Gadziriro yemiitiro yavose haiwanzova muuyo wakachena, une mufungo wevoruzhinji vachada. Panzvimbo pezvo, inhandare inokakavadzana umo fariro dzakarongwa dzinorwisana nepesvedzero, kazhinji kazhinji inomanikidzira vagadziri vemiitiro kupinda mumibato yemhoteredzo kumitero yakaoma. Kuvambira pamirau yemitero yemhoteredzo kusvikira kumitemo yemitero, zvidimbu zvamapoka ezvifaro zvinooneka painodokuva chisarudzo chikuru chiri chose chemitemo. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapoka anoshanda sei, mashandire anoshandisa, uye kutengeserana kusingadzivisiki kwaanoita kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka simba rehurumende. Nyaya inokudza paukama ihwohwo, inogovera kunzvera zvikuru pamarudzi ose, mitoo, zvirongwa zvinorondedzero izvo zvinotsanangura simba ravo, uye kutengeserana kunoguma.

Mapoka Efariro Chii?

Mapoka efariro (anozivikanwawo semapoka anodzvinyirira, mapoka ezvinzvimbo zvokushandira hurumende, kana kuti fariro chaidzo) akarongwa avanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti masangano anotsvaka kupesvedzera muitiro wavanhu kuti afambisire mberi fariro kana kuti chisakiso.

Mapoka anofarira anouya muzvimiro zvakawanda, kubatanidza:

  • Mapoka ezvisakiso zvemari [[FL:1] – Aya anomirira mabhizimisi, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, masangano ezvokutengeserana, uye masangano enyanzvi. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Chamber of Commerce yeU.S., American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), uye American Medical Association.
  • Mapoka ezvisakiso zvechiPublic - Iwaya anotsigira zvisakiso zvakaitirwa kubetsera vanhu vose zvavo, zvakadai sedziviriro yemhoteredzo, maruramiro avatengi, kana kuti rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Mienzaniso iSierra Club, Public Citizen, uye American Civil Liberation Union (ACLU).
  • Masangano ezvematongo – Aiwa anotsigira zvitendero zvakati kana kuti uzivi, zvakadai semotokari dzemafungire dzechinyakare (mutoo, The Heritage Foundation) kana kuti masangano ezvemasangano eadhivocacy (um., Famba Ok.org).
  • Mapoka emhuka mamwe chete - Iwawa anonangidzira ngwariro panhau nhete, yakananga, yakadai sekodzero dzepfuti (National Rifle Association), kodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri (NORAL Pro-Choice America), kana kuti garikano yemhuka (Vanhu nokuda kwokurapa kwemhuka).
  • Mapoka ezviwanwa zveGovernment - Iwaya anomirira fariro dzehurumende dzenyika nedzemunzvimbomo, dzakadai seNational Gavanars Association kana kuti National League of Cities.

Mhatsa yamapoka inoreva kuti nhandare yemiitiro yakazadzwa namanzwi anokwikwidza, rimwe nerimwe richishandisa pfuma yaro kukudza shoko raro.

Kushandisa Simba

Mapoka anofarira anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana kuti agadzirise zvinhu zvinotarisirwa. Mitoo yakakurumbira zvikurusa inobatanidza kukumbira, mari yenhimbe, kugadzira, kuunganidza uswa, uye nhimbe dzezvinobudisa nhau.

Kudzvova

Kurovha kuedza kwakananga kupesvedzera vaiti vemitemo, vadzori, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Nyanzvi dzinoda kufunda dzinosangana navaiti vemitemo, dzinogovera nzvero nemitemo, mutemo wekunyora, uye dzinopa chipupuriro pakutongwa. Muitiro unodzivirirwa pasi pekodzero yeFirst Amendment yokukumbira hurumende. Mukuwirirana nemashoko kubva kuCentre for Responsive Mateomatic, kupedza kufunda muUnited States mabhiriyoni $3, muna 2023 moga [Openset]]. . Lobbing inogona kuva inoshanda zvikuru, zvikurukuru apo mapoka ava neapuroserite zvikuru kana kuti magoroko anogovera unyanzvi muUnited States anodarika madhora anoshaiwa mutemo.

Mari Yenhimbe

Mapoka efariro anotsvakawo kupesvedzera kupfurikidza namatare ezviito zvamatongerwe enyika (PAC) namaPUP, anosimudzira nokupedzera mari kutsigira kana kuti kushora. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra2010 mu Citizens United v. Federal Evolution Commission[[[FL:1]]] inobvisa ganhuriro pamitengo yakazvimirira pamitengo yapamhiko nemibatanidzwa, zvino ichitungamirira kukuwedzera mukushandiswa kwokunze. Mapoka anogona zvino kupedza zvitsamanyuko zvisina kuganhurirwa pakushambadzira, tsamba inonanga, uye mamirire etsika, kazhinji pasina kuziviswa kwakazara kwavapiwirwa kwavo. Iri simba remari rinoparira sundo dzakajekanyo yokubatanidza fariro huru dzevapi vehurumende. Broktingstion yakanzvera mubatanidzwa wemiitiro yemari pamuitiro wezvirongwa, kwete kubvumira kubvumira kubvumira kubvumira kupfurikidza. [Foctivetion:][Foct.]

Kupikiswa

Apo mapoka anokundikana kusvika nharidzano dzavo kupfurikidza nomutemo, vanowanzoenda kumatare. Mapoka embariro anoisa mhaka mudare, anoisa aicus culiae ("shamwari yedare"), uye anotsigira denho dzapamutemo ku kana kuti mukutsigira mitemo. Somuenzaniso, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) anoshandisa kubvisa zvikoro zvenhau mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mapoka emhoteredzo akakupinda dziviriro yeNhungamiro yemhoteredzo kuti itsigire mhepo yakachena nemiraudzo. rema.

Makwara Anonyungudutsa

Nhimbe dzemarasroot dzinobatanidza kukurudzira vagariwo zvavo kuti vataure navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kupinda misangano, kusaina zvikumbiro, kana kuti vhoti pamichina yokugadzira zvinhu. Kufambira mberi mumichina yemakombiyuta kwakaita kuti midziyo ikurumidze uye iderere. Mapoka anogona kushandisa maemail, zvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga, uye kushambadzira kuti apesvedze vatsigiri pamashoko. Kubudirira kwesangano reTea Party uye Black Live Matter zvose zviri zviviri zvinoratidzira simba reuswa kuti dzibudise hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, mapoka ane mibato inosano anogona kushandisa manyuko padzimwe nguva mu "astraturfing," apo anoita chitarisiko chenhema chesangano reUswaracrite apo rinenge richidzorwa nefariro dzemakambani.

Ukama Hwezvinobudisa Nhau Nehwavanhu

Mapoka efariro anoisa mari yakawanda mukuumba murangariro wavose kupfurikidza nokushambadzira, kubudisa, manyuko, uye nhimbe dzesocial media. Kupfurikidza nokuronga nhau dzavose nenzira yakanaka, anogona kuvaka tsigiro yavose nokuda kwenzvimbo dzawo nedzvinyiriro yavezvamatongerwe enyika kuita chiito. "Boka renhau rerufu" rinoshandiswa navanoshora chisarudzo chakatanhamara chegadziriro yokushambadza iyo yakapesvedzera zvikuru kurukurirano. Masangano enhau anogona kubudirira zvikuru apo akabatanidzwa nokukwidza nokudzosa.

Kutengesa Zvehurumende

Kupesvedzera kwemapoka ezviwaro muzvinhu zvinomanikidza kutengesa zvisingadzivisiki. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvinokwikwidza, kugovera zvinhu zvishoma, uye kuyera kuwanikwa kwenguva pfupi kuti zvisawirirane nemigumisiro yenguva refu. Zvinotevera inzvimbo dzinokosha apo kutengesa uku kunooneka.

Zvinofadza Zvinobatanidzwa

Gadziriro isati ichitongotapura boka rimwe bedzi; mitemo mizhinjisa inoparira vakundi navakundi. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo chokufutunura oiri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa chingafadza makambani navashandi asi vakatsamwa vanoona mhoteredzo nenzanga dzemhenderekedzo. Mamitengi anofanira kutungamirira idzi rwisano, kazhinji kazhinji achiita zvisarudzo izvo zvinoda simba, mapoka maduku, anosanorongwa anoparira fariro shomanene dzinorongwa. Ichi simba rinorondedzerwa zvikuru naMancur Olson mu Councity of Compation Action, izvo zvinoramba kuti mapoka maduku, akanyanya kubudirira zvikuru pakuronga fariro huru, dzakaparadzirwa, kunyange apo apedzisira anomirira fariro huru yavose.

Kutorwa Kwemanyuko

Mapoka anopa mifaro anokwikwidzana kwete bedzi nokuda kwomuuyo wemiuyo asiwo nokuda kwemari yehurumende. Kubhadharira nokuda kwezvibvumirano, mari yomutero, kana kuti mari inogoverwa kubetsera zvinogona kutsausa mari yavose pane zvimwe zvinodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, migove yemari yepurazi muenzaniso wakatanhamara wemipiro yokurima inochengetedzwa zvakanaka inopa mari inobhadhara mibhadharo inobetsera chiverengero chiduku chavagadziri vemitero nemitengo yenyika yose. Kutengesa kuri pakati pokutsigira indasitiri yakati uye kuchengeta kushanda zvakanaka. Congregational Bactab Bacrency Office neRontation Auccounment Office Office zvinogovera mitero yakadaro yokushandisa mari inotengwa, asi chiverengero chazvo chinofuratirwa nokuda kwedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika [FLT].[FLT]

Zvirongwa zvenguva refu. Zvirongwa zvenguva pfupi

Mapoka anofarira anowanzoisa pakutanga budiriro dzinochengeteka nokukurumidza, dzinopedza nguva refu. Somuenzaniso, masangano avashandi angasunda wedzero yemari inotambirwa nokukurumidza, iyo inogona kubetsera vashandi nhasi asi ingatungamirira kukurasikirwa nebasa kana vashandirwi vakazvipinza mumabasa kana kuti vachienda kune imwe nzvimbo. Nenzira yakafanana, mapoka emhoteredzo angashora kubvumiranisa zvinhu kupi nokupi kunononotsa kuderedza kubudiswa kwemhepo, kugona kudzoresa mutemo ungagona kuita kuti zvinhu zvifambire mberi. Vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kuyera kukurumidzira kukuvara njodzi dzezvinodikanwa zvazvino unorwisana nemigumisiro yomunguva yemberi isingakarirwi.

Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Kuchinja kukuru kuripo pakati pepesvedzero yemubereko neuwandu hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Apo miuyo inoumbwa nemari nesimba resangano, nheyo ye "munhu mumwe, vhoti rimwe" inoregeredzwa. Vazivi vanganzwa kuti manzwi avo anodzongonyedzwa nefariro chaidzoidzo, kuchitungamirira kukutsoropodza nokusada kuderera. Kuchinja kwakadai seganhuriro dzemari dzechirongwa, zvinodikanwa zvokuoneka, uye kutsigira pamutemo kwesarudzo kunoedza kudzikamisa gadziriro, asi vanotarisana nechishoro chakasimba chinobva kumapoka anobetserwa nefariro. Pew Research Center yakatsiridza itiro yavose pamusoro pebasa renyika [PT] [FT]

Marobhoti Anoita Mafaramita

Nyanzvi dzakatanga pfungwa dzinoverengeka kuti dzitsanangure kuti mapoka anofarira anoshanda sei mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Platuralim

Rondedzero yavanhu, yakabatanidzwa naRobert Dahl, inoreva kuti democracy inonzwisiswa zvakanakisisa semakwikwi pakati pamapoka akawanda. Mumurangariro uyu, hakuna boka rimwe rinotonga nemhaka yokuti simba rinoparadzirwa, uye mapoka akasiana - siana anokunda panhau dzakasiana. Hurumende inoshanda somutsigiri, inobudisa mashoko pakati pezvikarakadzo zvenharo. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti uzivi hwehurumende hwakawanda hunovimbisa kuti fariro dzinonzwiwa, ichidzivisa udzvinyiriri hwavazhinji.

Kudavira

Mukupesana, rondedzero yakatanhamara inosimbisa kuti simba rinoiswa mumaoko echiverengero chiduku chavanhu vakapfuma, vatungamiriri vemasangano, uye mapoka ezvisakiso anosanobatanidzwa. Vatsoropodzi vezvizhinji vanotaura kuti havasati vari mapoka ose ane zviwanikwa zvakaenzana kana kuti kukwanisa kupinda. Nzvero yakakurumbira yakaitwa naC. Wright Mills, [[FL:0] Simba reErite, rakataura kuti mubatanidzwa muduku webhizimisi, mauto, uye vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoita zvisarudzo zvinoparira zvikurusa, kazhinji kazhinji pasina mubatanidzwa wapachena.

Dzidziso Yoruzhinji Yokusarudza

Rondedzero yavose inoshandisa rondedzero yezvoupfumi kumufambiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, ichitaura kuti vaiti vemiitiro, kufanana navatori vemibato, vanoita mufariro yavo vamene. Uyu murangariro unokarakadza kuti mapoka ezvifaro anoshandisa muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika kuwana "vatsigiri" – betsero chaidzo idzo dzisingawaniki kupfurikidza namakwikwi akasununguka. Nyanzvi dzevoruzhinji dzinosimbisa chinoitika che "kunyoresa," apo vatsigiri vemitengo vanovhotera kuti vawane tsigiro yezvirongwa zvechinzvimbo chinopfumisa, kuchitungamirira kukundikanosa nhevedzano yemitengo.

Kuongorora Mapoka Anofarira Kuvhiringidza Muitiro

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo kunoratidza kuti boka rinofarira rinoita sei kuti pave nokutengeswa kwezvinhu munyika.

National Rifle Association (NRA)

NRA nderimwe ramapoka ane simba zvikurusa ekodzero dzechimbichimbi munhau yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokupinda kukuru, mipiro, uye mitezo inosundwa zvikuru, yakavhara nokubudirira kana kuti kuneta zviteshi zvepfuti pashure pokupfura kwose. Pesvedzero yeNRA yaita kuti pave nokuchinja kusingaperi pakati pekodzero dzeChipiri nekotsekano yavose. Pashure pokupfurwa kweChiuru cha2018 Parkland, sangano rakatarisana nenyongano yemukati nendyiko inoderera, asi simba raro refu pamuitiro wepfuti pfuti rinoramba rakajeka. Kubudirira kweboka mukuchengeta kuwanikwa kwepfuti kwadzo yakaparira kukwira kwepfuti kwepfuti, bva ganhuriro ipi neipi inotarisana nezvipingamupingamupingamupinyi zvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhungamiro Yezvokudzivirira Zvakatipoteredza (EDF)

EDF inoita mutoo unosimudzirwa kushambadza mhoteredzo, kazhinji kazhinji inoshanda pamwe namasangano uye gadziriro dzinotsigira zvinobudisa zvinobudiswa. Pesvedzero yayo yakabetsera kuumba 1990 Clean Air Act negadziriro yezvemamiriro okunze. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kupfurikidza nokushanda mukati megadziriro, EDF yakagamuchira kubvumiranisa kunonoka kukuru mukubudisa tsvina. Kushanda kuri pakati pokusvika fambiro mberi yemwero nokuchengeta kuvimbika kumanikidzira nokuda kwechinjo huru zvikuru. Nzira yeEDF'i inoratidza kuti mapoka anofanira kutungamirira sei kunyandukanduka pakati pevadzi vanogona kuumba mitemo nevo vokunze vanogona kuraira chiito.

AARP (American Association of the Reads)

AARP isangano guru ravadzidzi iro rinotsigira nokuda kwevakura veAmerica, zvikurukuru paSocial Security and Medicare. Simba raro rokupesvedzera rave richibetsera mukuchengetedza betsero kunyange sezvo chiverengero chavagari vemo chamakore nemari yechapupu zvinotarisana munyunguduka. Pesvetika iri pakati pokudzivirira vapukunyuki vazvino uno nokuvimbisa kutsigirwa kwenguva refu kwepurogiramu. AARP pane dzimwe nguva yakashora chinjo idzo dzingakuvadza betsero dzenguva yemberi, kuchikuita kwakaoma mune zvematongerwe enyika kupedza purofiti yemasero emapurogiramu. Pessocial tration yemation yemistructions.

Bhizimisi Remishonga

Gadhi remishonga, rinomirirwa namapoka akadai sePRMA, rinopedza mazana amamirioni gore negore pakugamuchira nokutsigira mipiro yenhimbe. Pesvedzero yaro yakabatanidzwa nemitengo yakakwirira yemirimo, simba rakaganhurirwa rehurumende, uye dziviriro dzinopa mikana inopa mikana. Kutengesera kuri pakati pekuvamba kwepamberi (kupfurikidza nemhindu huru) uye kuvimbisa kusvika kusingasviki kumitengo yemishonga. Muna 2022, Indaclation Reduction Act yakabatanidza mitengo yemirimo yemikoro yakaganhurirwa, asi kutonga kwenguva refu kweindasi yemibato yemishonga yesimba kunoratidza kuti kwakaoma sei kukunda chishoro chikuru. Bheswo yokutengeserana inoramba kurukurirano yezvoutano.

Mabasa Evadzidzi Nevadzidzisi

Kunzwisisa pesvedzero yamapoka efariro kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi venhau, sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vagari vemo.

  • Kumbira vadzidzi kunzvera boka refariro rechisarudzo chavo, vachinzvera nharidzano dzavo, mitoo, uye simba remiitiro. Kuda kuti vaone zvisaririra zvinoparirwa nedzidziso yeboka iroro.
  • Gakava rakarongeka pamusoro pemisoro yakadai serokuti "Ko mapoka anofarira anowedzera kana kuti anosekesa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu here? kana kuti "Kupesvedzera kunofanira kuganhurirwa? Kurudzira vadzidzi kushandisa ufakazi munzvero.
  • Shandisa mibato yokuenzanisira uko vadzidzi vanoita basa sevamiriri veboka, vatsigiri, vaiti vemitemo, uye vatori venhau kuti vazvionere vamene kuwirirana uye kutengesa.
  • Kokera vakurukuri vaenzi vanobva kumasangano evaadican (kana kuti mirangariro inopesana) kuti vakurukure basa ravo ndokupindura mibvunzo yavadzidzi.
  • Gadzirisa zviitiko zviri kuitika, uchikumbira vadzidzi kuti vatsvake mutemo ndokuziva kuti mapoka api ari kutsigira kana kuti ari kuarwisa.
  • Kurukurai nezvemari mune zvematongerwe enyika nokuongorora mashoko emari anobva kumanyuko asiri echechi akaita seOpensecrets.

Kufunga kunodenha kukurusa: vadzidzi vanofanira kudzidza kubvunza kuti ndiani anobetserwa nomuitiro wakapiwa, ane manzwi anowedzerwa, uye ane kuderedzwa.

mhedziso

Pesvedzero yamapoka efariro pamiitiro yavose yokusasarura hakuna kunaka nenzira yomuzvarirwo kana kuti yakaipa; rutivi rukuru rwekudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yazvino uno. Mapoka anogovera mufananidzo nokuda kwemirangariro yakasiana - siana, anopa mashoko anokosha kuvagadziri vemiitiro, uye anogonesa kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Bva ivo vanoisawo kusaenzana kwemipimo, vanoshatisa zvinhu zvokutanga, uye vanoedza ganhuriro yekuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kuziva aya mativi maviri anobvumira vadzidzi navadzidzisi kuswedera kunhau yacho nervolution. Chinokosha hachisi kubvisa mapoka ezvisaruvarango – nharidzano isingabviri, inova pachena, uye kuvimbisa fariro huru. Sezvinzwisa iri inhano yokutanga kukuita kuvakaita mapoka ose ari maviri uye vaiti vemiitiro vanozvidavirira nokuda kwezvokutengeserana.