedzwa chibvumirano chimwe. Panguva inodzongerwe chibvumirano chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa kurwisana chezvamatongerwe enyika kuti chidzore. Chibvumirano chipfumirire mberi chipfumitetete.

Basa Renzanga Yavagari Vemo Nemidzi Zvinotanga

Chaunga chavagari vemo chinoramba chiri simba rokuvaka chizivikanwo chevagari vomunyika. Masangano akafanana ne Community Relations Council, Vanhu vorugare [[, uye mapoka akawanda enzanga anogara anopfuurira kushanda mukukamuranisa, kugovera nzvimbo dzekurukurirano, kugoveranwa, uye kuvaka. [[FLT:] [FLT:] [FFFF]] uye kuzivikanwa kwematongeri yeD [FFOK] napassssssss , zvinokurudzira upfumi hweGlobalm.[11] Zvikamu zvaMarudzi ose.[FFFF]

Dzidzo Semari Yokutenga Nguva Refu

Dzidzo yakapfuudzwa ingangopfuurira kukura, ichisundwa nechikumbiro chavabereki uye chizvarwa chitsva icho Zvinetso zviri kure yeuko. Zvidzidzo zvakachinjwa kubatanidza Nzvimbo iripo neGlobal Comitution [ senhau huru, iyo inodzidzisa zvakajeka vadzidzi pamusoro pekodzero, mitoro, mhatsa, uye kutora rutivi kwehurumende. Iyi purogiramu yakashongedzera vanhu vaduku nounyanzvi nezvimiro zvinodikanwa kutenderera nzanga yakaoma, ine zvakawanda. Nepo zvikoro zvakabatanidzwa zvichiramba zviri zvikamu zviduku, vakapedza kufunda vanowanzoumba batano yavagari vemo avo vanozvipira kukuva vazhinji neyananisa. Munguva inopfuurei, iyi yaigona kubvisa kukura kwekuzivikanwa kwevekwakwakwakwakwakwakwakwakwakwakwakwazvo kubva panzvimbo dzose dzose dzose, uye kukwakwakwakwakwakwakamuranisa.

Mugumo: Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu Sebasa Roupenyu Hwose

Chibvumirano cheGood Chishanu hachina kugona kuparira chizivikanwo chakabatana chehurumende muNorthern Ireland kamwe kamwe. Nharaunda yacho inoramba iri nzanga yakakamukana, uye zvinetso zvokuparadzana, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika, uye kuyeuka kwenhau zvichiripo. Asi chibvumirano chisingaperi ndechokuti chakaparira kuumbwa, pamutemo, uye migariro yokufananidzira nokuda kwenzvimbo yehurumende yakagovera nzvimbo yenzanga yakaganhurirwa kuti ibude nokukura. Kupfurikidza nokubvumirana, simba, ruremekedzo, uye kodzero dzavanhu senheyo dzehwaro, zvakapa mamiriro ezvinhu okutsiva kutongwa kwedzinza nerwisano yemaro.

Chiziviso cheCovilization muNorthern Ireland nhasi hachisi chinhu chimwe chete. Chinokwikwidzwa, chinonamirwa, uye chinobatanidza. Vamwe vagari vemo vachiri kuzivikanwa zvikurukuru seBritain kana kuti Ireland, uye ikoko kuri kwapamutemo mugadziriro yebvumirano. Asi kupfuura nakare kose, panewo pfungwa iri kukura yokuva [[FLT: 0] mijenya yeNorthern Ireland [ — vatori venzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika vasitondi veBritain chete kana kuti chiIrish chete, asi ine unhu hwayo hwakasiyana nemhesano. Ruzivo urwu harusi pamusoro pemhiko rwemisikano; ruri pamusoro pokuwana nzira dzokurarama nadzo norugare uye nokubudirira.

Chibvumirano cheGood Weshanu hachisi chibvumirano chipenyu chinopfuurira kuumbwa nokuumbwa navanhu veNorthern Ireland. Nguva yemberi yehurumende yeNorthern Ireland ichatsamira pakuda kuva nehurumende, nzanga, uye vagari vemowo zvavo kuramba vachiisa mari mumasangano uye ukama izvo chibvumirano chakaita kuti chibvire. Muitiro worugare hauna kugumisa nhau; wakazarura ganhuro itsva. Chitsauko ichocho chichiri kunyorwa. Nokuda kwavazhinji muNorthern Ireland, chiito chokunyora pamwe chete — mumativi ose enzanga negamuchidzanwa — iko kumene kutaura kune simba zvikurusa kwezivikanwo yenzanga yavaka.