Evolution yeAustralia-India Relations: Fandement for Trade

Ukama pakati peAustralia neIndia hwakachinja kubva pakubatana kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende kusvika pakubatana kukuru. Iyi mhindu haina kuitika netsaona. Yakaumbwa nezvisarudzo zvemiitiro yokumwe nemaune muCanberra izvo zvakaziva kukura kwemari yeIndia uye kutsigirawo nharaunda yeIndo-Pacidec.

Zvisungo zvemibatanidzwa yehurumende zvakatangwa muna 1941, asi kwemakumi emakore ukama hwacho hwakaramba huripo. Mavhoriyamu eTrade akanga ari echipameso, uye kuvimbisana mune zvematongerwe enyika kwakanga kwakaganhurirwa. Kuchinja kwakaitika mukuvamba kwama 2000 apo Australia yakavamba kuisazve mutemo wayo wokumwe kuAsia. Kubudiswa kwe2002 White Paper pamusoro pomutemo wokumwe kwakaratidza zvakajeka kuti India ndiye mubiyakeri wenzvimbo yokutanga.

Pakazosvika 2009, ukama hwacho hwakava neMubatanidzwa wakakodzera, uye muna 2014 nyika mbiri dzakasaina Gwaro Rekodzero Dzekuchengetedza Urongwa Hwenyika Dzakabatana.Idzi zviitiko zvinokosha zvaisava zvokufananidzira. Dzakaita kuti pave nemasangano anowanzokurukurirana, kupesana kwehurumende kwakaderera, uye kuvimbwa kwehurumende. Kuvimbana, mune zvekutengeserana munyika dzakawanda, ibasa repfuma.

Mamhanzi Makuru Etsika Yokumwe yeAustralia Yakananga kuIndia

Kusvika kwomutemo wokumwe kweAustralia kuIndia kunotsamira pambiru dzinoverengeka dzakabatanidzwa pamwe chete idzo dzinoparira migariro yokubatanidzwa kwakadzama kwezvokutengeserana.

Kubatanidzwa Nokushanya Kukuru

Canberra akaronda rudungwe rwakakomba rweshanyo dzapamamita akakwirira nekurukurirano dzemitsetse. Misoro yegore negore yavatungamiriri vehurumende, misangano yavakuru vokumwe, uye kurukurirano 1,5 dzakatanga musiyano wokuvimbisana uyo unochengeta ukama panzvimbo yapamberi. Australia-India Intergovernmental Commission, yakagadzwa muna 2020, inogovera gadziriro yakarongwa yokuronga muitiro wezvemari.

Iyi mikoto yemibatanidzwa yehurumende inobatira donzo rinoshanda. Inobvumira mativi ose ari maviri kupedza mativi okukakavadzana kwezvokutengeserana asati akura kuva rwisano. Inoitawo chiratidzo kunzanga dzebhizimisi kumativi ose ari maviri kuti ukama hune tsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo makurukota eAustralia anoshanyira New Delhi nenhume dzebhizimisi, havasi kungori kuita runhare rune ruremekedzo. Vari kuzarurira masuo vatengesi veAustralia vanotengesa zvinhu kunze kwenyika.

Kubvumirana Nezvokutengeserana Nokuwana Mberi Kwokutengeserana

Australia-India Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (AI-CTRAN), iyo yakatanga kushanda muna December 2022, ndiyo gadziriro yebhizimisi inokosha zvikurusa pakati penyika mbiri mumakumi amakore. Chibvumirano chakabvisa zvikamu zvinoiswa pa 85 muzana yezvinhu zveAustralia zvinoendeswa kuIndia nemutengo, nezvimwe zvishanu muzana zvakarongerwa kubuda. KuvaIndia, yakagovera kusvika kwapakarepo kwebasa kwapachena kwe 96 muzana yezvinhu.

Muuyo wave uchiyevedza. Kushambadzira zvinhu namabasa kwakasvika A $48.5 bhirioni muna 2023, kuchiita kuti India Australia ive shamwari yechina hurusa yezvokutengeserana. Kutumira kuIndia kwakawedzera zvikuru mumapoka makuru anobatanidza marasha, mabasa edzidzo, uye michina yedzidzo. Chibvumirano chacho chakavandudzawo kuwanwa kweminamato yeAustralia mumibato yemari, teminary, uye mabasa ebasa.

Kukurukurirana zvino kwava kutevedzerwa neComplication Economic Agreement (CECA) iyo ingaita zvakawanda, ichitaura nezvokudzivirira mari, mitemo yemitengo yezvokutengeserana, uye kushandira pamwe. Kutama kubva paII-teating kuenda kuCECA kunoratidza nzira yamaune yokuronga. Kutanga nemhindu dzinoshanda. Kutanga nemhindu dzinovakwa, kuvaka chivimbo, ipapo kuronda kuva nechokuita.

Kuronga Zvinhu Zvakagadzirwa uye Kuchengeteka Kwenharaunda

Muitiro wokumwe weAustralia unowedzera kurangarira kutengeswa kupfurikidza negirazi revhiti. Kukwira kweChina nokuchinja kwesimba muIndo-Pacific zvakaita kuti India ive mubiyayo anokosha nokuda kweCanberra. Uku kurongeka kwakarongwa kwapa murairo wezvokutengeserana unoita kuti pfungwa yekurumidziro yakanga isipo kare.

Quadrional Security Dialogue, kana kuti Quad, inounganidza Australia, India, Japan, uye United States sechitsama chokubvunza panhau dzomunharaunda. Nepo Quad isati iri chibvumirano chebhizimisi pase, inoumba gadziriro yebatira pamwe inotambanukira munzvimbo dzezvemari. Quad nhano pamusoro pezviketani zvinotambudza zvokugovera zvicherwa zvemichero, kugadzirwa kwemishonga, uye mipimo yemichina zvose zvine revo dzakananga nokuda kwebhizimisi reAustralia neIndiaa.

Hurumende padzinosanobatira pamwe pakudzivirira nokuchengeteka, dzinoda kupedza magakava ezvokutengeserana nenzira inovaka uye kurangarira kutengeswa senzvimbo yokutanga yebasa panzvimbo pekubvumira.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemari Kuchisunda Kutengesa Kwomusika

Ukama hwekutengesa hweAustralia hahuvakirwi pamakwikwi asi pakuwedzera zvinhu zvakadzama.

Australia ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvomusikirwo, unyanzvi hwezvokurima hwakakwirira, uye masangano edzidzo enyika. India ine boka rapakati riri kukura nokukurumidza, kudikanwa kukuru kwesimba nezvinhu, uye chiverengero chavagari vapasi vaduku chichitsvaka zvikwaniriso zvedzidzo yamarudzi ose. Uku kubatana kwezvivako kunoreva kuti kukura kwezvokutengeserana hakudi zvimwe upfumi kuti pavezve. Kunongoda bedzi kubvisa mhinganidzo dzokutsinhana.

Kudikanwa kwamarasha eIndia, zvikurukuru anokwiza marasha eAustralia nokuda kwokugadzirwa kwesimbi, ave ari mutyairi wenguva dzose webhizimisi rebinal. Marasha anopisa eAustralia anodyisawo simba reIndia rinoda. Sezvo India achironda kukura kwayo kwemari, kuda kwayo pfuma yeAustralia kuchangowedzera bedzi. Kugadzirwazve kwemarasha nezvinocherwa mumichero yevhu kunowedzera. Kuda kweIndia mumotokari dzemagetsi uye simba rinomutsidzirwa kunoda lithium, cobalt, uye pasi risingawaniki. Australia ine nzvimbo dzinokosha dzezvicherwa izvi.

Kurutivi rweminamato, chikamu cheIndia IT chakawana musika wakasimba muAustralia. Kokororano dzechiIndia neIT dzinotumirwa kuAustralia dzakakura zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichitsigirwa nesangano renyanzvi dzine unyanzvi. Nyika mbiri dzakasaina Guta Revolution on formations muna 2020, izvo zvinogonesa nyanzvi kufamba.

Kutengesa Zvinzvimbo Zvokutengeserana Zvikuru

Zviwanikwa Nesimba

Marasha anoramba ari rimwe ramaindasitiri makurusa eAustralia kuIndia. Muna 2023, Australia inotengesa kuIndia mari inodarika mabhiriyoni 15 emarasha. Zvisinei, kugadzira kuri kuchinja. Kugadzira marasha nokuda kwokugadzira simbi kwave kuchikosha zvikuru kupfuura marasha anopisa echizvarwa chenyika yeIndia, zvichiratidza kuwedzera kwemaindasitiri. Mari inotengeswa kuIndia kutumira kune dzimwe nyika iri kuwedzerawo, inodzorwa nokuzvipira kweIndia kuwedzera gasi rayo muvhengasi kubva pa6 muzana kusvika ku15 muzana pa2030.

Zvicherwa zvemigodhi zvinomirira nguva yemberi yezviwanikwa. Australia neIndia dzakasaina mubatanidzwa mukuru wemichero muna 2023, kubatanidzwa mukuisa mari mumabasa okuchera migodhi uye unyanzvi hwokugadzira. Makambani emigodhi eIndia ari kuongorora kutengwa kwakananga mumigodhi yeAustralia nemabasa ecobalt. Iyi haisati iri kurukurirano yezvokutengeserana. Iyo igadziriro inogoverwa yetsangano inotsigirwa nezvibvumirano zvehurumende.

Dzidzo Nounyanzvi

Dzidzo ndiro basa rechipiri reAustralia rinoendeswa kuIndia, ringada A mabhiriyoni 8 pagore. Vadzidzi vechiIndia vanopfuura 120 000 vanonyoreswa mumasangano eAustralia, vachiita kuti India ave manyuko makuru echipiri avadzidzi venyika yose pashure peChina. Hurumende yeAustralia yakatumira vadzidzi veIndia mavhiza uye kodzero dzebasa dzakawedzerwa pashure pegore.

Chibvumirano chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi chakasainwa chiMigration and Mompliality Partiveship Agreement chinotanga gadziriro yokufamba kwechinguvana kwebasa, kubatanidza kunzvera kwounyanzvi nokuzivikanwa kwezvikwaniriso. Ichi chibvumirano chinogamuchira kuperevedza kwamabasa eAustralia mumativi akadai setarisiro yachembere, kuvaka, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, pari kugovera vashandi veIndia kukwanisa kupinda mumusika webasa weAustralia. Chinomirira kukura kwoukama kubva kumutengi wemari kusvikira kurukudzo rukurusa mukubudirira kwezvipfumi.

Kurima Nezvokudya

Kushambadza kwezvokurima kwave kuri nzvimbo inotapurwa mukurukurirano dzeAustralia neIndia. India inochengeta miganhu yakakwirira yezvokupinza marimi pakugadzirwa kwemitemo kuti idzivirire varimi vayo vakawanda. Zvisinei, mikana yokuvakisa iri kubuda. Waini yeAustralia, maarumondi, nyemba, uye zvigadzirwa zvemichero zvakawana zvikamu zvemisika inotengwa mumataundi eIndia.

AI COP yakagovera kubviswa kwezvirukwa zvenyanza dzeAustralia, mhando, uye mativi ezvigadzirwa zveminda. Vatengi veIndia vakagamuchira zvakanaka zvigadzirwa zvezvokudya zvinotengwa zveAustralia, uye kutengeserana kwokurima kwemichero kuri kukura kubva panzvimbo yakaderera. Bviro yokuwedzera inokosha, zvikurukuru muzvokudya zvakagadzirwa, umo kudikanwa kweIndia kuri kukura nokukurumidza kupfuura mwero wake wokugadzira zvokudya zvomumusha.

Matambudziko Nemapfundo Anonyandura

Hapana kubatana kwezvokutengeserana kusina zvinetso, uye kutengeswa kweAustralia kunotosiyana.

Chivako cheIndia chemitsetse yapasi chinoramba chakakwirira zvikuru zvichienzaniswa nezvikwangwani zvenyika yose. Kunyange pashure peAI CITA, mirau inotakurwa panzvimbo dzinotumirwa kuIndia iri muAralsia iri munenge 8 muzana, ichienzaniswa nedzinenge zero pazvinotumirwa vaIndia kuAustralia. Uku kusadzikama kwakawana kutsoropodza kubva kuvaredzi vanotengesa kunze kwenyika veAustralia, zvikurukuru mumakamu akafanana newaini nemukaka umo vaIndia vanovhara miromo yemichero inoramba ichirambidzwa.

Mipinyi isingachinji inopawo denho. Mitemo yetsika dzechiIndia, mipimo yemitemo yemibato, uye zvinodikanwa zvokunyora mazita zvinogona kuparira kunonozetsa ndokuwedzera ndyiko kuvasimudziri veAustralia. AI-CHAR inobatanidza gadziriro dzezvitanho zvoutsanana nePhytosanitary nemhinganidzo dzounyanzvi kushambadza, asi kugadzirwa kuchatema kana idzi gadziriro dzichipa vandudziko dzinoshanda.

Kuiswa kwemari kunoramba kuri pasi pekubvira pasinei zvapo nokutengeswa kwezvinhu nemabasa. Kushambadzira mari kweAustralia kunodzorwa muIndia kunokwana hwerengedzo ye $10 mabhiriyoni, nepo kuisa mari muIndia kuri mabhiriyoni $20 muAustralia. Nhamba idzi dzine mwero pakati pouwandu hwemari dzose. Mitemo yokudzivirira pakubvumirana kwazvino uno yakaganhurirwa, uye CECA ichada kugadzirisa kana bviro yakazara yeukama hwemari ichizoitika.

Zviitiko Zvenguva Yapfuura Nezvinenge Zvakagadzirwa neAgenda

Kumhanya kwokuvimbisana kwakawedzera zvikuru kubvira muna 2020. Kusaina kweAICATA muna April 2022 kwakateverwa nomusoro wegore negore wavatungamiriri muna 2023 uye nhevedzano yeshanyo dzoushumiri. Hurumende yeAustralia yakaita mari inosvika mamirioni A1 mumari yokutengesa kuti itsigire vashanyi vokuAustralia vanopinda mumisika yeIndia.

Kutangwa kweAustralia-India Centre for Critical Minerals muna 2023 kunomirira muenzaniso mutsva webatira pamwe yebiladal. Muzinda wacho uchatsigira zvirongwa zvokunzvera, kupfavisa ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kutsigira kushandira pamwe kwezvokutengeserana pakati pemakambani emigodhi eAustralia nevagadzirisi veIndia. Iyi purogiramu yemitengo inopfuurira mberi kwezvibvumirano zvegamuchidzanwa zvokuvaka nzvimbo yebasa muboka reukoshi hwakabatana.

Kutora rutivi kweIndia muIndo-Pacific Frames for Prospective, parutivi peAustralia, kunoparira mumwe mukoto webatira pamwe yezvokutengeserana. Simba rinofukidza kutengeserana kwemitemo, kugovera tsigiro yecheni, zvivako, uye simba rakachena. Nepo gadziriro isati iri chibvumirano chapachena chebhizimisi, inogadza mitemo nemipimo ichaumba mitoo yezvokutengeserana yomunguva yemberi munharaunda yacho.

Mabasa Akanaka Enharaunda Yakafara

Kudzamisa ukama hwekushambadza kweAustralia neIndia kune revo dzinopfuura mhindu yemari. Kunobetsera kugadziridza ungetani muIndo-Pacific munharaunda. Sezvo cheni dzinogoverwa munyika yose dzinopinda mumibatanidzwa yakasiyana kubva kuChina, koridho yeAustralia yeIndia inopa imwe nzira.

Australia neIndia zviri kubatira pamwewo pazvivako zvezvokutengeserana munharaunda yeIndian Ocean. Australia-Infrastructive Industriative, inotanga muna 2020, inotsigira kusimudzirwa kwepfuma muSoutheast Asia nePacific. Iyi batira pamwe haisati iri yepfuma inongoda bedzi. Inovaka kutengeserana kuchabetsera mabhizimisi eAustralia neIndia zvakafanana.

Ukama hwacho hunosimbisawo gadziriro yokutengesa inotsigirwa nemitemo. Zvose zviri zviviri Australia neIndia zvinoda kuchengeta mhoteredzo yebhizimisi yakazaruka, inodeya kuzivikanwa muIndo-Pacific. Kubatira pamwe kwavo muWorld Trade Organization panhau dzakadai sechinjo yenharo nemari yokurevedza mishonga yemabhizimisi zvinoratidza kurongeka kwenhau dzezvokutengeserana.

Kupedzisa: Kutengesa Kune Imwe Nyika Sezvirongwa Zvebhizimisi

Muitiro wokumwe weAustralia kuIndia unoratidzira kuti ukama hwezvokutengeserana hahusati huchingova hahwo muuyo wesimba remisika. Hunoumbwa nezvisarudzo zvemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yehurumende, gadziriro, uye kurongeka kwegadziriro. Mhindu yebhizimisi reAustralia neIndia kubva kuukama hwechinzvimbo kusvikira kuwirirano yemari yakakwana inosimudzira kutengeserana mubvumirano dzemibatanidzwa yezvokutengeserana, bvumirano yezvokutengeserana, uye kuvimbwa.

Migumisiro yacho inodzoreka munhamba dzezvokutengeserana, asi tapuro yakazara inopfuura nhamba. Ukama hwakaita gadziriro yokupedza kusawirirana, mutoo wokuziva mikana mitsva, uye kugadziridza kunobvumira upfumi hwose kukurira katyamadzo yokunze. Miitiro yokumwe yeAustralia yakashanda sechimiro chemitengo yezvokutengeserana, kuderedza ndyiko dzebhizimisi, kudzora ngozi, uye kutengeserana kungasaitika.

Rutivi runotevera rwoukama ruchaedza kana iyi fashoni ichigona kutsigira wirirano huru. Kubatanidzwa kweComprence Cooperation Economic Arecter, kuitwa kwemipinduro iripo, uye kudzorwa kwemapfundo okupesana kwezvokutengeserana asingadzivisiki zvose zvichada ngwariro inopfuuridzirwa yemibatanidzwa yezvokutengeserana. Asi hwaro hwakasimba. Muitiro wokumwe weAustralia wakaparira migariro umo kushambadza kunogona kukura. Zvino kuri kumabhizimisi kumativi ose ari maviri kuti abate mikana.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro peukama hwebhizimisi, Dare reAustralia reMashoko okunze neTrakero rinogovera udzame DAI-CAND . Mutengi weLowy Institute unogovera kurukurirano dzakazvimirira pa [ Australia-Indiya] muIndo-Paccia mamiriro ezvinhu [, uye India-Australia Sunday yeChommentings inogovera ungwaru hwezvokutengeserana hwechiteshingidzo yezvokunzvera misikacha. Ayamupidhia inopa nzwisiso inopfuurira muukama huchaumba nguva yemberi yezvose zviri zviviri.