Sumo: Rajiya Sabhaha seDare Romutemo

Raje Sabba, kana kuti Council of States, inoshanda seimba yapamusoro yeIndiya’s Biadaral Parmeter. Nepo ichiwanzorangarirwa senzvimbo inosarudzwazve, masimba ayo ebumbiro remitemo (8] zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvikwereti zvisina mari, mirando yebumbiro-siseko, uye kugadzirwa kweMitemo yeIndiya yose yeIndiya-Amani inopa simba guru pamusoro petsika yenyika. Kusafanana neLok Sabba, ane mitezo inosarudzwa zvakananga navanhu, Rajeya Sabhaha inosarudzwa namagungano enyika uye naPrezidhendi weIndia. Iyi gadziriro yokusanangurira isina kunanga yakarongwa yakaitwa sei kuvimbisa kuratidzwa kwemitengo nokupfuurira kudzora. Zvisinei, zuva rekushanda kweimba ino rakaumbwa zvikuru nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo uye Kuvakwa kweRaje Sabha

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia pasi peChikamu 80 rinogovera nokuda kwokuumbwa kweRajiya Sabhaha, ine simba rakawanda zvikurusa remitezo 250. Pari zvino, ine mitezo 245(233 yakasarudzwa kubva kunyika nenharaunda dzinobatanidzwa, uye 12 yakagadzwa naPurezidhendi nokuda kwounyanzvi mumabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, uye basa renzanga. Kusafanana neLok Sabhaha, iyo inonyunguruka makore mashanu ari ose, Rajiya Sabhaha iboka renguva dzose(yemwe-chitatu yemitezo yayo inorega basa makore maviri ari ose. Izvozvinogara zvinopa nzvimbo yakatanhamara mukugadziridza mabhii anoda kusano.

Zvisinei, Rajiya Sabha haisati ichingovawo zvayo donzo rekuzvinyima. Ine simba rakaenzana neLok Sabha pachikwereti chisina mari, gadziriso dzebumbiro-mitemo, uye zviito zvokupedzisa. Pamabhiri emari, basa rayo itsoropodzi, asi inogona kudzinonotsa kusvikira kumazuva 14. Iyi dzikamo yebumbiro remitemo inoreva kuti hapana mubato unotonga unogona kufuratira kuumbwa kwaRapya Sabbaha, zvikurukuru kana isisina rutivi rukuru.

Kuumba Boka: Kupesvedzera KwechiArithmetic

Chisimba chebato rezvematongerwe enyika muRaje Sabba chinochinja zvakananga mano aro okufambisira mberi kana kuti kudzikamisa mutemo.Mapati anowana zvigaro zvichitsamira pamimiririri yawo mumagungano enyika, achishandisa gadziriro imwe yokuvhota inochinjirwa yomufananidzo unowirirana.Izvi zvinoita kuti Rajiya Sabha ave chioni chenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika munyika, kazhinji kazhinji zvichitungamirira kumugariro umo vatongi vazhinji vasingafariri imba yapamusoro.

Somuenzaniso, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), pasinei zvapo nokuraira voruzhinji muLok Sabba chifo cha 2014, kazhinji kazhinji haina vazhinji muRajeya Sabra. Nenzira inopesana, Indian National Congress, apo yakaneteswa muimba yakaderera, yakava nesimba renhau muimba yapamusoro nemhaka yokuvapo kwayo mudzimba dzehurumende. Masangano eruwa akafanana naAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AADMK), Biju Data Dal (BD), uye [FLT:] STRMALK [ML] [FLT] [FLT] [FLDA1] kazhinji] chiva mambo muSarnhabshaiam, chigaro chawo cherudzi.

Boka Guru Rinopokanidza Netapuro Yaro Yomutemo

  • BJP-Leed NDA: Sezvo mubatanidzwa unotonga, BJP navasonganiri vayo vanosunda purogiramu yemitemo yehurumende. Zvisinei, apo kusara kwavazhinji, vanofanira kukurukura namapoka anoshora kana kuti kunyange kuyambuka uriri kuti vachengete vhoti.
  • UPA yakagadzirwa: Kazhinji kazhinji chishoro chikuru, Congress inoshandisa simba rayo reRajiya Sabha kutsika zvikwereti, kubvisa zvikamu, uye kukumbira zvikamu. Nzvimbo yavo inosimba zvikurusa apo boka rinotonga rinoshaiwa voruzhinji.
  • [[NHAU] Mapati oruwa: Mapati akadai seSamajwadi Party (SP), Rashtriiya Dal (RJD), uye Telugu Desam Party (TDP) inochengeta dzikamo yesimba mumamiriro ezvinhu akawanda. Tsigiro yavo inogona kuva yechigarire pakupfuudza muganhu webumbiro remitemo, unoda voruzhinji vaviri mudzimba dzose.

Kushandisa Chikwata Chine Simba Pakusarudza

Kunzwisisa nzira iyo zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa mukurukurirano yacho zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo yacho inobva sei kubva pakurukurirano kuenda kuchisarudzo.

Kuranga Nokuranga Kwomubatanidzwa

Mubato mumwe nomumwe muRaje Sabha anogadza tyava, ane mutoro wokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitezo yebato iripo uye inovhota mukuwirirana neboka. Mutemo unorwisana nedanho reThine reBumbiro reMitemo unomanikidza mitezo kunamatira kushambo; kuiputsa kunogona kuguma nokubviswa. Ikoku kunoreva kuti pakuvhota kunodenha, mitezo mimwe nemimwe inongoparadza. Nepo chirango chebato chinovimbisa kuwirirana uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemitemo, chinogonawo kudzvinyirira mufungo wokuzvimirira ndokuderedza kunaka kwekamuri.

Matare eParamende

Nzvero huru yezvikwereti dzinoitika mumatare eparamende, akadai seDare reSarudzo kana kuti Dare reMubatanidzwa reParamende (JPC). Mishumo yedare inoisa mitezo kuaya matare mukuwirirana nesimba rayo. Mishumo yedare ine ukoshi hukuru uye kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kukugadziridzwa kukuru kwezvikwereti. Pesvedzero yemapati nokudaro inoshandiswa kwete bedzi pauriri asiwo mumakamuri edare, umo bvumirano yeyapazanza yedare inogona kuvakwa.

Kuwirirana Kwokufamba Nokuonana

Mapati anoronga uriri kupfurikidza nemisangano isina kurongwa yeBhizinesi Advisory Committee (BAC) uye kupfurikidza nemisangano yenguva dzose. Kuwiriranisa/kuronga uko mutezo womubato unotonga uye mutezo unoshora unobvuma kusava panguva imwe cheteyo kubetsera kuchengeta dzikamo yokuvhota. Iyi igadziriro inowirirana yakavakirwa pakuvimba inoshanda pasi pemitemo yehurumende asi inotsamira pachirango chebato.

Kutapura Kwebato Rezvamatongerwe Enyika Pamigumisiro Yomutemo

Kubatanidzwa kwesimba rebato nemazano zvine zvazvinoita pamitemo.Mienzaniso mishomanene inozivikanwa inoratidza kuti vanhu vanoita sei zvisarudzo muRajiya Sabhaha.

Kupfuura Kwezvipo Nemasangano Mutero (GST)

, Chibvumirano che101 Centratic Constitution Act, 2014, icho chakasuma GST, chaida kuti vanhu vaviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri vapindwa mutatu. Panguva iyoyo, BJP-reft NDA yakanga isina vakawanda muRaje Sabba. Yaifanira kutaurirana zvikuru neCongress uye vamwe vashori kuti vatsigire tsigiro yaidiwa. Mutengo wokupedzisira waipfuudzwa pashure pokunge hurumende yabvuma kubhadhara nyika nokuda kwokurasikirwa nemari uye kubatanidza 1% yomutero. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza kuti divi rechipa remikoro rinosungirwa kuti ribvumire kubvumira.

Triple Talaq Bill (Vakadzi Vane Muviri (Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzeroorano), 2019)

Iri gwaro raidzongonyedza tsoro retsono nhatu raitarisana nechishoro chakaoma muRajiya Sabba kubva kuDare, All Muslim Personal Board-alligin , uye mapoka anoverengeka enyika. Gwaro racho rakapfuudzwa muLok Sabbah kanoverengeka asi rakasungirwa muimba yapamusoro nemhaka yokushaiwa vazhinji. Pakupedzisira, hurumende yaifanira kutendeukira kupfuudza mutemo uye ipapo kumirira kuumbwa kweRajiya Sabbaha kuti idzorere pashure pezvisarudzo. Kunonoka uye pakupedzisira kubuda kunosimbisa kuti mapoka anoshora anogona sei kuvhara kana kuti kuumba mitemo kupfurikidza nezviverengero.

Mitemo Yepurazi (2021)

Mitemo mitatu yepurazi yakapfuurwa muna September 2020, kunyange zvazvo yakabviswa nedzimba dzose, yakaparira kusabvumirana kukuru. Mapoka akawanda anoshora muRaja Sabha akanga anyevera nezvokubvunza kusina kukwana. Hurumende payakazodzosa mitemo, yakanga iri murutivi nemhaka yedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kupfuurira kwehondo dzeparamende kwakanga kusingabviri. Basa raRaja Sabba mukuita kuti pave nemibvunzo, kubvisa kutsigira kwemitemo, uye kumanikidza nharo kwakaparira kuchinja kwehurumende nzira.

Mapati Nezvokutengeserana Zvinochinja

Mapati eruwa haasati achingovawo zvavo vatambi vaduku muRaje Sabba; kazhinji kazhinji anoraira mipimo yomutemo. Nemhaka yokuti zvigaro muRajiya Sabba zvinogoverwa zvakavakirwa pasimba reruwa, mapoka anodzora zvematongerwe enyika enyika anogona kuva nezvigaro zvinoverengeka. Somuenzaniso, YSR Congress Party (YSRCP) kubva kuAndradesh, BJ uva kuOdisha, uye Aam Admi Party (AAP) kubva kuD Delhi naPunjab vakashandisa nzvimbo dzavo huru dzeRajiya Sabbaha kuti vaburire nenhau dzepakati dzehurumende panhau dzehurumende paruwa.

Hurumende dzenzvimbo dzinoda kuchengetedzwa dzinotsamira pamapati aya enharaunda. Hurumende dzeUnited Errowrow Alliance (UP) muna 2004-2014 dzakavimba zvikuru netsigiro yemapoka echiruboshwe nesonganiro muRajiya Sabhaha. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende yeNDA yazvino inowanzoda betsero yemapati akadai seTDP, JD(U), kana kuti LJP kuti ipfuure zvikwereti zvokukakavara. Mugumisiro wacho igweve wakaoma kunzwisisa wekurukurirano umo kutendeka kweboka kuri kwenguva pfupi uye kunotsigirwa nenhau.

Fundo Yenhau: Incinetic and Bankruptic Code (IBC)

IBC, yakapfuudzwa muna 2016, yakanga iri chinjo yakatanhamara. Yakatanga somutemo netendero yaidikanwa yeparamende. Hurumende, isina Raja Sabba voruzhinji panguva yacho, yakashanda neCongress kufambisa muimba yapamusoro. Congress, pashure pokunge yaita kuti zvigadziriso, yakatsigira mutemo. Iyi ratidziro isingawanzoitiki yebipartishani yaibvira nemhaka yokuti mapoka makuru ose airangarira IBC seyaikosha nokuda kwoutano hwemari. Bva chimiro chokupedzisira chakapesvedzerwa nekurukurirano pakati pevatungamiriri vemasangano seri pamikova yakavharwa.

Zvinetso Zvokusarudza Zvinobudirira

Nepo mapato ezvematongerwe enyika achikosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inomirira, pesvedzero yawo paRaje Sabha inoparirawo zvinetso zvinoverengeka.

Mazano Okusashanda Nesimba

Masangano anoshora anowanzoshandisa nzira dzakadai sokufamba adzokorora, kutaura mashoko, uye kutsiva kuti anonoze zvinoitika. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Raje Sabha akaona zviitiko zvakawanda umo marusando ose akarasika nemhaka yokudzongonyedzwa kwenhau dzakadai sechibvumirano cheRafale, gakava rePegasus, kana kuti rufu rwomutungamiriri akakurumbira. Nepo ichi chiri chimiro chapamutemo chokuramba, chinosekesawo kukura kwemitemo kwekamuri.

Mutemo Unorwisana Nehosha Nokusatendera

Mutemo unodzivisa kubvisa, wakaitirwa pakuvamba kudzivisa kuyambuka uriri nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga, wakashandiswa namapoka kumanikidzira chirango chokuvhota chakakomba. Ikoku kunoderedza bvumirano yechikamu panhau dzisiri dzezvamatongerwe enyika. MuRajiya Sabha, umo mitezo kazhinji kazhinji iri nhamba huru ine unyanzvi hwakati, shambo inogona kuvamanikidzira kuvhota mukurwisana nechisarudzo chavo vamene. Muuyo wacho imhoteredzo yakajeka umo pfungwa dzinodzorwa nefariro yebato.

Kushaikwa Kwokuzvimirira Kunoitwa Nemitezo Isina Kusarudzwa

Mitezo gumi nemiviri yakasarudzwa yeRaje Sabha yakaitirwa kuunza unyanzvi husiri hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, mukushanda, kazhinji kazhinji vavhota mumitsetse yebato(zvishomanene) nemhaka yokuti vakashorwa nebato rinotonga kana kuti nemhaka yokuti vanowirirana nepfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunokunda donzo regadziriro yembiriso uye kunoderedza bviro yezvikamu zvisingatori rutivi, zvine mufungo.

Miitiro Yemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura: Kuderedza Chishoro Nokuderera Kunowedzera

Kusvikira muna 2025, mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika muRaje Sabba achinja. BJP yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uwandu hwayo hwezvigaro kupfurikidza nokukunda musarudzo dzehurumende, uye mubato zvino unova pedyo nokufara muimba yapamusoro. Ikoku kwakaderedza uwandu hwemibato yemitemo. Zvisinei, inomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pezvakaita kurukurirano. Apo rimwe boka rinotonga, Raja Sabba rinova ngozi kuva kamuri rerabha, rinorasikirwa nebasa raro rapakuvamba sechikamu chinonzvera mutemo unokurumidzira.

Bva mapoka anoshora anopfuurira kushandisa zvishandiso zveprocedal kudenha zvikwereti zvehurumende. Kusundwa kwezvigadziriso zvitsva nokushandiswa kwezvinodokuva zvinoitika (post-pandemic) zvachinja mutoo wekurukurirano. Rajiya Sabhata, munhungamiro yaChairman (Mutungamiriri weIndia), yakatowedzera mitemo inodzora kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa, asi kunyanduka pakati pomutemo mukuru nekodzero shomanene kunoramba kuchisara.

Zvinotaurwa Nevanhu Vasiri Vako: Maonero Anoita Vanhu uye Kufurirwa Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika muRaje Sabra anopindurawo dzvinyiriro dzedzimwe nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Nharo huru panhau dzakadai seCintuizityship Amendment Act (CAA) kana kuti kutsutsumwa kwavarimi akaona mapato achisunungura kana kuti kuita chimwe chinhu kumurangariro wavose. Kubatanidzwa kwenhau nevemagariro enhau anogona kumanikidza vanhu kuti vasarudze, zvikurukuru munzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakashata. Rajiya Sabba, kunyange zvazvo yakadzivirirwa kubva mukuvhota, haisati iri dziviriro kumurangariro wavose nemhaka yokuti mitezo yawo inotarisana nezvitendero zvinosarudzwa panzvimbo inotongwa nehurumende.

mhedziso

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ndiwo ropa reropa reRaje Sabra. Simba rawo, zvirongwa, uye zvibvumirano zvinoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwekuita kwake chisarudzo (kubva pakurongwa kwemabhiri kusvikira kuvhoti yokupedzisira. Kunzwisisa simba iri rinokosha mukunzwisisa kuti hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeIndia inoshanda sei chaizvoizvo. Rajiya Sabhaha, nepo yakagadzirwa seimba yehurumende nevakuru vakuru, inoshanda zvakasimba mukati megadziriro yematongerwe enyika ebato. Sezvo nzvimbo yeIndia yezvamatongerwe enyika inovakia nechikamu chimwe chenyika nemhesano dzinochinja, basa remabato muRajaya Sabha richaramba riri basa guru rokudzivisa miuyo yemitemo yemitemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] PRS Legislative Research peji iri paRajiya Sabba, Consitution of India[ nokuda kwenyaya dzinowirirana, uye [[FLT:] webjay Sabata] nokuda kwemitemo yemubatanidzwa. Kuwedzera, mifungo pa ty yeChihindu [FLT:] yemarusarusarudzo] yemisi inogovera nzwisiso yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mubato.