Pesvedzero YeDzidziro Yenhamba Pamaruwa Echibharo Nehurumende

Kuverengwa kwevagari vemo kunopfuura kungoverenga bedzi; inzvimbo inogarwa yebumbiro remitemo paimire mamirire eAmerica ezvematongerwe enyika. Makore gumi ari ose, United States Censuwation Bureau inounganidza mashoko akazara pamusoro poukuru hwevagari vemo, uwandu hwevagari vemo, uye kuparadzirwa kwenyika. Mashoko aya anosarudza zvakananga kuti zvigaro muU.S. Imba yeVamiririri inogoverwa sei pakati penyika uye kuti maruwa emitemo uye marongedzero evhoti anodzorwazverwa. Pasina kururama, mashoko okuverenga vanhu panguva yakakodzera, nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, vhoti" ichava isingabviri kutsigira. Nyaya ino inonzvera pesvedzero huru, kazhinji inokakavarira dzidzo yemazita pamusoro pechisiko uye kurongwa kwemitengo yenzvimbo yokuvhotera, kuongorora muitiro wemitemo, kuoma, kuoma kwepamutemo, kuoma kwedare, uye basa rinotemwara bhiridzo yezvo.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo nerepamutemo

Itambano pakati pemitemo inoverengwa vanhu namaruwa okuvhota haisati iri mavambo azvino uno; yakarairwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo reU. Chikamu I, Chikamu 2 (sechinochinjwa neChikamu 2 che 14neth Amendment) inoda kuti vamiririri vagoverwe pakati penyika mukuwirirana nemiganhu yavo, kuverenga nhamba yose yavanhu vari muruwa rumwe norumwe. Uku kuganhurana inyandura kucheka kunoparira kucheka kwechibvumirano chemari yapanhambo yemari inotengwa nenzvimbo dzinotemwa na5 [FOPT]. Pashure pokukohwa, zvino kutaura kuti muganhu woruwa unofanira kudzosa miganhuro yakaenzana kuvimbisa chiverengero chavagari voruwa. Nhengedzirowose. Chimiro chimwe chetechino chinoshanda kuruwa pasi pekudzivirira chikaro che 1449, sezvinoitika zvinosimbiswa nedare gurusa renhau rapamakurusaro [FTBB][3][3][3][3][3]

Nheyo Yomunhu Mumwe, Mugariro Mumwe

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Reynolds v. Sims yakasimbisa kuti maruwa emitemo ehurumende anofanira kuva akaenzana muvagari vemo. Uyu "munhu mumwe, vhota" mauto etsika anotonga kushandisa mashoko chaiwo okuverenga vanhu kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti vhoti imwe neimwe inotakura uremu hwakaenzana. Pamberi porusare, nyika dzakawanda dzakava nokusashanda zvakanaka, namaruwa omumaruwa akarevererwa zvikuru pamutengo wenharaunda dzinokura dzomumaguta. TBBBM inogovera hwaronze bedzi hunowirirana nokuwana uku kuenzana kwavanhu. Pasina, kudzo dzinodzorwa kutsamira pazvinotemwa kana kuti kunyorwa, nenzira isingarambiki, kuchitungamirira kumimimimitengo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvepamutemo Zvokuderedza Gadziriro

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingatumi mutoo wakananga wokunyora nawo mitsetse yoruwa, mutemo wehurumende nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende dzakawanda zvinogadza mipimo yakatsiga. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza:

  • Kuenzana kwekuparadzira: maruwa anofanira kuva akaenzana zvikuru muvagari vemo sezvinobvira. Nokuda kwamaruwa edare, kutsauka kunowanzova pasi pemwe muzana.
  • Kubvumirana neVoting Rights Act (VRA):[[FLT] Chikamu 2 cheVRA chinorambidza gadziriro dzinoderedza simba rokuvhota remapoka edzinza kana kuti mitauro mishoma. Kutemwa kwetsauko pamusoro porudzi, dzinza, uye chiverengero chavagari vemo chokuvhota kunokosha nokuda kwokuwana kuteererwa.
  • [[FT:0] Maruwa akaenzana neakabatanidzwa: anofanira kuva anonaya uye, munyika dzakawanda, akaungana kudzivisa zvimiro zvechienzi zvinogona kuratidzira gerrymander.
  • Kuremekedza mapoka ezvematongerwe enyika: nyika zhinji dzinoda maruwa kudzivisa kukamukana kwemaruwa, maguta, kana kuti mataundi apo kunobvira.

Muchina WeDhayimoni: Nzira Iyo Mashoko Echitsauko Anochinja Nayo Maruwa

Census Bureau inobudisa mashoko maviri anokosha nokuda kwokuzvinyima: Rwisano yeMaray 94 - 171 Redicidigioning Data Fayili, inopinzwa zvikurukuru kuti igotaura panosvika March 31 yegore pashure pokuverengwa, uye Demographic Profile yedeko, iyo inogovera nhamba dzechidimbu. Mafaira anobatanidza chiverengero chavagari vemo, chiverengero chavagari vemo (kupfurikidza nedzinza nedzinza), ukoshi hwedzimba, uye mashoko enzvimbo. Ipapo nyika dzinoshandisa Geographic Information System (IS) software yeruwa kukwevera migaro pamusoro peizvi zvirongwa zvokuverenga vanhu. Kurura kwamashoko kunobvumira vatsvukurigio kurangarira vanhu vakawanda pakati pavanhu vashoma, uko kunonetsa nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvokuwanda.

Basa Rezvinyorwa Zvematai eNhanho

Zvikamu zvenhamba zvidukusa zvinoshandiswa neCensus Bureau. Zvinogona kuva zviduku seguta riri munharaunda dzomumaguta kana kuti zvakakura semaira mana akaenzana kumativi mana munharaunda dzomumaruwa. Kuyera paiyi mwero wakakwirira kunoreva kuti kunyange mugwagwa mumwe unogona kuva muganhu. Somuenzaniso, kana ruware ruchida kubvisa vanhu 500 kuti vave vakaenzana, murongi anogona kugadziridza mutsetse wacho kuti abatanidze kana kuti kusaisa zvikamu zvakati zvokuverenga zvinanwa zvine vanhu ivavo. Mwero uyu wokudzora unogona kupa simba guru, rinogona kushandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvisingatsiginyinyiki kana kuti kuwana uwandu hwechi.

Kunaka Kwemashoko uye Kuderera Kwawo

Ruramidzo rwemitengo inoverengwa vanhu ndeyekutanga, asi hapana kuverenga vanhu kwakakwana. Census Bureau inonzvera pashure pourongwa kuti ifungidzire chiverengero chapasi kana kuti kunyanyova kwamapoka avagari vakasiyana. Munhau, vana vaduku, vanhu vashomanene vedzinza nedzinza, uye mhuri dzinowanikwa zvishoma dzakaverengwa zvishoma. Maruwa akaderera anogona kuguma nenhengedzo shomanene yenhengedzo dzamaruwa iwayo. Mu 202020, vaCensureauault yakashuma maturation akasiana-chinjika nokuda kweBlack (3.3% yematav), Hispanics (4.9%), uye MaIndia kana kuti maIndia kana kuti maIndia.5.1.50 muzana. Magariro aya anogona kuva nemigumisiro yakananga miuyo nokuda kwemitengo yakarongwa kuti igove igove igove kutsika kutsika mapoka ose.

Kubva Pakuverenga Vanhu Kuenda Kudare Rokuvaka: Kushandiswa Kwemichina

Pashure pokuverenga vanhu kumwe nokumwe, Census Bureau inoverenga nezvokugoverwa kwezvigaro zvepaimba ichishandisa nzira yakaenzana. Somuenzaniso, kuverengwa kwema2020 kwakaguma nokuchinja kwesimba rezvematongerwe enyika kunomwe kwaguma nokuchinja kwevanhu vanosvika panzvimbo. Kana nhamba yezvigaro panzvimbo pazvo pangosarudzwa chete, nyika imwe neimwe inozonzi nyika.

Kutarisira Kunoita Nyika Kuderedza Kugadzirwa Kwenzvimbo

Gadziriro yokuchinja inosiira kudivi rehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinoisiya kudare rehurumende, kureva kuti boka reruzhinji rinodzora penzuru. Dzimwe dzinoshandisa masangano anozvimirira kana kuti nzvimbo dzebipartisan kuti dzideredze rusaruro. Muzvinhu zvakafanana naIowa, sangano risingatsigiri masangano emitemo rinonyora mepu pasina kurangarira mapepa kana kuti mashoko ezvematongerwe enyika. Mukupesana, nyika dzakadai seTexas neNorth Carolina dzakaona zvinetso zvepamutemo pamusoro pemamepu dzinogadzirirwa zvikurukuru nokuda kwebetsero yaVaRwanda. Pasinei zvapo nokunyora mashandisiro ezvitsa mabhineti iko ipfundo rokutanga. Pasina, hapana mepu inogona kutorwa.

Kuderedza Kutonga kweHurumende: Hakusi Zvematongerwe Enyika Chete

Maruwa emitemo ehurumende anoiswa mumitemo imwe cheteyo yetsika asi kazhinji kazhinji neganhuriro dzakasiana. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda enyika anoda maruwa kuva anochinja uye anobatana, uye mamwe anoda kuti miganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika (nyika, maguta, mataundi) ichengetedzwe zvikuru sezvinobvira. Kutsauka kwevagari vemo kunobvumirwa nokuda kwemaruwa emitemo kukura kupfuura nokuda kwemiganhu yemibatanidzwa yehurumende. Kukwirira mberi kusvikira ku 10% yokutsauka chose chose, kunyange zvazvo matare akakunda zvirongwa zvinopfuura pasina ruramiso. Rumbidzo rwehurumende rudzo runewo muuyo wakananga pahurumende yomunzvimbomo, mabhoti ezvikoro, mabhiribhiriti, uye mabhirikota. Kuverengwa kwemiteo renyika pamiteshi inobvumira aya miganhuro yemiganhuro yenzanga kuti aratidze miganhu yenzanga nokudzivisa nharaunda yenharaunda.

Denho Yemhinganidzo Dzenzvimbo Yepasi Nenzanga Dzokufarira

Kuyera nharaunda yemaruwa kunofanira kuenzanisa kuva neuwandu hwevanhu nekonenlera. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvinorangarira "masangano ezvinofadza"" --mapoka avanhu vanogoverana fariro dzenzanga dzenzanga, dzemari, kana kuti dzetsika. Somuenzaniso, nzanga yemhenderekedzo yegungwa ingagoverana mamiriro emari pakuredza hove, nepo nzvimbo yomumaruwa ingagoverana zvinetso zvokurima. Nhamba dzinogovera mashoko ezviverengero zvenhamba namashoko anobetsera kuziva nzanga idzi. Zvisinei, mashoko acho haachinjiki, uye nzanga dzinochinja. Kudhirowa mepu dzinochengeta nzanga pamwe chete apo vanhu vanosvikawo chinetso chakaoma. Zvishandiso zvemirayiridzo zvemirayiridzo yemirayiridzo zvingabvumira vagadziri vemie mapu kuti vawane mashoko kuti vawane mepu inowirirana nemitemo yose yepamutemo, asi marusarudzorwo ekupedzisira anoramba ari chisarudzo chezvamatongerw enyika.

Kuwedzera: Kusaona Kuoma Kwokuverenga Zvitsauko

Kuwanika kwemashoko chaiwoiwo okuverenga vanhu kwakaita kuti kuve kwakakwirira zvikuru. Gerrymander kushaikwa kwemiganhu yoruwa kupa mumwe mubato kana kuti boka betsero yokuvhota. Nepo shoko racho richidzokera shure kusvikira muna 1812, miraundi yazvino inoshandisa makombiyuta namashoko okuverenga avagari vemo kurongedza kana kuti kuvhota. "Kuisa" tsvimbo mubato rimwe nerimwe muruwa kuti vawine nemhenga huru asi tsvina kune dzimwe nzvimbo. "Cracking" inoparadzira vhotavhota yerimwe boka muruwa rwakawanda naizvozvo ivo vashoma. Mazita eCVBrecio ada mapeji anogovera hwerengero yavanhu vari madikanwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti boka rimwe nerimwe kana kuti ruwaracrack rine nhamba chaiyo yavanhu.

Kurwisana Kwedzinza

. Kudzorwa kweganda nokuverengwa kwavanhu kunovimba nemashoko. Kudzorwa kwedzinza hakubvumirwi pasi peVRA, asi kunogona kuva kwakaoma kubvumikisa. Mu [FLT: 0] Alabama Legastifitity Black Caucus v. Alabama[[FLT:] [2020], Dare rePamusoro rakaita kuti rudzi rusave chinhu chikuru mukunyora mitsetse yoruwa kutoti kuri madikanwa kuwirirana ne VRA. Partanrymaninginging, zvisinei, yakasiyiwa nenzira inobudirira neDare rapamusoro mu [FLT:] Ruc. Chisakiso chavose [FFFF:] v [FLT] [FFF:] [3] (20]), (20) yakazivisa kuti parberman anopanhau nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika inopa nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika kuidzo.

Mienzaniso Yemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura Yokuvhiya Majeri

Pashure pekuverengwa kwavanhu kwa2020, Ohio yakapfuudza mepu yakapa Republica chiverengero chikuru chezvigaro pasinei zvapo nokuwana vhoti yakakurumbira. Dare rapamusoro reOhio rakakunda mepu kakawanda, asi kunonoka kwakavapo kwakareva kuti mepu yakashandiswa nokuda kwevhoti 2022. Nenzira yakafanana, muNorth Carolina, munamato weIsraclain yakadhirowa mapu eRepucan akapa mari yakapa mari yakakwirira ye 10-4 pasinei zvapo nokukamuranisa mavhoti 50-50. Mepu idzi dzinotsamira pamashoko okuverenga vanhu kuti dzigadzirise nhamba dzevanhu panguva yaibatsira Freegany. Independending sigiendings munyika dzakadai seMichigan neCalifornia dzakabudisa mepu dzakarurama, asi pasi pemajeri iripo inongodzo yakapesana.

Kuwana Mashoko Okuverenga uye Kupa Vanhu Kodzero

Voting Rights Act ya1965 inoramba iri chishandiso chehurumende chine simba zvikurusa chokuva nechokwadi chokuti kuvhota hakusaruri. Chikamu 2 cheVRA chinorambidza mupimo wokuvhota kana kuti muitiro unoguma nokuramba kana kuti kudzorwa kwekodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yedzinza kana kuti ruvara. Mukudzora, izvi zvinoreva kuti nyika hadzigoni kunyora maruwa anoderedza simba rokuvhotera. Kuyera, matare navanogadzira mapu vanonzvera mashoko okuverenga vanhu pamusoro pemazita edzinza, vhotera, uye mitoo yokuvhotera yapfuura. Dhipatimendi reRuramisi inoshandisa mashoko aya kuhwirusa nokuzviisa pasi pevhuro kuchiri kwakafukidzwa neChikamu 5 (kuno hw Court 2013 mu [FF:]][FF]] Counter Counter.[1]

Kuyera Musika Wedzinza

Chimwe chishandiso chikuru muVRA chinoshandiswa kuongorora kuvhota kwakasiyana - siyana. Vachishandisa mashoko okuverenga vanhu uye kudzosa, nyanzvi dzinogona kusarudza kana vavhota vemapoka emadzinza akasiyana - siyana vanowanzotsigira vada kubhabhatidzwa. Kana kubatana kwemadzinza kuripo, uye kana boka duku rakakura zvakakwana kuti riumbe voruzhinji muruwa (zvikurukurukurukurukurupo 50% yechiverengero chavagari vevhoti), ipapo VRA ingada kuumbwa kwenhu iri mudunhu duku. Sangano yemitengo yemitezo yemitezo inokosha kuwana kugadziriswa uko kunowana apo inochengeta kuenzana kwavanhu. Iyi inhau inonyanyobatanidza kuwanda.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nenguva Yemberi Yokuderedza Kuoma Kwenzvimbo

Nzvero musimba rokunyora nokunyora jimi dzakachinja nzira iyo mashoko anoshandiswa nayo mukunyora nhamba. Munguva yakapfuura, kugadzirwa kwemapu kwakaitwa noruoko nemepu dzepepa netafura dzevagari vemo. Nhasi, mapurogiramu akafanana neMaputudendi yeRedirificiation anobvumira vashandisi kuisa mipimo inovhara vanhu, kugadza maruwa, uye kunyora madhigirizi mamite mukanwa. Maarusauko emitemo akaoma zvikuru anogona kugadzira zviuru zvemepu dzinowirirana nemutemo mumaminiti. Maturusi aya anogonawo kutevedzera migumisiro yokuvhota ichishandiswa mashoko ekare, achibvumira vagadziri vemapu kuti vaedze migumisiro inodzo yavarwi vemiganhu yakasiyana - siyana. Ikoku kunoita kuti gerrymanndering, asi zvinosimbisawo mapoka akanaka ehurumende kuti aite mamwe mamepu avo okutsigira mapuro anenge anobatsira pakutsigira nyika dzinooneka zvakanaka.

Kuderedza uye Kujeka kwemitemo

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kushandiswa kwemaatomu akaoma kunzwisisa kunosekesa kuona. Kana bedzi mugadziri wemapu anogona kushandisa mifananidzo, vanhu havana nzira yokuyera nayo kana mepu yakasarudzwa iri yoga kana kuti yakatemwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti purogiramu dzokuwedzera kugadzirwa kwemitemo ive yakazaruka kumashoko avose uye kuti mepu dzinodhindwa paIndaneti dzine mashoko okuverenga. Census Bureaust's data yemahofisi ewaindefaundi inogovera kudio yapachena mashoko anowanika munyika, ichiita kuti vatsvakurudzi vemapepanhau vazvimiririre kuti vapi vapi vazvimiriri vemapu vapiwe.

Kuziva Zvinoitika Pamunhu Nezvinomunetsa

Kubudiswa kwemashoko okuverenga vanhu enhando yenhare kunomutsa nhau dzezvigaro. Muna 2020, Census Bureau yakagadzira unyanzvi hwakasiyana - siyana hwokudzivirira vanhu kuti vasazonzi vadzore. Uku kwakapinzwa ruzha rwemishumo mumashoko, kuchiparira kuti vamwe vanhu vashoma vadzoke ne100. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoongorora zvinhu dzakati kuti dzishaye hanya kuti kuva voga kwakasiyana kungagona kukanganisa kuwanda kwenzvimbo duku dzepasi, zvichigona kukanganisa mano okukwevera maruwa nourura hwakakwirira. Census Bureauauty inoomerera kuti ruzha rwacho ruve ruduku zvakakwana kusakanganisa kushatapukira paboka rezvikamu kana kuti bhiri, asi izvi zvinoramba zviri kurukurirano inopfuurira.

Matambudziko Mumamiriro Ezvinhu 2020 uye Kupfuura

Chikamu 2020 chavanhu chakatarisanawo nedenho dzisingaenzaniswi: denda reCOVID-19 rakanonotswa basa renyika, kupomera mhaka pamusoro pekuedza kwevadzori veTrump kuwedzera mubvunzo wevagari vemo, uye kutonga kweDare Gurusa pakupera kwenguva. Denda racho rakaparirawo kuchinja kwechiverengero chavagari vemo sezvo vanhu vaitama kubva mumaguta kuenda kumaruwa, zvichigona kukanganisa kururama kwemashoko. Pasinei zvapo nenhau idzi, Census Bureaunia yakagovera mashoko okubatanidza panosvika August 2021, makore anenge apfuura ainguva dzose. Dzimwe nyika dzakafanira kufambisa nguva yadzosaenda kunzvimbo dzinoenda kunzvimbo dzinotevererwa nemifananidzo yadzo.

Kubvunza Kuda Kugara Munzvimbo Yacho

Nhamburiko yavatarisiri veTrump yokuwedzera mubvunzo pamusoro pomugariro wougari hwemo pa2020 yakamutsa kurukurirano yamarudzi. Vashori vakarangarira kuti mubvunzo wacho waizodzivisa mhuri dzisiri dzapanyika nedzinobva kune dzimwe kuti dzipindure, kuchitungamirira kunzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda vanobva kune dzimwe nyika (idzo dzinoda kuva dzinoda kudzorwa nedemocratic. Dare Rapamusoro pakupedzisira rakavharira mubvunzo wacho nokuda kwokuverengwa kwavanhu kwa202020, asi gakava rakasimbisa kuti kugadzirirwa kwezvirongwa zvokuverenga vanhu kunogona sei kukanganisa kunaka kwemashoko anoshandiswa kugadzirisa. Vatsoropote vanocherechedza kuti kunyange tyisidziro yenhau yakadaro inogona kuderedza mwero yemhinduro inodzosera chitarisiko zvakanaka.

Basa Rokubatanidzwa Kwavose

Nhamba ndidzo shoo dzinoshandiswa pakunyora mashoko ezvikamu zvinobatanidza vanhu, asi vanhu vanoita basa rinokosha. Mhiri kwenyika, mapoka ezvidzidzo, masangano edzidzo, uye vagari vemo vanoshandisa mashoko okuverenga vanhu kuti vawane mashoko avo e "mepu dzemapapu dzemifungo" kuti vazviise kuzviremera zvinoyera. Mamepu aya anowanzoratidza kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenharaunda dzomunzvimbomo nenzanga dzevanhu. Kunzwa kwavose kunobvumira vagari vemo kupupurira kuti mepu dzinokarakadzwa dzingaparadzana kana kuti kubatanidza nzanga dzavo. Kurerurimika kwemazita okuverenga vanhu kunoitwa neve mapepa akasununguka. Mapapu akaita se

Mugumo: Simba Risingaperi Rokuverenga

Nhamba yenhamba haisati iri chinyorwa bedzi chekuti vanhu vangani vanogara muUnited States; igadziriro yezvigaro 435 zvesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kubva pakugoverwa kwezvigaro 435 zveIndare yaVamiririri kusvikira kumiganhu yezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo, mutsara woruwa uri wose unotorwa munhamba dzemifungo inounganidzwa. Muitiro weruwa unova wakaitwa zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji unokakavara, uye nguva dzose unova wakasiyana sezvo ruzivo rwezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runovandudzika namabasa omutemo unovandudzira mitemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, pakati parwo, kuyera kunogara pachinhu chiri nyore: kuti munhu ari wose anorangarirwa zvakaenzana. Kuverenga vanhu kwakarurama kunovimbisa kuti chipikirwa chehurumende yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yogaro. Ruzivo rwavanhu runosimbiswa sei kuti pamutemo rwezvo kupfurikidza nenhambano yavanhu runoonekwa.