Mavambo Echibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Chibvumirano cheGood Friver Advrence cha10 April 1998 chinomira sechimwe chezviitwa zvinokosha zvikuru zvehurumende munhau yeEurope yazvino uno. Chakagumisa makore makumi matatu erwisano yamasimba masimba muNorthern Ireland inozivikanwa seNhamo, uye chakagadziridzazve ukama pakati peIreland neUnited Kingdom. Chibvumirano chacho chakanga chisati chiri budiriro yakamwe kamwe asi kuguma kwemakore okukurukurirana kwokungwarira, kurukurirano dzakavanzika, uye ushingi hwezvamatongerwe enyika kumativi ose. Chakakurukura kupesana kukuru kwakavakirwa pamiganhu yeUnists, uyo anoda Northern Ireland kuti irambe iri rutivi rweUK, uye Nationalists, avo vanotsvaka chirongwa chakabatana cheIreland. Kupfurikidza nokutanga chirongwa chesimba renhau, kodzero dzavagari vemo, uye kubatira pamwe chete, chibvumirano chakaumba rugare rwakava nemamiriro okunze akakomba, kubatanidza kurwisana nokudzosera kwaromende.

Rwisano muNorthern Ireland yakava nemavambo ayo mukukamuraniswa kweIreland muna 1921, iyo yakasiya ruzhinji rwechiPurotesitendi chakananga kuchamhembe nevomumubatanidzwa weKaturike. Kwamakumi amakore, nzanga yeKaturike yakatarisana nerusaruro rwegadziriro mudzimba, basa, uye maruramiro okuvhotera. Uku kusaruramisira kwakaparira kumuka kwesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo muma1960, iro rakatarisana nechishoro chamasimba masimba kubva kumapoka echiFandekisti nemauto echengeteko. Mamiriro avanhu akakura kuva rwisano yehondo yeIrish Republican Army (IRA), mauto echitengi, uye British Army. Pakazosvika 1990, vanhu vanopfuura 3 500, vakanga vaurawa uye makumi ezviuru akuvadzwa. Rwisano rwaivawo rwakashata pakati pehurumende muDublin neLondon, Ireland kazhinji naIreland inotsoropodza nhevedzano nechinorwisana neBritain nechinofungwa neBritain nechino chekurangarira chirevotiriso.

Nzira yokuenda kuGood Freeve Authment yakagadzirwa nezvinoitika zvinoverengeka zvikuru. Chibvumirano cheAnglo - Iroish cha 1985 chakapa hurumende yeIreland basa rokubvunza munhau dzeNorthern Ireland, inotsamwisa vaUnited States asi ichitanga mukoto wehurumende yehurumende. Kukurukurirana kwakavanzika pakati pehurumende yeBritain neIRA, pamwe chete nokuonana pakati peSocial Democratic and Labourt Party (SDLP) naSin Féin, zvakavakirwa kuvimba. Muna 1994 moto waimiswa neIRA neRwanda rakavimbika wakagadzira hwindo rekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kutungamirira kwaSager George Mitchell, hurukuro dzamarudzi akawanda dzakavamba muna 1996 uye pakupedzisira dzakavangana. Chibvumirano chacho chakagamuchirwa navose muNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki muna 2274, muna Northern ne1998. Chikamu chaMay.

Gadziriro Dzomubvumirano

Good Friver Agreement igwaro rakaoma kunzwisisa rinodzikamisa nheyo dzokuzvisarudza, kubvumirana, kuenzana, uye kodzero dzevanhu. Zvitatu zvezvikamu zvikuru zvinokurukura ukama pakati peNorthern Ireland neRwanda yeIreland, uye pakati peIreland neUnited Kingdom.

  • Chimwe: Gungano reNorthern Ireland neGurukota – A delved persiciation Control yakavakwa, nezvigaro zvakagoverwa mukuwirirana namaIssocialist neNationalism. Zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinoda tsigiro inoyambuka, kuvimbisa kuti hapana rutivi runogona kudzora.
  • [1] [1] [1] Chechipiri: Dare roUshumiri reNorth-South - Dare iri rinobatanidza vashumiri kubva kuNorthern Ireland Assembly nehurumende yeIreland kuti vabatane panhau dzefariro, dzakadai sekurima, zvokufambisa, uye zvokushambadza. Rinobatanidza kukuyambuka muganhu.
  • Nhatu: British-Irish Council - A forum yehurumende dzeBritain neIreland, pamwe chete nehurumende dzinobvisa upfumi muScotland, Wales, neNorthern Ireland, kukurukura zvinetso zvakagoveranwa. Inoratidzira mudzimu mutsva webatira pamwe.
  • Kugamuchirwa kwechakavanzika - Chibvumirano chinobvuma maruramiro avanhu muNorthern Ireland kuzivisa seBritain, Irish, kana kuti ose ari maviri. Chinotaurawo kuti mugariro webumbiro remitemo weNorthern Ireland unogona kuchinja bedzi kana vanhu vayo vabvuma.
  • Kodzero dzavanhu nokuenzana – A Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland yakakarakadzwa, uye UK yakabatanidza European Convention on Human Rights mumutemo wemumhuri. Chibvumirano cheSangano reMafuta neNorthern Ireland Human Rights Commission zvakaumbwa.
  • Kupinza zvombo [ – Mapoka ehondo akazvipira kukubviswa kwakakwana kwezvombo zvavo, muitiro unotarisira nebasa rakazvimirira. Iyi yakanga iri nhau inotambudza zvikuru, asi yakawanwa pakupedzisira.
  • Chinjo yeProtholic – The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) yakatsiviwa nePolice Service yeNorthern Ireland (PSNI), nemipimo yokuwedzera kumirira kweKaturike nokuvaka chivimbo chenzanga.
  • Tsvipafi yavasungwa – Muchibvumirano, vasungwa vakabatanidzwa namapoka ehondo ayo akachengeta mwoto vakakurumidza kusunungurwa, mwero unomutsa nharo asi unokosha wokuvaka chivimbo.

Chibvumirano chacho chakaumbawo nzira dzokuita nadzo kuti pave nenhaka dzakapfuura, kubatanidza kuumbwa kweCommission for the Location of Desers of Victims neHistorical Enquies Team kuti ihwirudzure kuponda kusina kugadzirirwa. iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kugovera zvokwadi neruramisiro nepo ichidzivisa kubviswa kwegadziriro yorugare.

Kuchinja Ukama HwechiIrish

Hurumende yeBritain yakashandura ukama pakati peIreland neUnited Kingdom kubva pane imwe yenyumwiro neruvengo rwenhambo kuva mubatanidzwa wesangano wakavakirwa pakuremekedzana nefariro dzakagoveranwa. Pasati pasvika 1998, hurumende yeIreland yakanga yakumbira kuti Ireland ive nemitemo yeBritain yakabatana neyakatsoropodzwa muNorth. Hurumende yeBritain, yakarangarirawo urudzi hweIreland nehondo huru. Chibvumirano chacho chakachinja simba iri kupfurikidza nokubvisa muganhu sepfundo regakava. Hurumende dzose dzakava vatengi vegadziriro yorugare, ichishanda pamwe chete muBritish-Irish Comminmenter Constivery yeBritish neNorth-Southern Auserval.

Chibvumirano chacho chakavawo netapuro huru pachitsuwa cheIreland. Kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzokunzvera muganhu kwakagumisa makumi amakore enyanduko nenhamo nokuda kwenzanga dzinogara pedyo nemuganhu. Kutengesa nokufamba pakati peNorth neSouth kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa. Rubudiriro rwenyika yose rwakawedzera zvikuru, namakambani aishanda pasina mhesano muganhu. Uku kubatana kwezvemari kwakasimbisa kugadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatangwa nebvumirano. Ukama pakati pehurumende dzeIreland neBritain hwakava pedyo kwazvo zvokuti dzakavamba kuva nemitemo yakabatana panhau dzinovambira pasimba kusvikira kuutano, uye dzakabatanidza pamwe chete shanyo dzinobva kuvatungamiriri vamarudzi ose.

Chinonyanya kukosha pakufambirana kwakavandudzika itsika huru uye ushamwari hwevaunganirana nevakuru vakuru. Misangano yegore negore pakati peTaoisiach (Mutungamiriri weHurumende) naMutungamiriri weBritain yakava muitiro. Muna 2014, Mambokadzi Elizabeth II akaita shanyo yenyika kuRepublic yeIreland, yokutanga namambo weBritain mumakore 100, inoratidzira kufambidzana kwakakwana. Nenzira yakafanana, mapurezidhendi eIreland akashanyira UK kanoverengeka, kubatanidza kero yeParamende yeBritain muna 2022. Izvi zviito zvaisazova zvokufunga pamberi peChibvumirano Chamatatu Chakanaka.

Chibvumirano chakafuridzirawo dzimwe nharaunda nerwisano kupota nyika. Chakadudzwa somuenzaniso wemiitiro yorugare muBasque Country, South Africa, Sri Lanka, uye mativi eMiddle East. Nheyo dzokubatira pamwe kwesimba, kubvumirana, uye kudzorwa kwemiganhu dzakava matevedzero okugumisa hondo dzavagari vemo nerwisano dzamadzinza. Nepo mugariro mumwe nomumwe wakasiana, Good Wearday Agreement yakaratidzira kuti kunyange gakava risingadzorwi rinogona kupedzwa kupfurikidza nechido chezvamatongerwe enyika, kukurukurirana, uye kuzvipira kumaruramiro avanhu.

Matambudziko Nemumvuri WeBrexit

Pasinei zvapo nezviitwa zvaro zvakawanda, Dare reGood Wearth Adventived rakasangana nemiedzo yakakomba. Masangano anobvisa vatano muNorthern Ireland akaregwa kanoverengeka nemhaka yekusabvumirana kwezvematongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru nemhaka yenhau yokubviswa kwezvombo uye, gare gare, pakubatwa kwomutauro weIreland uye nhaka yeZvinetso. Nzanga yemubatanidzwa weMasangano yave kazhinji kazhinji yakanzwa kuti chibvumirano chacho chakabetsera varwi venyika, nepo vamatikanoloji vakaona zvipikirwa zvakati, zvakadai sechiIrish Language Act, chinoramba chisina kuzadzika. Kukangaidzika kwapa nguva nenguva nenguva, neNorthern Ireland Assembly Haagari kwamakore panguva imwe chete.

Chinetso chikuru kuGood Friver Augness, zvisinei, chakabva kuchisarudzo cheUnited Kingdom chokubva muEurope Union mu2016 inotarwa. Chibvumirano chakavakwa pamavambo emuganhu wakazaruka pakati peNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland, seyose zviri zviviri mitezo yeEU. Brexit yakatyisidzira kudzosa muganhu wakaoma, ungadai wakakanganisa kufambidzana kworugare uye kukanganisa upfumi hwenyika yose. Kukurukurirana kwacho kwakatungamirira kuNorthern Ireland Protocotocotocol, iyo yakachengeta Northern Ireland yeEURLAND ikabatana nemitemo yemite yezvinhu, ichiumba muganhu wetsika muIrish Gungwa reIreland. Iyi gadziriro yakanga yakapesana zvinotyisa neUnist Union, iyo yakataura kuti yakaderedza nzvimbo yeNorthern Ireland mukati nharaunda yeUK.

Kuwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kubva pamitemo kwakanga kwakakomba. Democratic Union Party (Dupu) yakabva pamukuru mukuru anobatira simba muna February 2022, kuchitungamirira kukuputsika kweGungano. Nokuda kwaanenge makore maviri, Northern Ireland yakanga isina hurumende yakaderedzwa. UK neEUP pakupedzisira yakabvumirana paWindsor Framework muFebruary 2023, iyo yakavavarira kuderedza kurwisana nokupa Northern Ireland Gungano chirevo chikuru zvikuru pamusoro pemitemo yeEU. Gadziro yakatsigirwa namasangano mazhinjisa epro-avreement, asi DIP yakadzoswa bedzi kusimba mukuvamba kwe 2024 pashure pokuwana kugoverazve. Ichi chiitiko chakaratidzira kuti Chishanu chakanaka, nepomedzoro, chinogona kudzorwa zvikuru nemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dzimwe nhau dzinopfuurira dzinobatanidza kubata nenhaka yeTrungutswos. chipikirwa chegadziriro yezvokwadi hurusa yeUK chinonzi Legacy Act (2023) — icho chinogovera dziviriro kuavo vanobatira pamwe nedare idzva rinonzvera — chakadenhwa namapoka ekodzero dzavanhu nehurumende yeIreland, avo vanoipikisa chinosekesa mudzimu weChibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu. Chipikirwa chemuitiro wezvokwadi yose hachisati chazadzika zvikuru. Mubato weparachidhimoni, kunyange zvazvo wakaderedzwa zvikuru, uchiri kupfuurira munzanga dzakati, uye mapoka ehurumende dzinopandukira nyika anorwisana nahwo unoramba zvave uchirwisawo.

Kutsungirira Nhaka Nekariro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, Chibvumirano cheGood Chishanu chinoramba chiri chinhu chinoparira rugare nebatira pamwe muNorthern Ireland uye pakati peIreland neUnited Kingdom. Chakagonesa chizvarwa kukura pasina tyisidziro yenguva dzose yamasimba masimba. Chinjo yezvemari nenzanga yeNorthern Ireland yave iri inoshamisa: Belfast yava guta rinobudirira, vashanyi vakura, uye kuchengetedzwa kwomukati kwakawedzera. Guta reDerry/Londonderry, raichimbova nzvimbo inogamuchirwa namarudzi ose zvino Mubayiro weMubayiro weSangano reNyika Dzose. Rugare rwakabvumirwa nokuda kwoupenyu hwenguva dzose hwezuva nezuva muna 1970 ne 1980.

Nheyo dzechibvumirano dzinopfuurira kutungamirira hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro yesangano. Mutevedzeri wesimba unobata, kunyange zvazvo usina kukwana, wazova gadziriro inogamuchirwa nokuda kwokutonga. Dare roUshumiri reNorth-South rave richiungana nguva dzose, kunyange mukati menhambo apo Gungano rakanga risisiri kushanda, kuva nechokwadi chokuti batira pamwe yeyanzarwo inopfuurira. British-Irish Interconferial Conference inogoveranow yechigarire yokudzora. Hurumende yeIreland yakachengeta musengwariro wayo kunheyo yebvumirano, ichiita zvakajeka kuti chinjo ipi neipi kumugariro webumbiro remitemo reNorthern Ireland inofanira kutenderwa nevoruzhinji rwevonivhota mumativi ose ari maviri echitsuwa.

Kutarira mberi, ukama pakati peIreland neUnited Kingdom sezvingabvira hucharamba huri pedyo asi hunogona kutarisana nemiedzo mitsva. Chinjo yehurumende yeUK ichangobva kuchinjwa kuva isina kupindira mune zvenyika yeNorthern Ireland, uye batano dzayo dzakadzama dzebhizimisi nenyika dzisiri EU, zvingagona kuparira kusawirirana nemitezo yeEU yeIreland. Zvisinei, hurumende mbiri dzacho dzakaratidza mano anoshamisa okugona kupedza kusawirirana, sezvinoratidzwa nekurukurirano yeWindsor Framework. Vavariro yakagoverani yokuchengeta rugare nebudiriro muNorthern Ireland inogovera yakasimba nokuda kwokubatira pamwe chete.

Pesvedzero yeGood Friver Agreement inotambanukira kure kupfuura chitsuwa cheIreland. Chinodudzwa nguva dzose somuenzaniso unobudirira werwisano, zvikurukuru munzanga dzakakamuraniswa zvikuru. Nheyo dzekurukurirano dzinobatanidza, simba, dziviriro dzavanhu, uye kushandiswa kwekudzivirira kuchengeteka kubvumira kuve kwakachengeteka zvino zvinorangarirwa zvikuru sezvishandiso zvinokosha zvokuvaka rugare. Chibvumirano chakagadzawo muenzaniso wokubatanidzwa kwavarevereri vokunze, vakadai seUnited States, mukupedza rwisano dzomukati. US yakaita basa rinokosha mumuitiro worugare, uye kuvimbisa kwacho kunopfuuridzirwa kupfurikidza neEnvoy yeNorthern Ireland kwave kuve kunokosha.

Mumhedziso, Good Frive Ad Regation yakanga iri inopfuura zvikuru chibvumirano chorugare. Yakanga iri chinyorwa chechiono chakaumbazve ukama pakati peIreland neUnited Kingdom, kuchishandura vavakidzani vavakidzani kuti vave vakwanyina. Yakapa nzira nokuda kweVabatanidzwa veUnions neNationalism kuti vagoverane simba uye kuremekedzana. Yakaparira gadziriro yorugare rusingagumi urwo, pasinei zvapo nemhinganidzo dzenhambo, rwakavamba chipfupi neidzo dzenguva duku, dzakavambaniswa neinopfuura chikamu chimwe chezana chezana chezana. Chibvumirano chacho hachionwanwa bedzi mumigwagwa mitsva, zvikoro, uye zvipatara zvakavakwa mhiri kweNorthern Ireland, asi muchokwadi chevana mupaki idzo dzakanga dzaichimbova nzvimbo dzemipingori. Sezvinopfuurira nyika kurwisana nerwisano nemapoka, Chishanu chinoramba chiri dare resimba kuti chishanduko panzvimbo chokurwisa panzvimbo yazvo.

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