Masangano enzanga akashanda kwenguva refu sesimba guru mukuumba zvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika mupasi rose, uye Japan muenzaniso unogombedzera weichi chinhu. Kuvambira parugare rwapashure pehondo kusvikira kukuita chiito kwemhoteredzo kwapanguva ino, masangano ouswa akadzvinyirira amanikidzazve mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika kugadziridza materu avo, kurongazve zvinhu, uye kugamuchira pfungwa itsva dzemiitiro. Kunzwisisa kuti masangano aya anoshandura sei murangariro wavose muchinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika inowirirana nehurumende zvinopa nzwisiso inokosha muhurumende yeJapan inodzora hurumende nekurukurirano inopfuurira pakati penzanga nehurumende.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare Emasangano Enzanga muJapan

Nhau yazvino uno yemasangano enzanga yeJapan inogona kurondwa kusvikira kumugumo wezana ramakore rechi 19 napakuvamba kwerechi20, nokukura kwomubatanidzwa wavashandi, kutsutsumwa kwapapurazi, uye nhimbe dzavakadzi dzinoshatisa.

Gadziriro Yapashure Pehondo: Rugare Nehurumende Inosarudzwa navanhu

Ma1950 na 1960 vakawana kutsutsumwa kukuru mukurwisana neJapan Security Treaty (inozivikanwa sechiNgezi yeAmpo), iyo yakaunganidza vadzidzi, vashandi, uye vakangwara. Uku kutsutsumwa kwakagombedzera kurega kwoMutungamiriri weHurumende Nobhuke Kishi ndokuratidzira simba rokuunganidza vanhu vazhinji kuti vatsigire mutemo wenyika. Vasangano vaAmpo vakabatsirawo kusimbisa kuzivikanwa kweJapan Socialist Party sesimba guru rinoshora kutera kutera uye kurwisa kurwisana nehondo.

Panhambo nenhambo, Japan Communist Party (JCP) yakasimbisa batano dzayo kumubatanidzwa webasa namapoka orugare, nzvimbo dzinodzivisa nyukireya nehondo munzvimbo dzayo huru. Chimiro chechitsinhano chenguva dzose paidzi nhau chakaipa chizivikanwo chakasiana icho chakabatanidza navatsigiri nguva refu pashure pokunge chibvumirano chasainwa.

Masangano Emhoteredzo Nevezvokutengeserana Muma 1970

Wedzero yapakarepo yezvemari muma 1960 na 1970 yakaparira kushatiswa kwakakomba kwemhoteredzo, kuchinyandura fungu remhosva dzavagari vemo dzinopomerwa nokuramba. Zviitiko zvinozivikanwa zvakadai sechepfu yeMinamata yetsvikyria, Yokkaichi asima inobva mumiti yepetrochical, uye hosha yeItai-i kubva kushatiso yechaunga chakakomba yakamanikidzira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo namasangano amarudzi kuti vagamuchire mitemo yemhoteredzo yakasimba. Masangano anoshora akadai seJCP neJapan Socialist Party −champion akabudisa izvi zvikonzero, apo Riberal Democratic Party Party (LDP) inotonga yakapfuudzirwa kupfuudzira mitemo yemhoteredzo mukuvamba kwa1970.

Mutengi akabudawo, achienzanisirwa nesangano ravatengi richitungamirirwa namapoka akadai seShuferen (Waterwers’s Association), iro rakadzvinyirira vanhu kuti vataure kuchengeteka kwezvigadzirwa negadziriro dzemitengo. Nguva ino yakasimbisa batano pakati pemibato yemibato yemibato yemibato yemibato yemiitiro yezvikwepa.

Ma 1980 Nama 1990: Misangano Mitsva Yenzanga

Pakasvika ma 1980, Japan yakaona kumuka kwe “masangano matsva enzanga” akavakirwa pahuenzani hwevatano, maruramiro oungochani, uye kuzivikanwa kwenharaunda. The Aumential Obrocportive Law (yakadzokororwa muna 1985, yakadzokororwa muna 1997) wakanga uri muuyo wakananga wokupesvedzera kwaiitwa namapoka avakadzi uye ruzivo rwezvamatongerwe enyika rwuri kuwedzera pakati pavavhoti vechikadzi. Zvibvumirano zvakatanga kubatanidza zvirongwa zvemiitiro yavakadzi kwete senhauwo zvadzo asi senzvimbo yechisarudzo chapamutemo.

Kuputsika kwemari mukuvamba kwama1990 uye kuumbwa kwapashure kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwamapati matsva akadai seNew Party Harbinger neDemocratic Party yeJapan (DPJ). aya mapoka aiwanzokumbira kurukurirano nemitemo zvakabva kumasangano enzanga, kubatanidza ayo akanangidzirwa pagarikano, kukanda zvombo zvenyukireya pasi, uye kutsigirwa kwemhoteredzo.

Michina Yepesvedzero: Kuchinja Kunoita Masangano Enzanga Paboka

Masangano enzanga anopesvedzera zvikamu zvemabato ezvamatongerwe enyika eJapan kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka yakabatana:

Kuramba uye Chiito Chakananga

Mitambo yevakawanda, kurova, uye kugarisa zvinoparira pfungwa yokukurumidzira nokuoneka kwevanhu vose izvo vanhu vasingagoni kufuratira.

Mafungiro Ezvinobudisa Nhau Neevanhu

Vatambi vanogadzira zvose zviri zviviri zvinobudisa nhau zvegamuchidzanwa (manyuzipepa egamuchidzanwa), terevhizheni, terevhizheni nemunzanga kuumba hurukuro yavose. Zvikamu zvakafanana ne Twitter neMVURA zvinobvumira kufamba kupfuudza zvinogadzirwa uye kuisa nhau munzira idzo dzinomanikidza vanhu kupindura. Kupararira kunokurumidza kwe #MeToo muJapan (2018 zvichienda mberi) muenzaniso mukuru, kunotungamirira kuhwirudzuro yokutanga huru yemitemo yevatano mumakumi amakore uye kukwidziridza mativi adzo kuti abatanidze masimba masimba masimba evatano muvatambi.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nekuchinja Kwepfungwa

Masangano akawanda enzanga anoronga vatungamiriri vevhoti, vanorumbidza, kana kuti kunyange vamiririri vavo vamene. Somuenzaniso, sangano rinorwisana nenyukireya rakatsigira vanhu vanozvimirira navaduku vanoda kutora basa muna 2012 na2014, achisunda LDP kupfavisa kutaura kwayo kwenyukireya. Nenzira yakafanana, boka remhoteredzo Greence Japan [ rakaitisa nzvero dzinopesvedzera idzo dzinopesvedzera madzinza omunzvimbomo.

Mikoto Yamasangano Nemanete Emitemo

Mamwe masangano anovamba ukama hwakarongwa namapati kupfurikidza namasangano edare, kunzvera kwemiitiro, kana kuti masangano okunzvera. Japan Trade Union Confederation ( Rengo), chipfuro chikurusa chebasa renyika, chakabatira kwenguva refu sechinhu chikuru nokuda kweDemocraticment Party yeJapan, inoumba garikano nemitemo yebasa. Environmental NGOs dzakabatirawo pamwe neDPJ uye gare gare gare CDP kuvandudza zvipfuvanwa zvesimba zvinoiswa mugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yeIndaneti reJapan.

Kuongorora Zvakaitika Nezvemagariro Evanhu

Kufamba Kwenyukireya Pashure peFukushima

Njodzi yenyukireya yaMarch 2011 Fukushima Daiichi yakanga iri nguva yakadzorwa nezvamatongerwe enyika zveJapan. Pamberi petsaona, Japan yakawana inenge 30% yemagetsi ayo kubva kusimba renyukireya, neLDP nevokushandira pamwe vayo vakasungirwa zvakasimba ku “musha wenyukiliya.” Njodzi yacho yakaparira kutsutsutsumwa kukuru kwenzanga kubvira pa 1960s Anto. Vhiki nevhiki kunze kwenzvimbo yokugara yegurukota guru rakakwezva mapoka avane 50 000 kusvikira ku10 000 kubva muna 2011 kusvika muna 2012.

Muna 2012 vhota renyukireya, LDZO Abe yakatanga kuitirwa nhimbe neJapan Reconsoletion Party asi yakagadziridzwa nokuvimbisa kudzokororwa kwemipimo yekotsekano. Panguva ino, DPJ, iyo yakanga yave iri musimba mukati menjodzi, yakasungirwa ku “dendering pernucro" yakada kuparadzwa na2030. Japan Resorence Party neYour Party yakawanawo mapuranga anorwisa nyukireya. Kunyange zvazvo LDP yakawana kuvhota, chikuva chebato chakatendeuka kuti chibatanidze dhiro pazvinogadzirwa zvitsva uye kuzvipira kuderedza zvishoma nezvishoma kutsamira pazvokugadzirwa kwenyukireya.

Hurumende dzinotevera pasi peAbe dzinodzorwa nenyukireya, uye chishoro chavose chakaramba chakakwirira. Pakasvika 2018, kunyange LDP yakamanikidzirwa kugamuchira chipfuro chesimba renyukireya 20-22% pakasvika 2030, yakaderera zvikuru kupfuura nharidzano dzapamberi peFukushima. Sangano rinodzivisa nyukireya rakaratidzira kuti chishandiso chinooneka chinogona kuchinja nzvimbo yose yemagetsi.

Boka Ravakadzi Rekodzero Nekuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Urudzi

Musangano weJapan wekuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi une midzi yakadzika midzi, asi wakawana simba idzva muma2010. # Me Too, pamwe chete nemhosva dzomumba dzakadai seShiori Ito hombe (mutori wenhau akapomera pachena mutori wenhau akakurumbira wokubatwa chibharo), akamanikidza vanhu kuti vataure nezvechisimba chevatano uye kunetsa pabasa. Mumhinduro, chirango cheLDP chakapfuudza mutemo wakagadziridzwa wokubata chibharo muna 2017 wakawedzera rondedzero yokudenha mune zvevatano, kunyange zvazvo vatsigiri vakaishora pachena sechisina kukwana.

Mapoka avakadzi akatsigirawo zvikuru “masangano avanhukadzi” muudzori hwechinzvimbo muhurumende yeAbe, yaitsvaka kuwedzera kutora rutivi rwavashandi vechikadzi. Nepo muitiro wacho wakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokusarangarira kusaenzana kwezvivako, kunyange zvakadaro kukwidziridza kuva mutezo wevatano senhau huru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvose zviri zviviri LDP neCDP zvino kubatanidza mativi ane udzame oukwaniriso mukuva varume muzvikuva zvavo, kufukidza nzvimbo dzakadai sokubhadhara wirirano yavabereki, uye mitoro yavane chokuita nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Muuyo unooneka zvikurusa iwedzero yapashoma napashoma mumireza yavakadzi muDiet. Mujambwa ra 2021 ravose, chinyorwa chavakadzi 186 vakawina zvigaro (inenge 18% yemaMP) ose), murutivi nemhaka yechiito chechimubato nenhimbe dzedzidzo dzezvokuvhota dzakaitwa namapoka akadai se Network yavakadzi yeChinjo[.

Kuchinja Kwezvakatipoteredza Nemamiriro Okunze

Kushanda kwemhoteredzo kweJapan kwakabva mukurwisana kwomunzvimbomo kusvikira kusangano reruramisiro rakafara zvikuru. Yakafuridzirwa neGreta Thunberg yechikoro, pwere dzeJapan dzakaronga maChishanu nokuda kwePfume Japan muna 2019, dzichikwevera zviuru zvavadzidzi kumienzaniso muTokyo namamwe maguta.

Muna 2020, CDP yakanga ichangobva kuumbwa yakabatanidza nharidzano yokusvika paibudiswa vhaisi yamambure panosvika 2040, inopfuura chipfuro cha2050. LDP yakapindura kupfurikidza nokusimbisa gadziriro yayo imene yemamiriro okunze, ichizivisa kuderera kwe 46% ne2030 kubva pamwero ya2013 (inosimbisa inokosha kubva padariro rakapfuura 26%. Kuchinja kwacho kwakadzorwa zvikurukuru nedzvinyiriro yamarudzi ose nechiito chemhuri, namasangano epwere anoda chiito chemasimba masimba mukati memibato yesarudzo.

Masangano omunzvimbomo anoitawo basa. Kusataura kuChenjero kwakashora kuvakwa kwenzvimbo itsva dzesimba remarasha, kuchipesvedzera CDP kubatanidza kurambidzwa kwemiti mitsva yemarasha muchivanze chayo. LDP, nepo isingadavi, yakamanikidzirwa kubvuma chishoro kupfurikidza nokunonoka mvumo neyamutsidzira inowedzera simba.

Basa Nemasangano Anotanga Kushanda

Kumuka kwebasa risiri renguva dzose nerapanhambo nenhambo (inonzi “masuo” na“vashandi vasingashandi vamaoresa”) kwakanyandura fungu idzva rebasa kuvambira muma 1990 zvichienda mberi. Masangano akafanana ne Unionts of Freeters[ uye Geomly Union [ yakarwira mari yakaenzana, chengeteko yebasa, uye kodzero dzomubatanidzwa. Masangano aya akapesvedzera mapoka paruboshwe, zvikurukuru CDP naJCP, kuti agadziridze mutemo webasa muzvikuva zvavo.

Muna 2018, hurumende yeJapan yakaisa mutemo webasa wokuchinja waidzora maawa okuwedzera ndokuraira muripo wakaenzana nokuda kwebasa rakaenzana(panongedzerwa navanonyandura vashandi. nepo mutemo wakanga une mhosho, kupfuudza kwawo kwakaratidzira budiriro huru nokuda kwesangano racho. CDP neJCP inopfuurira kutsigira dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru, nguva dzose vachidudza zvinodikanwa zvesangano mumiitiro yavo.

Okinawa Base Prostats

Kwamakumi amakore, vagari veOkinawa vakashora kuvapo kukuru kwehondo yeU.S. pachitsuwa chavo, vachiraira kuvharwa kweMarine Corps Air Station Futenma uye kuderedzwa kwoutsotsi hwakavakirwa pachinhu chimwe neruzha. Uku kunyunyuta kwave kuri nhau inopfuurira mune zvamatongerwe enyika zveJapan. Vanhu veOkina’Foa Congress [[FLT: 1] vakapesvedzera JCP neCDP kutora maplatifomu akasimba anorwisana nepasi pevhu, vachidana kugadziridzwa kweMato aMato aMato aMarikerwe eU.S-Japani

LDP inowanzotsigira mubatanidzwa neU.S. asi yakaita bvumirano pagadziriro yemhoteredzo noruzha, uye yakabvuma gadziridzo duku mukushanda kwapasi.dzvinyiriro inotsigirwa nesangano racho inovimbisa kuti Okinawa inoramba iri nhau yakatanhamara mukusarudza kwenyika, namapati achipa mwero wakasiana - siana yechinzwano nezvinodikanwa nemutongi.

Masangano Neboka Zvinogamuchira

LGBTQ+ Kodzero

LGBTQ yeJapan yakaita fambiro mberi huru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Pasinei zvapo nokushaikwa kwemitemo yeroorano yorudzi, mirau yevatano yakafanana yakapararira kuinopfuura 100 vagari vemo. Musangano wakawana simba muna 2021 apo dare reSapporo rakasarudza kuti kuramba roorano imwe cheteyo kwakanga kusiri kwechibvumirano. Mumhinduro, CDP yakabatanidza zvakajeka kuenzana kweroorano muchikuva charo charo nokuda kwehrusarudzo 2021. VCP inorambawo ichiitsigira. LDP inoramba yakakamukana, nomutemo wemapoka anopikisa, asi vatungamiriri vakuru vakavamba kubvuma nhau yacho. Kupfuurira kwevatano nezivikanwa kwevatano kwakaita kuti nhau huru yezvamatongerwe enyika irege kufuratira chose.

Upenyu Hwevatema Hunokosha muJapan

Black Live Matter yakaitwa kuti ifadze muna 2020 muJapan, zvikurukuru nemhaka yezvinoitika zverusaruro rwamapurisa muvokune dzimwe nyika uye vanhu vedzinza rimwe. Vashingairi veJapan vakaronga kuratidzira kwebatira pamwe muTokyo, Osaka, uye mamwe maguta. Izvi zvakamanikidzira mapoka kukurukura rusaruro rwedzinza mumapuratifomu avo kwenguva yokutanga. CDP naJCP zvino zvino kubatanidza zvikamu zvinoshora kuratidzira nokutsigira mitemo inorwisana norusaruro. LDP yave isingagamuchiriki zvikuru asi yakatanga dare kuhwirudzura miitiro yetsika.

Kuita Njodzi Nokuzvipira Kwomubatanidzwa

Zvakaitika kuJapan nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga − 1995 kudengenyeka kwenyika kweKobe, kudengenyeka kwenyika kukuru kweMabvazuva eJapan kwa1920, uye madutu akatevera zvakasimudzira sangano rakasimba rokuzvidira. Mapoka aya akatsvaka kugadzirira zviri nani njodzi, kutsigira utano, uye mari yokuvakazve. Zvikwata zvakabvuma nokubatanidza mitemo yokutarisira njodzi muzvikuva zvavo, neCDP ichisimbisa kuita njodzi kwakavakirwa panzanga uye LDP inoramba ichisimbisa kugadziridza kwezviwirira.

mhedziso

Masangano enzanga muJapan akaumba nguva dzose zvikamu zvemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, achiratidzira kubatanidzwa kukuru pakati penzanga yevagari vemo nezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvambira pamubato worugare wapashure pehondo kusvikira kugadziriro yemamiriro okunze azvino uno, dzvinyiriro youswa yakamanikidzira vanhu kumanikidza mativi (zvose zviri zviviri kutonga nechishoro) kugadziridza purogiramu yavo yetsika, kutaura, uye zvirongwa zvokusarudza. Nepo LDP yakawanzodzivisa kugamuchirwa kwakazara kwezvikumbiro zvesangano, yakaratidza simba rokugamuchira nokushandisa chinjo dzine mativi akakwana apo murangariro wavose unova mukuru. Mapati anoshora, anoreva, zvinotsamira pakufamba kuti azvisiyanise uye kukarakadza zvimwe zvinotsiva zvinofambira mberi.

Sezvo Japan ichitarisana nedenho itsva — kuwanda kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, chinjo yomugariro wokunze, kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kusaenzana kwenzanga nenzanga kucharamba kuchikosha.Vashandisi vemitemo vachapfuurira kushandisa kunyunyuta, zvinobudisa nhau, uye sarudzo kukurudzira chinjo, uye mapati achapfuurira kugadziridza zvikuva zvavo kuti vachengetedze maruramiro negadziriro yemitemo. Kunzwisisa iyi idikanwo inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti democracy inochinja sei mune rumwe rudzi rwamarudzi anonyanyopesvedzera eAsia.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro petapuro yamasangano enzanga pamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika eJapan, ona kunzverwa kwenyanzvi kwakadai se Patricia Steinhoff basa pamusoro penhambo dzokuramba kutendeka [ uye kushuma kuchangobva kubuda kubva Times yeJapan pamusoro pechiito chinopfuurira [ ne [[FLT]] Diploot yemists action yemistut .