Mhiri kweAfrica neAsia, kuvakwa kwehurumende yazvino uno — kuvambira pachimiro cheparamende kusvikira kuchiremera chamajasitiriti omunzvimbomo — kunotakura pesvedzero yakajeka youtongi hwehurumende. Miganhu, miganhu, mirau, mitemo, uye kunyange mitauro yehurumende munyika dzakawanda dzepashure pezvikoro zvehurumende hakuna kusikirwa nenzira yemaroma asi kwakatangwa kana kuti kwakachinjwa kubva kumasimba oumambo eEurope neAsia. Iyi nhaka haisati iriwo zvayo mashoko omuzasi enhau; inopfuurira kuumba dzikamo yezvamatongerwe enyika, simba routongi, uye ukama pakati pehurumende nevagari vayo. Kunzwisisa zvinetso zvezvamatongerwe enyika nezvinzvimbo izvi zvehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa. Munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa kuti kutonga kwehurumende yeEurope neAsia kunoitwazve simba razvokudzora.

Kushandiswa Kwehurumende Dzehurumende: Chitendero Chinochinja

Udzori hwehurumende dzehurumende dzakaitirwa kusimudzira utongi hwemogasi kana kuti kuzvidzora. Zvinangwa zvavo zvikuru zvakanga zviri kubudisa matura, kudzora, uye kugadziridzwa kwenhevedzano pasina mutengo mushoma kunzvimbo yenzvimbo inodzorwa nehurumende. Kuitira kuti izvi zviitwe, masimba okutonga aitanga masangano aiwanzotsiva kana kuti kugadziridzazve mibatanidzwa. Mugumisiro wakanga uri muitiro wezvidhinanwa weEurope yakabatanidza pfungwa dzebureaucracys pamusoro pemagariro enzanga apa, achitanga kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kacho kusawirirana nezvinongoitika nanhasi.

Mifanikiso miviri yakafara yokutonga kwehurumende yakabuda. Yokutanga, kutonga kwakananga , yakadiwa neFrance nePortugal. Uyu muenzaniso wakatsvaka kupinza vadzorwi vadzorwi mutsika dzomumaguta, kuisa masangano ehurumende, chiFrench kana kuti chiPutukezi somutauro wemitemo. ChiFrench [[FLT:]] tsika, somuenzaniso, yakapinzwa kuWest Africa, kuumba madare omunzvimbomo aipindura zvakananga kuParis panzvimbo pemakuru. Muenzaniso wechipiri, [FLT:] unodzora kwakananga [FLT], yakanga iri tsika yeBritain, zvikurukuru mugadziriro inodzokerwa mutsika yeBritain, zvikurukuru mutsika inodzoro, inodzorwa kupfurikidza nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinodzorwa kupfurikidza navatongi vemone. Chikamu chechipiri, chitsarudzo chaidzorwa zvikuru mumiteveri yakaitwa mumitengo yavanhu vomunzvimbomo.

Pasinei zvapo nomuenzaniso, kutonga kwehurumende kwakatanga mifungo mitsva yenzvimbo. Hurumende yehurumende yapanguva yeAfrica neAsia yakaratidzirwa nemiganhu yemvura, miganhu inopetenuka yepesvedzero, uye gadziriro dzakaoma dzekudzora. Vatungamiriri veKoloni, mukupesana, vakanyora mitsetse yakaoma pamepu dzakadai seBringo Conference of 1885,85, kunyora nyika dzine chokuita nedzinza zvishoma, mitauro, kana kuti miganhu yetsika. Iyi miganhu yakazova nzvimbo inogarwa yehurumende yakazvimirira, uye inoramba iri imwe yemibatanidzwa yehurumende inogarwa neyambugamba. Mugumisiro wacho ipuranga yezvamatongerwe enyika umo hurumende isingawanzowirirani nemiganhuro yamarudzi — kufanana neSoma, Kurda, uye chiBakongo chikanwa chakazviwadzamuranisa nyika, uye kupesana kwemibatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Chiratidzo Chinotsungirira Chemasimba Enyika Dzine Nyika Dzake

Sub - Saharan Africa: Federalism v. Centralitation

Kuda kweBritain nokuda kwokutonga kusina kunanga kwaiwanzoguma negadziriro dzehurumende kana kuti dzemagariro. Nigeria muenzaniso mukuru. British yakabatanidza kuchamhembe, kumabvazuva, uye kumadokero muna 1914, imwe neimwe ine tsika dzakasiyana uye manyorerwo edzinza. Pakuzvimirira muna 1960, Nigeria yakagara nhaka gadziriro yehurumende yakagadzirirwa kugarisa iyi mhatsa. Zvisinei, matunhu acho akanga asina kuenzana muvagari vemo nepfuma, zvichitungamirira kumakwikwikwidzano makuru akazoguma muHondo yeBiafraans (1967-70). Nhasi, chibvumirano cheNigeria chinoramba chisina kusimba, nekurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pezviwanikwa uye masangano enyika acho 36. Chivako chacho chinoramba chiripo chokushandira hurumende.

Musiano, nyika dzeFrance muWest Africa, dzakadai se Sengal, Côte d'Ivoire, uye Mali, dzakagara nhaka pakati, nyika dzinodzorwa. Simba reFrance rakanangidzira muhurumende yakasimba nehurumende inomhara, nevakuru vakuru vemo vakagadzwa kubva kudzimbahwe panzvimbo penzanga dzavo. Iyi nharaunda yakaita kuti nyika idzi dzive nyore kudzora kwomunhu oga uye dzakadzivisa kutonga nokuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo. Apo Sarudzo dzakawanda dzakatangwa muna 1990, hurumende yepakati kazhinji kazhinji yakava mubayiro wokubatwa nemubatanidzwa unohwina, kutora nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika uye, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinotungamirira kuhondo, sezvinoonekwa muCevon

South Asia: Institution Imprint weRaj

MuSouth Asia, British Raj yakasiya kurongwa kwegadziriro inodzorwa. yakachengeta gadziriro yeparamende yeBritain, basa rehurumende rakaenzanisirwa paIndian Civil Service, jajitary rakadzika midzi mumutemo mumwe nomumwe, uye mauto akarongwa mumitsetse yeBritain. Masangano aya akagovera mwero wekupfuurira nokutsiga izvo dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinoshaikwa. India'Scomment Commission, somuenzaniso, yakatangwa muna 1950 pamieroo yedzoro yeBritain, uye yave yave inokosha kuhurumende inotonga nyika. Zvisinei, nyika ino inobatanidzawo masimba makuru akadai seDecentiemental Activement, Activemental Act, system parusununguko rweungano, uye kudzoromagame mabhini akawanda anozvidavirira kuchipikirwa chavagari vemo vomunyika. Chibvumirano chidzokorori chamatongerwe chishamisiti chinoitwa pakati petomuteshina.

.Bangladesh uye Pakistan anogoverana nhaka yakafanana yesangano, asi dzidzo dzavo dzave dzakasiana. Pakistan, zvikurukuru, yakawana kupindira kwehondo kwadzo kwakadzokororwa, murutivi nemhaka yokuti ukama hwehurumende yehurumende, uhwo hwakaisa hondo mubasa rokuchengeta, hahuna kutongovazve nomwe. British yakanga yavimba neCriatindi yeIndian Army nokuda kwechengeteko yomukati, uye iyi nhaka yehondo munhau dzehondo dzakabvumikisa kuva dzakaoma kubudiswa. Basa rehondo muupfumi, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye kunyange judiat hungarongeri shure kugadziriro yeSangano yeReja.

Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia: Makoroni uye Masangano E Hybrid

Southeast Asia inopa mufananidzo wakaoma zvikuru nemhaka yokuiswa kwepesvedzero dzakawanda dzehurumende. Indonesia, yakagarwa nhaka neDutch, tsika yemitemo iyo yakabatanidza mutemo weDutch netsika dzetsika dzetsika ne pamutemo. Iyi tsika yakaumba nhevedzano yapamutemo yamarudzi akawanda inopfuurira nhasi, kunyange zvazvo inowanzoparira nyongano yepasi. Dutch yakatangawo upfumi hwakasiyana, nenzvimbo yazvino uno inobatira nzanga yetsika nenzvimbo inosiiwa kunzvimbo yehurumende dzomunzvimbomo nenzvimbo inosiiwa — muganhu wakaoma kukurira. [FLT:] Vhiet, Laos, naFlavis, neyamu yeFrance, inosimutsidzirwa nerejini yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende.

Filippines . Kutonga kweSpain kwakasiya nhaka yehurumende yehurumende yeRoma, yakapesana nedzidzo yavose, yakaumbwa nehurumende yeSpain (kwemakore anopfuura 300) uye yeAmerica (kwamakore 50). Kutonga kweAmerica kwakasiya mamiriro ezvinhu echinzvimbo echidhipatimende, echisimba neChechi yeKaturike ine simba. Kutonga kweAmerica, mukupesana, kwakasuma dzidzo yavose, tsika yapurezidhendi yakaitwa neU.S. Constitution, uye mutongo wekodzero. Iyi nhaka yakabereka gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo iri zvose zviri zviviri yedemo yedemocracy neyorictic, namasangano echiKaturike ane simba anoshanda mubasa remhuri dzine simba. Gasvinel inoratidzira kupesana kwenhauro yehurumende yadzoro: inoshanda nechisarudzo, kunyange zvazvo zvichidzorwa nomutemo unodzorwa.

Mitemo Yakadzikira Zvikuru: Mutemo, Utongi Hwehurumende, uye Utongi Hwezvemari

Masangano Emitemo: Mabumbiro Akarongwa Nemapfupi

Rimwe regadziriro yapamutemo inogara iripo zvikurusa igadziriro yapamutemo. Muzhinji yeAfrica neAsia, masimba eBritain akagadza mitemo yawo amene yapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji akaisirwa kunzanga dzetsika kana kuti dzerudzidziso. Ikoku kwakagadzira tsika dzapamutemo mbiri kana kuti dzakawanda. Mu India[FLD] , British akatanga tsika yemitemo yavose, asi mitemo yomunhu oga inodzora, nhaka, uye nhau dzemhuri dzakasiiwa kunzanga dzerudzidziso — vaHindu, vaMuslim, namamwe. Iyi mibatanidzwa yapamutemo yave iri manyuko edzose ari maviri etsika nerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mu NYUG, mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, anotooma zvikuru ndeokuresaidzo dzechiNgeri: mutemo wetsikano yetsika dzamagamuchidzanwa netsika dzakasiana-tsika dzinowirirana nemitemo, uye dzimwe nguva dzinorwisana.

Gadziriro dzemitemo yavagari vemo, dzakagarwa nhaka kuFrance, Portugal, uye Spain, dzinopararira mumativi akawanda eAfrica neLatin America. Iyi miitiro inosimbisa mirau inowirirana negadziriro yokutonga yapamutezo. French Common Commont] yakaiswa muFrance West Africa, uye inoramba iri fandesheni yemitemo munyika dzakadai se [[FLT:] SSELEG, Côte d'Ivoire, naMali. Nepo aya masangano achipa kujeka nokudeya kuzivisa, anogonawo kuva akaoma uye anononoka kuchinjira kutsika dzenzanga. Kuwedzerazve, masangano emitemo anowanzo kudzivirira maruramiro evakidzamuvakidzamuko nebhizimisi, chive chakarurama zvishoma nezvishoma.

Utongi hweHurumende uye Ukama Hwehurumende

Makoroni ehurumende akagadzirirwa kutora zviwanikwa nokuchengeta nhevedzano, kwete kubatira vagari vemo. Akanga ari mabhii makuru, akavanzika, uye kazhinji kazhinji akashata. Muhurumende dzakawanda dzapashure pepokugara kwapasi, iyi tsika yehurumende yakapfuurira. Basa rehurumende munyika dzakadai se Bangladesh, Ghana, uye Kenya[FL:1] rinopfuurira kuratidzirwa nerevendiva, kushaikwa, uye kudzorwa kwapamusoro kwebasa rehurumende. British refaro yebasa revoruzhinji ravanhu vose — umo vadzoreswa nokuda kwokushaiwa unyanzvi hwezvoruzivo rwemitoota. Chifrechi, nechitsinharu chakaisvonaka chakasimbiswa nezvikoro zvakafanana ne [FLTC:]

Ukama hwehurumende hwapashure pezvizvarwa zvehurumende munyika dzakawanda hunoumbwawo nezvinoitika zvehurumende. Munzanga umo hurumende yehurumende yaidzorwa nehurumende yakanga iri tsotsi neyakatorwa, vagari vemo vakakudziridza kusavimba kukuru kwamasangano ehurumende. Uku kusavimba kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti nyika dzazvino uno dziunganidze mitero, kumanikidza mirau, kana kuti kukurudzira vagari vemo kuti vaite chiito cheboka rimwe. Kushandiswa kwamasimba masimba kwehurumende kudzvinyirira kupesana kwakasiyawo nhaka yamapurisa namauto ayo akarovedzeka zvikuru kudzora vagari vemo pane kuvadzivirira. Kuvandudza aya masangano echengeteko idenho huru munyika dzinochinja utongi hwechinzvimbo chavose.

Kudzora Kwezvemari: Kushatirwa Nokuvimbika Mune Zvemari

Zvemari dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzakarongwa kuti dzibatsire zvinodiwa nenzvimbo inodzorwa nemhepo. Iyi nhaka yakaumba zvikuru utongi hwemari munyika dzakazvimirira. Masangano ezveupfumi akawanda eAfrica neAsia anoramba achitsamira pakutengeswa kwezvinhu zvikuru — mafuta, zvigadzirwa, zvokurima — mutoo wakagadzwa munguva dzehurumende. Izvi zvinoparira kuderera kwomutengo uye kuganhurirwa kwemari. inotuka [[FLT: 1]] yakanyanya kushaikwa munyika dzakadai se [[FLT:]] Nigeria, Angola, uye Democratic Republic yeCongo , umo mafuta nemushonga wezvipfuyo, rwisano, uye udzvinyirirore. Masangano akagadzira zvinhu izvi kuti zvishamise zvinhu munyika yose — semakambani anenge [FLT: 2] uye kushanyirira mari yemite, Angola maza anowanzo kupfumisa zvinhu zvemari yaidzwa nokuda kwemitenzi dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzakawanda.

Gadziriro dzemitero dzehurumende dzakasiyawo chiratidzo chisingagumi. Munzvimbo zhinji, mitero yakaiswa senzira yokumanikidzira nayo vaAfrica navaAsia kubasa kana kuti kugadzirwa kwemari. hut] mutero uye mutero unoshatisa[ mutero muBritain, somuenzaniso, wakaitirwa kumanikidza vaAfrica kushanda mumapurazi eEurope nemitero. Iyi mavambo emitero akakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kwemaruwa okuzvidira mitero yokuzvidira. Somuuyo, nyika zhinji muAfrica uye kutsamira zvikuru pamitero inodzorwa zvikuru panzvimbo yemari inofambira mberi, uko ganhuriro yavo yemitero inogoverwa namano avose.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino: Bhizimisi Risingadzorwi Rokunyengera

Masangano Asina Kusimba Nokutonga Kwomunhu Oga

Chimwe chezvinetso zvinokosha zvikurusa zvenguva ino utera hwemasangano echirongwa. Munyika dzakawanda dzapashure pezvikoro zvehurumende, kutonga kwomutemo hakunei, kodzero dzezvinhu hazvikotseki, uye dare redare redzisarudzo rinodzorwa nedzokudzorwa nedzosero yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa nesimba ravakuru vakuru uye inosekesa zvikwaniriso. Munyika dzakawanda dzeBritain dzoutongi zvisina kunanga, somuenzaniso, vakuru vemo vanowanzokwidziridzwa kunzvimbo dzehurumende dzechiuto, muenzaniso wakapfuudzwa pamwero wenyika neposchemendice inodzorwa navatungamiriri vehurumende. Mugumisiro wacho unowanzonzi [[FLT:] [FLD]

Kupesana Kwemadzinza Nekwenharaunda

Miitiro yokutonga yakatowedzerawo mapoka edzinza neruwa. Gadziriro yeBritain ye "divide nehurumende" muNigeria, India, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo yakasimudzira nokushingaira kutsaurana kwedzinza namakwikwi. Mu Rwanda, vadzori vehurumende yeBritain vakashandisa madhisitiki kuti vasarudze vaHutu navaTutsi, vachiomesa zvakanga zvave zviri zvinhu zvinonyadzisa zvikuru uye kuisa nheyo yedzinza ra19959. Mu Myanmar], miitiro yedzo yedzinza yeBritain yakada dzinza duku mumatunhu egomo (Karen, Shan, Kachin) ichiri kuderedza boka guru renyika dzemapani, nzira yakasiya rwisa kurwisana kwedzinza ra19949. Mune rwisano kupfurira kurwisana kwemapoka amarudzi. Madokero adzoro akango ose ari kupfuutsa kutengeserana kupfumba kwezvipfuudzodzodzo.

Denho Yokusimbisa Kunosarudzwa Nehurumende

Nyika dzakawanda muAfrica neAsia dzakagamuchira mabumbiro ehurumende anosarudzwa navanhu pashure pokuzvimirira, asi hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakabvumikisa kuva yakaoma kubatanidza. Nhaka yavagari vemo yesimba rapakati, masangano ane utera, uye kupesana kwedzinza zvinoparira mhoteredzo inodenha nokuda kwokutonga kwehurumende yedemocracy. Zvisarudzo kazhinji kazhinji zvinoshatiswa namasimba masimba nenyengedzo, uye masangano edemocracy anodzomaruzhinji anotapwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende. Kunyange mubudiriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji se Indiya , komba mano azvinokurira kudzora hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kuderera kwehurumende inodzokororwa kunowedzera zvinetso pamusoro pokugadziriswa kwehurumende. Zvigaro zvamatongeri munyika hadzisitongopiwirira mberi — dzimwe nyika dzakakwanisa kuvaka gadziriro yedemocracy — asi imt chidvongo chipingamupingamupi.

Nzira Dziri Kupfuurira: Kukurira Nhaka Yaiva Mukoroni

Kuziva pesvedzero yenhaka inodzorwa nehurumende inhano yokutanga iri madikanwa, asi haisati iri pembedzo yekuita. Nyanzvi navanachiremba vakawana mitoo inoverengeka yokukurira iyi ganhuriro dzenhau. Chinjo dzinochinja [[ iyo inoderedza simba rehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, inosimbisa masangano azvimirimo, uye inodzivirira maruramiro mashoma anogona kubetsera kukurukura nhaka yapamusoro-centraliation. [[FLT:]] . [FLT:] .[FLT]] .[5]]

Chinjo yebasa yeCII iimwe nzvimbo yakakomba. Kubatanidza gadziriro, kutanga kunyorwa kwapamutemo kwakavakirwa panyuko, uye kutanga miitiro nokuda kwoutariri hwevagari vemo inogona kubetsera kukurira nhaka yehurumende yepatrimonial. jucial formation — kubatanidza kubatanidzwa kwegadziriro yemitemo mizhinji, kugadzwa kwavatongi vanozvimirira, uye kukura kwokuwana kururamisiro — kunokosha nokuda kwokutanga mutemo. [[FLT:] Chinjo yechikamu [FLT]] ikoshawo kushandura mapurisa namauto kubva kumasangano ehurumende anodzorwa mubato kuti ave masangano ehurumende anotonga.

Pakupedzisira, kushambadza kwezvemari namanyuko zvinodzora zvinokosha mukuputsa daro rekutora rutivi rwekutsamirana nouori. Nyika dzakabudirira kutarisira pfuma yemanyuko adzo, dzakadai seBHOTswana[, zvaita kudaro kupfurikidza nokugadza masangano anotarisira azvimiririri, anoonesa mitemo, uye miitiro yokutora rutivi. Mabudisiti eICREAFREDI (ETI) anobudirira (ETI) nemipimo yenyika yose yakafanana inogovera gadziriro yokuvandudza upfumi. kusvika kuungwaratio yeETIO[FF:5] yakagamuchirwa nenyika dzakawanda, kubatanidza neAS, kunyange zvazvo zvichinzikasaririra muAfrica.

mhedziso

Pesvedzero yenhaka yehurumende yeAfrica neAsia haisati iri nhau yakapfava yedzoresomupiti kana kuti ruramiso nokuda kwokukundikana kwazvino uno. Iidi renhau rakakura neremhaka inoumba nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika munzira dzose dziri mbiri dzinooneka nedzisinganzwisisiki. Miganhu yakazvimirira, miganhu yemitemo, mitemo yapamutemo yamarudzi akawanda, uye mari yakapinzwa yakaiswa mukati moutongi hwehurumende inopfuurira kuva nebviro yemikana yokutonga kwazvino uno. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhau haisati iri nguva yemberi. Nyika zhinji dzakaratidzira kuti zvinobvira kuvandudza masangano akagarwa nhaka, kuvaka masangano akazara, uye kuvandudza nzira yedemocracy. Chinokosha ndecho kunzwisisa zvakajeka, kupfuurira kwayo, uye magadzirirwo ayo. Muitiro wekuzivisa ungwaruzivo rwayo.

Nyika dzakadai se Botswana, Mauritius, uye Costa Rica — kunyange zvazvo Costa Rica iri muAmerica — dzinoratidzira kuti nyika dzine hurumende dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzinobudirira. Rubudiriro rwadzo runoreva kuti nhaka dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinogona kukurirwa negadziriro yamaune, uye kuvimbisana kwehurumende. Nokuti nyika dzakawanda dziri muAfrica neAsia, basa rokuvaka rinobudirira, rinozvidavirira, uye masangano ehurumende apamutemo anoramba ari denho huru — denho inogona bedzi kupedzwa nokunangana, panzvimbo pokufuratira, zvivako zvikuru izvo hurumende yenhau inosiiwa mumugariro wayo inosarira. Njongodzodzo inoparira kurangarirwa kwakaresa. — Focladt, asi inodzorwa yapamutemo, inhau inodzorwa kudzorwa kwehurumende, uye inodzorwa kudzorwa kwehurumende inodzorwa navanhu. [5]