Masangano ehurumende ane chiremera chikuru mukuumba chinjo yeruramisiro yematsotsi nemitemo yemapurisa muUnited States. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinosarudza kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inogadziridzwa, kana kuti inodzorwa, inopesvedzera zvakananga kushanda kwegadziriro dzeruramisiro nekotsekano yenzanga. Kubva pakugadza nhungamiro dzokuranga mufambiro wamapurisa, vaiti vemitemo voruwa vanoita savatyairi vakuru vechinjo mutsika inotapura mamirioni avanhu gore rimwe nerimwe. Nyaya inonzvera nzira idzo hurumende inopesvedzera nadzo ruramisiro youtsotsi, mitemo yakananga yavakaisa, uye mirangariro mikuru yebasa ravo.

Basa Remitemo yeHurumende Mururamisiro Yeutsotsi

Masangano ehurumende ane mutoro wokugadzira nokupa mitemo inodzora mufambiro woutsotsi, miitiro yokuchengeta mutemo, uye kururamisa. Chiremera ichi chinotambanudzira kukusikwa kwemhosva itsva, kugadziridzwa kwezvirango zviripo, uye kugoverwa kwemari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzinobatanidzwa neruramisiro. Kusafanana nehurumende yehurumende, iyo inokurukura mhosva dzehurumende, matare ehurumende ane simba pamusoro pemhosva huru dzeutsotsi muUnited States, kubatanidza utsotsi hwamasimba masimba, utsotsi hwezvinhu, uye mhaka dzemirimo.

Mitemo inewo simba rokushandisa chinjo dzakarongerwa kuderedza mwero yokupfiga, kukurukura misiyano yedzinza, uye kusimudzira mapurisa omunzanga. Uku kudzora kunoreva kuti zvisarudzo zvetsika dzehurumende zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yekare uye inosvika kure panzanga dzomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, mutezo wehurumende unogona kusarudza kubvisa mbanje, kutanga gadziriro yokuchinja kwemabhero, kana kuti kuraira kutarisirwa kwemapatomita emapurisa (apoka) pasina kumirira chiito chehurumende.

Gadziriro Dzomutemo Negadziriro Dzemakomiti

Gadziriro yomutemo yokugadziridza ruramisiro yamatsotsi inovamba zvikurukuru nokusumwa kwegweta nemutevedzeri wehurumende kana kuti mumiriri. Mutemo wacho ipapo unonongedzerwa kudare rimwe kana kuti akawanda ayo anotarisira ruramisiro youtsotsi, zvakadai seDare reSangano reSangano rePublic, kana kuti Dare reSangano rePuciation. Matare aya ane mhaka apo vaiti vemitemo, nyanzvi, vatsigiri, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanopa ufakazi. Mufungo wavose, mifungo yokunzvera, uye nhamburiko dzinopesvedzera zvikuru zvinopesvedzera zvechibvumirano mukati mechikamu ichi.

Matare anogona kupedzisa, kutenderwa, kana kuti kuuraya zvikwereti zvisati zvasvika mukamuri rakazara nokuda kwokuvhota. Mune dzimwe nyika, chikamu chedare ndechokuchinja kwokuwedzera kuchinja mativi okutonga kana kuti kuwedzera mari yepurogiramu dzekamera dzeboka ramapurisa. Pashure pokupfuudza dare, mutengi unoenda pauriri hwekamuri rakabva kuti uitwe nokuda kwekurukurirano uye vhoti. Kana ukapfuudzira, unoenda kune imwe kamuri, apo muitiro unodzokorokorokoroka. Kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, misiyano iri pakati pezvikamu zviviri inopedzwa mudare redare redare redare rekomhonga shanduro yokupedzisira isati yatumirwa kuna gavhuna kuti ishane.

Kupesvedzera Kwemapoka Okudzidzisa uye Kutsvakurudza

Masangano ezveumbavha akadai seAmerican Civil Liberaties Union, Vera Institute of Justice, uye Brennan Center yeRuramisiro anoita basa guru mukuumba mutemo wehurumende. Mapoka aya anogovera zvikwereti zvomuenzaniso, mishumo yokunzvera, uye chipupuriro zvinozivisa vagadziri vomutemo. Somuenzaniso, Brennan Center [ yakabudisa mashoko makuru pamusoro pokuderedza miganhu yetorongo uye kubvisa mitongo miduku inomanikidzirwa, iyo yakashandiswa namatare ehurumende akawanda kugadziridza zvikwereti.

Nzvero yezvokunzvera inopesvedzerawo muitiro. Nzvero pamusoro pekubudirira kwokuchengetwa kusati kwatongwa, tapuro yemitongo mirefu pakutsiva, uye kunzvera ndyiko dzezvitsinhano zvokusungwa nokutsiva dzinodudzwa nguva dzose mukati mekutonga kwemitemo. Vaiti vemitemo vanowedzera kutsamira pakuitwa kwemitemo yakavakirwa paufakazi, zvikurukuru munyika nehofisi dzemitemo dzakasanosainwa.

Kuumba Kunoita Mitemo yeHurumende Patsika

Hurumende dzinodzora zvakananga mitemo yemapurisa kupfurikidza nemitemo inodzora mufambiro wokuchengeta mutemo, kutsigira mari, uye kuzvidavirira.

Kushandiswa Kwomutemo Wemauto

Imwe yenzvimbo dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa idzoro rokushandisa kwamapurisa. Pashure pezvinoitika zvakakwirira zvesimba rinouraya, nyika dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo inoganhurira migariro umo vakuru vakuru vanogona kushandisa simba rinouraya. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinoda zvino vakuru vakuru kudzima mitoo yose ndokushandisa unyanzvi hwokubvisa zvisakafanira pamberi pokushandisa simba. Mimwe yakarambidza zviteshi zvinovharwa uye zvibvumikiso zvokuroverera. Iyi mitemo inowanzovakirwa kuwirirana nemipimo yorudzi, seiyo inorevererwa ne [[FLT: 0] National Conference of Legistration of State .

Mitemo inotemawo miuyo yapamutemo nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vanoputsa mitemo inomanikidzira. Mudzimwe nyika, gweta gurusa rinogona kupomera vakuru vakuru nokuda kwesimba rakanyanyisa, nepo dzimwe nyika dzakagadzira mapuranga ehwirudzuro azvimirira ane simba duku. Kusiana muiyi mirau kunoratidzira misiano muzvokutanga zvamatongerwe enyika nesimba remibatanidzwa yamapurisa munharaunda dzakasiana - siana.

Kamera Yomuviri Nekuratidzira

Imwe nharaunda yepesvedzero yemitemo chinodikanwa kuti mapurisa apfeke makamera. Mitemo yakawanda yakagadza mitemo inogadza kushandiswa kwemakamera omuviri, pamwe chete nemirau nokuda kweanofanira kutendeutswa, kuti tsoka dzinochengetwa sei, uye apo inogona kusunungurwa kuvanhu. Iyi mitemo inovavarira kuwedzera kujeka nokuzvidavirira, asi inomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pezvakavanzika uye ndyiko yokushandisa. Dzimwe matare okugadza mitemo akabatanidza gadziriro dzemari kubetsera kubetsera mahofisi emapurisa omunzvimbomo kutenga mabharakitari nokuchengeta chengeteko mashoko.

Kushandisa Mari Nepfuma

Masangano ehurumende anodzora mabhajeti ezvirongwa zvemapurisa ehurumende uye kazhinji kazhinji anogovera mari yemari kana kuti nzira dzokushandisa nokuda kwokuchengeta mutemo womunzvimbomo. Kupfurikidza nokugadziridza mwero yemari, vagadzi vemitemo vanogona kuita miitiro yakati. Somuenzaniso, masangano angagovera mari yokuwedzera kumadhipatimendi ayo anogamuchira mipimo inobvumirwa, gadziriro dzemapurisa dzenzanga, kana kuti kutora rutivi mukurovedza ndangariro yenjodzi.

Michina Yokutarisira uye Yokuzvidavirira

Mitemo inogona kugadzira kana kuti kupa simba matare anotarisira akadai semapuranga ehwirudzuro avanhuwo zvavo, mahofisi emapurisa, kana kuti vaongorori venzvimbo yehurumende. Masangano aya anogona kunzvera zvichemo, nhau dzetsoro, uye kurumbidza zviito zvokuranga. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inorambidza vakuru vakuru venhau dzetsika dzakaipa kuendesa pakati pamasangano pasina kuzivisa (*a mutezo unozivikanwa sedecrectives kana kuti vaovhasi vamakurukota.)

Mienzaniso Yakanyanya Kunaka Yokupesvedzera Vane Mitemo

Mienzaniso inotevera inoratidzira tapuro chaiyoiyo yenyika yechiito chomutemo chehurumende pakugadziridzwa kweruramisiro youtsotsi nemapurisa. Nharaunda imwe neimwe inoratidza kuti vaiti vemitemo yehurumende vakashandisa sei chiremera chavo kuparira chinjo.

Kupunza Utsotsi Nokuita Kuti Mirimo Ive Yapamutemo

Mumakore gumi apfuura, mizhinji yehurumende yakaderedza zvirango nokuda kwokuva nembanje mishomanene, uye yakawanda yakanyoreswa pamutemo kushandiswa kwenhandaro. Iyi chinjo yomutemo yakaderedza zvikuru kusungwa kunowirirana nembanje, uko kwakatapura zvikuru nzanga shomanene. Mukuwirirana nemashoko anobva ku Vatera Institute of Justice, inotaura kuti kubviswa kwechibharo kana kuti kubvumirwa kwapamutemo mbanje yakawana kuderera kukuru mukusunga mirimo yose, kuchisunungura mibato yemitemo nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba zvikuru.

Kupfuura mbanje, dzimwe nyika dzakaderedzawo zvirango nokuda kwezvimwe utsotsi hwemirimo, zvakadai sokuva nezvitsama zviduku zveheroin kana kuti cocaine, kuchichinja kusvika kumitoo yokurapa yakananga. Zvisinei, nhanho yokuchinja inosiyana zvikuru, nedzimwe nyika dzichichengeta mitongo miduku inosungirwa yokutengesa mirimo.

Kamera Yomuviri Inotungidzwa

Pashure porufu rwaMichael Brown muForguson, Missouri, muna 2014, masangano ehurumende munyika yose akatanga mabhiri aida kuti vakuru vakuru vemapurisa vapfeke makamera. Pakazosvika 2023, nyika dzinopfuura 40 dzakanga dzaita kuti mitemo yekamera ive yakarongwa. Mitemo iyi inoda kuti pave nemitemo inoda kuti kamera dzishandiswe, itange marusando okudzokororwa, uye kuti zvirekodha zviwanwe kuvanhu vose mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita saColorado neConnecticut, dzawedzera kutoda kuti chigadziko chekamera chemuviri chigamuteko chiteshi chezvigaro chenguva yakati kuti chitsaruso chitsarudzei chinenge chakuva chakakuvarati chakakomba kana kuti rufu.

Kutongera Kuchinja Zvinhu

Kutsinhanisa kutsinhana kwave kuri kunyanyonangidzirwa kumisangano yehurumende. Mitemo mizhinji yakaderedza kana kuti yakaderedza mitongo miduku yapamutemo nokuda kwemhosva dzisina masimba masimba, yakakudza kuganhurirwa nokuda kwekusunungurwa, uye yakawedzera kushandiswa kwokumwe kupiwa mutongo sematare emirimo nematare outano hwendangariro. Somuenzaniso, Purocence 47 yeCalifornia (yakaitwa nemuvhoti asi yaigamuchirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nevanogadza mitemo) inodzorwazve zvinhu zvakati nezvinodhaka sezvishatiso, zvichitungamirira kukuderera kukuru munzvero yavagari vetorongo vehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, Louisiana naMissippie vakapfudza mitemo kupfupikisa mitongo mirevo mirevo mirevo mirefu nokuda kwemhosva yemirimo nemhosva yezvinhu.

Table: Mienzaniso yeKunzwa Reforms kuMasimba eHurumende]

Note: Tafura inotevera inoratidzwa mumanyorero emashoko kujeka. Zvinhu zvakakomba zvinoratidza zviito zvinokosha zvemitemo.

  • [[FOL:0] California: Kubviswa kwezvinodikanwa nokuda kwokuva nemirimo yakawanda inopara mhosva (2015).
  • New York : Yakaderedza mitemo yemirimo yeRockefeller, kuchideredza zvirango nokuda kwemhosva dzemirimo dzedanho rakaderera (2009).
  • [[FLT: 0] : purogiramu dzechitsaudzo dzinoshandiswa nokuda kwavapari vemhosva vanorwara mundangariro, kuchideredza zviverengero zvavagari vemo vetorongo (2017).
  • Oklama: Kupfuura kushandura kwaidzosera mberi uko kwakasunungura mazana avasungwa (209).

Kushandiswa Kwesimba Nemitemo Yokuzvidavirira

Mukurangarira kupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd, matare mazhinji ehurumende akaisa mitemo inoganhura kushandiswa kwamapurisa. Minnesota, uko Floyd akaurawa, akagadza chirambidzo panzvimbo dzinodziviswa uye vakuru vakuru vaidikanwa kupindira kana shamwari ikashandisa simba rakawandisa. Dzimwe nyika, kubatanidza New York neWashington, dzakarambidza kunzvera kwechibvumirano chekunzvera uye dzakaraira kushandiswa kwemakhamera mubatano yose yavose. Vamwe vagamuchindiro vakaparirawo kunzvera kwokuzvimirira kwenzufu dzamapurisa dzinobatanidzwa, vachibvisa mutoro kuvachuchingiridzi vomunzvimbomo avo vanowanzoshanda namapurisa.

Kuchinja Zvinhu

Kugadziridzwa kwemitongo yapamberi pemhosva yave iri imwe nharaunda inokosha yebasa remitemo. Nyika dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza New Jersey, California, uye New York, dzakaderedza gadziriro dzadzo dzebheyili kuti dzideredze kuvimba nebheyili yemari nokuda kwavakwiridzi vasina masimba masimba. Mabhegi 2017 okuchinja mari akatungamirira kukuderera kwe 35% muchiverengero chavagari vetorongo vehurumende mukati mamakore maviri, nepo dzichichengetawo mwero yechitarisiko chedare. Zvisinei, mamwe masangano akachinja nzira pashure pokutsoropodza kusunungurwa kwevapomerwi nemhaka dzamasimba masimba. Ikoku shure-pfuure-pfuure kunoratidzira kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yakapoteredza ruramisiro youtsotsi.

Kupukunyutswa Nokutemwa Kwemarekodhi

Mitemo yakawanda yakaisa mitemo inongoerekana yaisa kana kuti kubvisa zvinyorwa zvetsotsi, zvikurukuru izvo zvine chokuita nemhosva dzepwere kana kuti marijuana. Iyi mitemo inovavarira kuderedza miuyo yokuzviwanira miuyo yechinyorwa choutsotsi, zvakadai semhinganidzo kubasa, pokugara, uye dzidzo. Somuenzaniso, `Requetal Slate Slate" yomutemo, yakagadzwa muna 2020, inobvisa zvitendero zvakati pashure penhambo yokumirira pasina kukumbira vanhu kunyora chikumbiro. Mitemo yakadaro inowanzotsigirwa navose vari vaviri vagadziri vemitemo vanoregeredza uye vanoregerera senzira yokuderedza nayo kutsiva kukumbira nokutsigira mukana wemari.

Kutapura Kuparwa Kwemitemo yeHurumende NeSosaiti

Kutonga kunoitwa nevanogadza mitemo vehurumende kunogona kutungamirira kuchinjo huru dzenzanga. Pakunoitwa zvakanaka, chinjo dzinoderedza mwero yokuiswa mutorongo, kupedza kusawirirana kwedzinza, uye kuvandudza chivimbo pakati penzanga nokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Zvisinei, tapuro inosiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakushandiswa nokuchengetwa.

Kuderedza Mwero Yokusashanda Kwemari

Mitengo yakagamuchira chinjo dzinodzorwa nokupa mhaka kwakawanda yakava nechete zvikuru munhamba dzavagari vemo vetorongo. Mukuwirirana ne Pew Charitables, pakati pa 2008 na 2021, chiverengero chavagari vetorongo cheU.S. chakaderera ne 10%, ichisundwa zvikurukuru namabasa ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, inotaura saNew Jersey, California, uye Texas yakaderedza uwanduru hwemhosva, ichidenha murangariro wokuti chengeteko inoda kuiswa muboka guru. Zvisinei, kuderera kwave kusina kufanira, nedzimwe nguva kunowedzera chaizvoizvo zviverengero zvavo zvomutorongo mukati menhambo imwe cheteyo.

Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana Kwemadzinza

Misiyano yedzinza inoramba iri chinetso chinopfuurira mururamisiro youtsotsi. Hurumende dzakaedza kutaura ikoku kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakadai sokubvisa bhero remari, kugumisa kudzorwa kwedzinza, uye kugadzira mitumbi inotarisira. Somuenzaniso, Washington nyika yakapfuudza mutemo unoda kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuunganidze kumira kwemotokari nedzinza, ichibvumira mutezo wemitemo kuziva uye kusasarura. Nenzira yakafanana, Colorado akagadza mutemo unoganhurira kushandiswa kwokumira kwapamberi pemipidhi nokuda kwokuputswa kuduku kwemijaho, uko vatsigiriri vakaresa vanoshandisa kuisa vatyairi vemijaho yemibala. Kunyange zvakadaro, fambiro mberi yave iri inononoka, uye inobvisa mukusungwa, zvitendero, uye kupiwa mhaka kunopfuurira.

Kuvandudza Ukama Hwemapurisa

Chinjo idzo dzinoraira kujeka nokuzvidavirira dzinogona kusimbisa ukama hwemapurisa. Gadziriro dzekamera, dare rinotarisira risiri rapamutemo, uye kushandisa mipimo inobatira zvose zvinoparira kunzwisisa ruramisiro. Apo nzanga dzinoona kuti vakuru vakuru vanozvidavirira nokuda kwomufambiro wakaipa, chivimbo chinogona kudzorerwa. Zvisinei, chinjo dzakanangana nokudzivisa kwemibatanidzwa yamapurisa uye vamwe vaiti vemitemo, vachipomera kuti havapiwi mutemo wemitemo uye vanotungamirira kuutsotsi hwakawedzerwa. Dzikano pakati pomutoro nomukuru wetsika inoramba iri nhau yegakavaro muhurumende munyika yose.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Dzokuchinja Kwehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi, vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanotarisana nedenho huru mukugadza chinjo huru.Purofiki yezvamatongerwe enyika inowanzodzivisa nhamburiko dzebipartis, uye pesvedzero yavapesvedzeri vemitemo inogona kuderedza matanho okuzvidavirira.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Chinjo yeruramisiro yeutsotsi yakambova nhau yebipartisan, navaiti vemitemo vanochengeta mari vachitsigira "kururama pautsotsi" zviito nokureverera ruramisiro yenzanga. Zvisinei, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nhau yacho yazova inopesana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzakaona kupesana munhamburiko dzokuchinja, nemitemo ichipomera mitemo inofambira mberi nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo youtsotsi. Nhaiwo apo mashoko anenge asingatsigiri batano. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuderera mukuchinja mugadziridza nzvimbo dzakati uye kunyange kudzosera zvimwe zvinhu mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvakadai serevera regibrupt trationsssssss mungororots dzakati dzakati muNew York.

Miganhu

Kunyange apo mutemi wehurumende unopa mutezo wemitemo wokuvandudza, kupedza kunogona kuva kwakasiana. Madhipatimendi amapurisa angadzivisa mitemo mitsva, vachuchisi vangadzivisa chinangwa chomutemo kupfurikidza nokupomedza vakwirirwi mumimwe mirau, uye matare angashaiwa zviwiso zvokubata mapurogiramu matsva okushandisa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo inoda kurovedzwa kwenjodzi nokuda kwavakuru vakuru, asi rovedzo yacho ingasava inosungirwa kana kuti inotsigirwa, inotungamirira kugamuchirwa kwavabereki. Kutarisira kwemitemo uye kufunda kutevera kunenge kwakakomba kuvimbisa kuti mitemo ine muuyo wakatengwa.

Migumisiro Isingakarirwi

Zvimwe zvinjo dzakaparira miuyo yaisakarirwa. Somuenzaniso, mabheyi okugadziridza mune dzimwe nyika akatungamirira kuchiverengero chiduku chemhosva dzakatanhamara dzinoitwa navanhu vasati vabudiswa, idzo dzakanyandura danidzo dzokuchinjazve. Nenzira yakafanana, kubviswa kwemirimo yakati kunogona kutungamirira kukuwedzera mukushandiswa kwavanhu kana kusingaperekedzwi nokurapa kwakakwana nemabasa okuderedza. Naizvozvo mitemo inofanira kuronga chinjo nokungwarira kuita zvirongwa uye kuchinja kwakavakirwa pamigumisiro.

mhedziso

Masangano ehurumende ane pesvedzero huru paruramisiro youtsotsi nemitemo yemapurisa muUnited States. Chiremera chawo chokuita chinjo dzinoderedza kusungwa, kunatsiridza kuzvidavirira, uye kukurukura kusaenzana kwedzinza hazvienzaniswi namamwe mabazu ehurumende pamwero wehurumende. Mienzaniso yakakurukurwa(kubva kurumidza nokubvisa utsi) uye kamera yomuviri zvinoraira kushurikidza chinjo nebheyraul() inorerutsa simba rechiito chemitemo kudzosa gadziriro yeruramisiro.

Zvisinei, nzira yokuchinja nayo haisati iri yakarongwa. Zvinetso zvezvamatongerwe enyika, kuita zvinetso, uye miuyo isingakarirwa zvinoda ngwariro inopfuurira nokugadziridzwa. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kushandisa ufakazi hwakavakirwa pahuri, kubatanidzwa navatarisiri venzanga, uye kuchengeta kudisa kuhwirudzura miitiro mitsva sezvo inowanika. Kupfuurira kwemitemo nokugadziridza pamutemo kworuzivo kunokosha nokuda kwokuvandudza kunokosha uko kunovandudza rusununguko rwavose nepo kunoremekedza rusununguko rwevagari vemo 7. Nevane 7 000 vehurumende muUnited States, bviro yemifungo yemienziyo yemie yemiero yemie. Nguva yemberi yokugadziridza ruramisiro youtsotsi icharamba iri huru. Chinjo yeruramisiro youtsotsi ichiripo inonyorwa mudzimba dzehurumende, kwete muWashington, DC.