Gadziriro yomutemo igadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inoshandura pfungwa kuva mutemo unosunga. Nepo gadziriro yehurumende ichigovera purani, mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anogovera simba nenhungamiro. Munenge muinenge hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno iri yose, mapoka haasati ari vacherekedziwo zvavo; ivo vatambi vakuru vanoumba zvirongwa zvechirongwa, kudzora kurukurirano, uye mhedziso. Kuvadzidzi venhau nesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzwisisa basa ramapoka ezvematongerwe enyika kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, nei vamwe vachikundikana, uye kuti mwero wesimba unochinjika sei munguva.

Kunzwisisa Mitambo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika: Mabasa Ezvibvumirano Nemhindumupindu

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anorongwa evagari vemo vanogoverana zvitendero zvepfungwa uye vanoshanda pamwe chete kuti vakunde sarudzo nokutonga.

Mufananidzo uye Kupa Zvifadzo

Pamwero wavo mukuru zvikurusa, mapati anosimudzira fariro dzakasiana-- siyana dzamamirioni avavhoti muzvikuva zvinowirirana. Ikoku kunopfavisa mutoo womutemo kupfurikidza nokubvumira vagadziri vemitemo kuwiriraniswa nenzvimbo dzemitemo yakafara. Somuenzaniso, Democratic Party muUnited States yakatsigira maruramiro ebasa negarikano yenzanga, nepo Republican Party yakagadza misika yapachena nehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Uku kujeka kunobetsera vatongi vemitemo kuvhota nguva dzose uye kubetsera vagari vemo kuti vabvume vatsirwe.

Kuoma uku kunowanzokonzera nharo dzomukati uye zvinetso zvikuru, izvo zvinogona kuvhiringidza zvirongwa zvemitemo uye kumanikidza vanhu kuti vafunge kuti zvavanokoshesa ndizvo zvinokosha.

Kutapwa Neboka

Masangano esangano ikongiriro yesangano yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vanoda kunyoresa, manhimbe emari, uye vavhoti. Mukati, masangano esangano anopa gadziriro: migove yedare inoparadzirwa mumitsetse yebato, nzvimbo dzoutungamiriri dzinosarudzwa neboka, uye makarenda emitemo anoshandiswa navatungamiriri vebato. Pasina masangano, masangano emitemo angaparapatika kuti ashande zvakanaka, sezvo vaiti vemitemo vamwe navamwe vaisazogona kutsinhiranisa.

Kukura Kwemitemo Nechikwata Cheboka

Mapati mafekitari emitemo. Ane kokorodzano, zvikuva, uye mapepa okuisa nzvimbo zvinotungamirira chiito chomutemo. Mumiitiro yeparamende yakadai seUnited Kingdom, maparamende zvipikirwa zvinosunga; mumasangano apurezidhendi seUnited States, zvikuva zvepapati zvinobatira semapurani efungidziro. Muitiro wemitemo unovamba kare mutemo usati watangwa nechiratidzo chebato nokuda kwokutonga.

Kuzvidavirira Nedzidziso

Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anobatirawo semotokari dzokuzvidavirira. Voter vanogona kutusa kana kuti kuranga zvikwata pabhokisi revhoti rakavakirwa pamiuyo yemitemo.Izvozvi zvinoparira sundo ine simba yokuti mapoka ape zvipikirwa zvawo.rondedzero yapamutemo inoti boka rinowina rine murairo wokushandisa chikuva charo, icho chinovapa chiremera chetsika nechinoshanda kutungamirira purogiramu dzavo kupfurikidza nedare remitemo.

Basa Remasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Muchiito Chomutemo

Mapati anotapura chinenge chikamu chiri chose, kubvira panguva ino pfungwa inofungwa kusvikira kuvhota yokupedzisira. Pasi apa, ndinoputsa nzvimbo dzinokosha dzepesvedzero.

Kugadza Mutambo Wetsika

Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chinodzora zvirongwa. Voruzhinji vari mudare vanosarudza chaizvoizvo kuti zvikweretii zvinorangarirwa, munhevedzanoi, uye kwenguva yakareba sei. Iri simba rokuchengeta suo rinogona kuita kana kuti kuputsa miitiro.

  • .Majority Leadership Control: MuImba yaVamiririri veU.S. Mutungamiriri weMajority neDare Rinoisa (rakaiswa nemitezo yebato zhinji) vanosarudza kana bhiri rinosvika pauriri. Vanogona kupfurura zvikwereti zvinodavirwa kana kuti kuviga avo vanoshora. Mukuwirirana ne [[FLT:]] Conforain.gov Chiracture tracism Komiti yeMitemo inowanzonzi “chikamu cheSangano remitemo.
  • Minority Party Epidect: Mibato miduku haisati iri isina simba. Vanogona kushandisa nzira dzekurukurirano dzakadai sechina mwanaruster muDare reU.S. kunonozesa kana kuti kudzivisa vhoti. Zvisinei, vazhinjisa vanogona kazhinji kazhinji kukurira aya mazano kana ikachengeta chinzwano.
  • Mifungo yeComparency: Mumiitiro yeparamende seGermany, purogiramu dzinotonga dzinotangwa zvikurukuru navasonganiri vapamhene. Masangano anoshora ane simba shoma retsika asi anogona kushandisa nguva yokubvunza uye kurukurirano dzavose kuumba.

Kutanga kwaAgenda uye Mafungiro Evanhu

Mapati anopesvedzerawo zvirongwa kumutsa nhau mumapepanhau uye kupfurikidza nenhimbe dzavose. Somuenzaniso, mukati mekurukurirano yokuchinja kwezvoutano ya2009-2010, Purezidhendi Obama navakuru veDemocratic vakaita zvinoitika zvakawanda zvavose kuti vavake nhau nokuda kweAffordIcable Care Act. Iyi dzvinyiriro yakaumba karenda yemitemo uye maRepublic akamanikidzirwa kupindura, kunyange zvazvo vakashora mutemo. Fundo yakaitwa ne Pew Research Center

Kuchinja Kukakavadzana Kwomutemo

Kana bhiriji rangova papepa, mapoka anoshanda kudzora nhauro. Nharo haisi yakasununguka nokuda kwezvose; inorongwa neshamhu dzebato navatungamiriri vanosarudza kuti ndiani anotaura, kwenguva yakareba sei, uye pamusoro papi.

  • Kuisa mitero nemirairidzo: Mitero yemifungo yokufadza kunzvimbo yavo nevokuvhota. Somuenzaniso, 2017 Mutero Wokucheka naMabasa zvakaiswa muforoma navaRepublican se “mutero weboka rinokanganisika" pasinei zvapo nenzvero dzinoratidza betsero hurusa dzaienda kumasangano ebhizimisi navawani vakakwirira. Democrates yakauda sechipa vapfumi.
  • Control: Mumasangano mazhinji omutemo, boka reruzhinji rinogona kuganhurira nguva kupfurikidza ne “mutemo wakakomba” usingabvumiri kugadziriswa, kana kuti“ murairo unotenderwa kugadziriswa kunoitwa nevoruzhinji. Ikoku kunoderedza mano evoruzhinji okuchinja chikwereti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Matare Anonzwa Nechipupuriro:[[FLT: 1] anobata matare okutonga apo nyanzvi namapoka ezvisarudzo zvinopupurira. Zvigaro zvamapoka zvinowanzosarudza zvapupu zvinotsigira nzvimbo yavo, nokudaro zvichiumba chinyorwa chinozivisa kurukurirano youriri.

Basa Rechipfuyo

Mapoka anorongerwa kuverenga mavhoti uye kunyengetedza mitezo kuti itsigire mutsetse webato. Anoshandisa dzvinyiriro kupfurikidza nemuvhenganiswa wenyengetedzo, zvipikirwa zvemigove yedare, uye tyisidziro dzokunyima tsigiro yezvikwereti zvemitezo amene. Mumapati akatsiurwa zvikuru, kutsauka kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yebasa yakakomba. Mukuwirirana ne Encclopedia Britannica[, mabhurukwe ane simba zvikuru mumasangano eparamende, seCanada neUnited Kingdom, umo kuvhotera mukurwisana neboka kunogona kutungamirira kudzingwa muchaucus.

Kutsvaka Zvinhu Zvinosimba uye Kubatana Kweboka

Kuzivisa ndiko kunobva kwava kuoneka zvikurusa. Mumasangano echikwata, kusonganirana kwebato ndicho chiratidzo chimwe chakanakisisa chevhoti yomutezo.

  • Chikamu chikuru Chikuru: Nzvero ku [FLT:] Govtrack inoratidza kuti vaiti vemitemo veAmerica vanobva kumativi makuru ose ari maviri vavhota nebato ravo rinopfuura 90% yenguva panhau dzinosarudzwa. Ichi chinzwano chinotova chakatosimba zvikuru mumasangano eparamende, umo vhoti inorwisana nehurumende inogona kunyandura kusavapo kwechisarira.
  • Coalition Building: Apo pasina boka rimwe rinobata voruzhinji(apo rinozivikanwa navose mugadziriro dzakawanda dzakadai seNetherlands kana Italy/partical dzinofanira kuita masangano kuti dzipedze mutemo. Ikoku kunoda kurukurirano nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, asi chibvumirano chinovapo chinowanzorondedzera purogiramu yewisc redivision reshoko racho.
  • Kuronga nokuisa mashoko: Mapati anoyamurawo kuronga, uko mitezo inotengesa vhoti panhau dzakasiana - siana. vatungamiriri veboka vanobetsera zvibvumirano izvi kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvikwereti zvinokosha zvinofambira mberi.

Kutapura Kwokuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Mumakumi emakore anoverengeka apfuura, kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakadzika muhurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kuchichinja zvikurukuru muitiro wemitemo.

Kuwedzera Kuzvibatanidza uye Kuderera Kwokuva Muduku

Munhambo dzakapfuura .Nyaya dzakaita kuti kuvimbika kwebato kuve muedzo wekuvhota, kuomesa ganda. Somuenzaniso, purofiti ya2010 yakapfuudzwa netsigiro yeDEmocratic, nepo papurazi ra2018 raida kuti pave nemubatanidzwa wechienzi weDemocrates neRepublicans kuti rikunde zvikamu zviduku.

Kumuka Kwecaucus

Mumasangano, masangano epfungwa awana pesvedzero. Imba Freedom Caucus muU.S. kana kuti European Conservatives naReformers muEuropean Paramendrs inogona kuvhara mutemo kunyange apo vatungamiriri vebato vanoutsigira. Aya mapoka omukati anoomesazve muitiro wemitemo uye anogona kuparira vatungamiriri vebato kurasikirwa nokudzora.

Kupererwa Nemitemo Nemigumisiro

Apo kuderera kwenzvimbo dzinogara dzinoda kukura, giraplock inowanzotevera. Gridlock inoitika apo voruzhinji navashomanene havagoni kubvumirana panhano kunyange nhano huru, kuchitungamirira kumisa, zvisarudzo zvinopfuurira, uye kukundikana kupedza nhau dzorudzi.

  • Gridrock:[[FT:1] Hurumende yeU.S. yakatambura kumiswa kwakawanda chifo cha1995, zvikurukuru muna 2013 na2018-2019, apo kukakavadzana pamusoro petarisiro youtano nechengeteko yemuganhu kwakamiswa.
  • Jodicial Ingliefment Blages: Kuisa matare kwakatapurawo kuranga. Partisan rwisano muDare rapamusoro, dzakadai semamiriro ezvinhu eMerrick Garland muna 2016, dzazova tsika panzvimbo peyakasiyana.
  • Aspect on Public Trust: A fundo inoitwa ne [[FT:2] Pew Research Center [ inoratidza kuti kuvimba nehurumende kwaderera zvikuru sezvo kudzika kwemitsetse kwawedzera. Voter vanoona mapati achifarira zvikuru kurwa kupfuura kutonga, uko kunosekesa pamutemo wedemokrati.

Maonero Anoita Vanhu: Kupesvedzera Boka Mumararamiro Akasiyana - siyana

Hadzisi dzimba dzose dzinotonga dzinoshanda nenzira imwe cheteyo. Pesvedzero yebato inosiana zvikuru pakati pegadziriro dzapurezidhendi neparamende, uyezve pakati pegadziriro mbiri dzezvikamu nezvikamu zvakawanda.

Mibatanidzwa yeParamende

Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi seUnited States, mapazu ehurumende nemitemo anogona kusarudzwa zvakasiana. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuhurumende yakakamukana, umo rimwe boka rinodzora purezidhendi uye dzimwe zviremera. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, mapoka anoshandisa simba rawo remitemo kushora zvirongwa zvapurezidhendi, kuchiguma nerwisano huru nemhedziso dzinogara dziripo. Muparamende, mukuru mukuru anotorwa kudare rehurumende, zvinoreva kuti hurumende inorayira kuti vakawanda vapfuure. Ikoku kunoita kuti chirango chive chakasimba zvikuru uye chive nyore kupfuure, asi chinogonawo manzwi asingabudiriri anoshora.

Zvikamu zviviri v. Masitiro eMitemo Mizhinji

Gadziriro mbiri, dzakadai seU.S. neU.K., dzinoita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakadzikama uye kuzvidavirira kwakajeka. Zvisinei, dzinokurudzirawo matongerwe enyika. Masangano akawanda, akadai seayo ari muGermany, Sweden, kana kuti Israel, anoda hurumende dzinobatana, dzinogona kutungamirira kumitemo inobvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira. Parutivi, mibatanidzwa inogona kuva inoderera, uye muitiro wemitemo unogona kuderera sezvo mapati achikurukura udzame huri hwose.

Basa Rokukurudzira Boka Nemapoka Anofarira

Mumasangano akawanda ehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, masangano anotsamira pamipiro inobva kumasangano, mibatanidzwa, uye vanhu vakapfuma. Iyi pesvedzero yemari inoumba zvokutanga zvemitemo. Vadzori vemasangano vanoshanda pamwe chete navatungamiriri vomubato kuti vagadzirire zvikwereti, vaise zvikomborero, uye vadzivisi zvisakafanira. Nepo kukumbira kuri kwapamutemo, vatsoropodzi vanopa mikana mipfumi simba risingaenzaniswi. OpenSETrets shooxa mashandiro ezvirongwa zvinobatanidza mavhota nemitemo muU.S., kugoverawo kujeka asi kusimbisa kubatana pakati pemari nemitemo.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Kukurudzira Vatungamiriri Veboka

Kuti uone nheyo idzi dzichishanda, zvidimbu zviviri zvinokosha zvemitemo yemitemo yapamutemo — Affordble Care Act (2010) uye Teax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017) — rondedzera kuti masangano ezvematongerwe enyika anogona sei kutungamirira nokuumba muitiro womutemo.

Chirango Chekutarisira Chinotapurika (2010)

ACA yakanga iri tarisiro yenhau youtano yakatsigirwa naPurezidhendi Obama neDemocratic Party.

  • Party Leadership: Mutauri Nancy Pelosi na Dare raMajority Mutungamiriri Harry Reid vakashandisa chiremera chavo kuchengeta mutengo uchifamba pasinei zvapo nechishoro chikuru cheRepublic. Vakashandisa mitoo mizhinji yemifungo, kubatanidza kushandisa bhajeti kuti varege kugona kudzora mwana muDare.
  • [[FLT: 0] Hurumende: Hurumende dzakashandisa midziyo iri yose inowanika kunonozetsa nokupedza mutengi, kubatanidza kupa mazana ezvitsivi mudare. Mutemo wokupedzisira waipfuudzwa namavhoti egore reRepublica muImba uye chiverengero chiduku bedzi muDare, kuchiratidzira mapoka makuru.
  • [[FT:0] Mari yakabuda: THE ACA yakapukunyuka denho dzapamutemo uye inoramba iri pamutemo, asi chikamu chayo chakasimbisa chinetso chokupasa mutemo mukuru munzvimbo yakapoteredza. Yakabatanidzawo nzvimbo dzebato pakutarisira utano kwamakore aitevera.

Mutero Nokucheka Mabasa Chiito (2017)

TCJA yakanga iri siginicha yebasa romumba rehurumende yeTrump nehurumende yakabatana yeRepublica. kwakaratidzira kuti kubatana kwepati nokudzora kwetsika kunogona sei kukurumidza kupinza mubhiri guru.

  • Party Cohesion: Republican akashandisa bhajeti yebhajeti kuyanana kudzivisa Dare rina vanambuya, kuchibvumira mutezo kupfuvura nevoruzhinji vakapfava. Pasinei zvapo nekurukurirano dzomukati pamusoro poudzame hwukuru] zvikurukuru pamusoro pokusakodzera kwehurumende nemitero yomunzvimbomo (8) boka racho rakachengeta chinzwano chakakwana kupfuudza mutengo muna December 2017.
  • .NUUNITISTAR: Hapana Home Democrates yakavhota nokuda kwomutemo wokupedzisira, uye Dare rimwe bedzi Democrat(Joe Manchin-) rakaitsigira. Chikamu chepepa chakasimbisa ganhuriro huru pamusoro pomutemo wemitero. TCJA yairatidzirawo gadziriro dzakaoma kuti kunyura kwezuva pashure pegumi ramakore, kuratidzira mutengo wezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Ipatsi-DZOSE: TCJA yakarumbidzwa nokusimudzira kuiswa kwemari yebhizimisi nokutsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuwedzera perevedzo. Asi pasinei zvapo nefaniro dzemiitiro, inomira somuenzaniso webhuku wemitemo yebato muhurumende yazvino uno inosarudzwa navanhu.

mhedziso

Kubva pakuronga nokudzora kurukurirano kusvika pakuronga vhoti nokuvaka mibatanidzwa, mapoka anoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwokuita mitemo. Munhambo yokuwedzera kweparadzano uye dzvinyiriro yenguva dzose yezvinobudisa nhau, kunzwisisa kuti pesvedzero inokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi venhau nesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, chinhu chikuru ndechokuti mutemo hausati uchitongova bedzi wetechnocratic(icho ndewezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitemo yomutambo ingava isina hukatanhamari zvikuru, asi vatambi chinhu chipi nechipi asi. Kupfurikidza nokufunda kuti mapato anoshandisa sei pesvedzero yawo, tinowana nzwisiso musimba noutera hwokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende. Uye savagari vemo, kuti kunzwisisa inhano yokutanga kubata ose ari maviri mapoka namadzishavo anozvidavirira.