Kunzwisisa uku kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzine gadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika haasipo akasikwa asina chinhu; anobuda mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo enhau anorondedzera zvinetso, mipimo, uye mikana yenzanga yakapiwa. Nokuongorora kubatana kwenhau pakati penhau nehurumende, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kusiyana - siyana kwemasangano ezvematongerwe enyika munyika yose uye kufanoziva kuti angachinja sei mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika munyika yose.

Basa Rezviitiko Zvenhau

Zviitiko zvikuru zvenhau zvakadai sehondo, kumukira, uye kudzorwa kwemakororo zvine simba guru pagadziriro dzehurumende. Izvi zviitiko zvinowanzoshanda sezvinhu zvinochinja zvivako zvesimba zvinogadzirwazve, zvinotanga pfungwa itsva, uye zvinochinja chibvumirano chenzanga pakati pavatongi nevanotongwa. Nhaka yezviitiko zvakadaro inogona kupfuurira kwemazana emakore, ichipesvedzera kwete bedzi chimiro chehurumende asiwo tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika netsika.

Kumukira

Zvinjo dzemhindumupindu kazhinji kazhinji dzinotungamirira kukukurirwa kwehurumende dziripo nokutangwa kwegadziriro itsva chose chose dzehurumende. Chinjo yeFrance ya1789 muenzaniso wakatanhamara: yakabvisa madzimambo echisimba chose chose, yakagumisa maropafadzo echisimba, uye yakatanga mirangariro yeRepublic yakavakirwa murusununguko, wirirano, uye chinzwano. Chinjo yakanyandurawo mafambiro akafanana muEurope yose neAmerica. Gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inoparirwa yeFrance yafamba-famba-famba mumifungo mizhinji yehurumende yeFrance, nyika, republic / republic / shation iri mhinduro yakananga kunhaka yokumukira. Nenzira yakafanana, Chinjo yeRussia ya 1917 yakapa kuruwa rwokubereka nyika yokutanga, iyo yakaisa gadziriro imwe yechikamu yakavakirwa pamifungo yaMarxism uye kudzorwa kwemari yemari. Chigaro chenyika iyoyo chakaumbwawo kwete chete asi chirengo cheRussia musimba renyika yose.

Kuungana

Kutonga kwehurumende kwehurumende kwakasiya mikurumbira mikuru pamasangano ehurumende enyika dzakawanda. Masangano akapinzwa munzanga aiwanzogara nhaka zvivako zvokutonga, gadziriro dzemitemo, uye miganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika yakaiswa nevagari vawo. Kunyange pashure pokuzvitonga, aya masangano akagarwa nhaka aipfuurira, pane dzimwe nguva nokuchinja. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzeBritain dzakawanda dzakagamuchira hurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzehurumende, nepo nyika dzeFrance kazhinji kazhinji dzaitevera mamiriro echikamu chikuru zvikuru, ehurumende yapurezidhendi. Zvisinei, kubatana kwetsika kwemadzinza akasiyana- siyana nemadzinza pasi pemiganhuro yakaparira kusawirirana kusingaperi kunopfuurira kudzora. MuAfrica, nhaka yezvokudzora nyika dzehurumende dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inodzorwa nedzorwa pasi pehurumende yadzose dzakaita kuti dzive dzakaoma kutsigira hurumende inodzorwa.

Hondo Nerwisano

Hondo, dzose dziri mbiri dzevagari vemo nedzamarudzi ose, dzakavawo vatyairi vane simba vechinjo yehurumende. Kuparadzwa kweHondo yeNyika II kwakasunda Japan neGermany kugamuchira mitemo mitsva iyo yakasimbisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, maruramiro avanhu, uye nyaradzo. MuJapan, Avhosvey Occountation pasi paGeneral Douglas MacArthur yakatungamirira kurongwa kwebumbiro remitemo itsva rehurumende yakashandura hurumende kuva hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Germany, yakakamukana pashure pehondo, yakava negadziriro mbiri dzakasiana dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakaparadzaniswa muMabvazuva, imwe inodzivirira maruramiro ehurumende yavanhu muMadokemikacha yeNyika yeNyika ino muMadokero-Madokero, kusvikira kukuvakwazve kwehondo yezvizvarwa zvavagari vemo vomunyika, sehondo yeAmerica yeChivi (1861,18656) yakatungamirira kuidzoro yesimba renyika yehurumende youranda. Hurumende yeU.

Kuchinja Kwetsika Nenzanga

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika haangovakiwo nenzira ine mufungo; anoratidzira zvitendero, tsika, uye zvokutanga zvavanhu vaanotonga.Zvinhu zvetsika zvinobatanidza zvimiro zvendangariro kuchiremera, ukoshi hwomunhu oga mukupesana negarikano yakabatana, magamuchidzanwa orudzidziso, uye zvinoitika zvenhau zvine zvimiro zvokutonga.

Kuunganidza munhu oga oga

Societies dzinosimbisa kuita chisarudzo chakabatana netsinhirano yenzanga kazhinji kazhinji dzinokweverwa kugadziriro dzinoisa nzanga pakutanga pamunhu mumwe. Somuenzaniso, nyika zhinji dzeEast Asia dzine gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika idzo dzinobatanidza kupindira kwakasimba kwehurumende nemamiriro ehurumende yedemocracy .Nkava dzinonzi “hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu” kana kuti“ hurumende inotonga bhizimisi renyika." muChina, simbiso pakudzikamiswa kwenzanga negarikano yenzanga, yakasimbiswa mumipimo yemasangano eConfucian, inobetsera kutsigira imwe yazvino uno unobatira nzanga. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika dzeNordiccia, nedziwo yavanhu, nedzinozviisa mupimo wehurumende yenzanga inowirirana nemitemo yekoshambariro yetsika dzavo dzakasimba.

Tsika Dzechitendero Nedzechitendero

Rudzidziso rwakaita basa guru munhau mukuumba gadziriro dzehurumende. Munyika dzechiIslam, ukama pakati porudzidziso nehurumende hunosiyana zvikuru. Mamwe marudzi, saSaudi Arabia, anogamuchira umambo hwoubati ushe hwoumwari umo mutemo worudzidziso uri hwaro hwokutonga. Zvimwe, kufanana neTurkey, zvakaronda uzivi nepo zvichiri kubvuma ukoshi hwetsika dzechiIslam. MuEurope, Chinjo yePurotesitendi nehondo dzapashure dzorudzidziso zvakaparira kumuka kwemarudzi nepfungwa dzouchangamire hwenyika. Magamuchidzanwa ouzivi eCriolection (Hyleence), Montesquieuth, naRousz), nenzira inoshamisa akapesvedzera kukuramatemwaradziridza mitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yechi18 ne19. Kunzwisisa izvi zvetsika pasi pezvikamu zvezvamatongerwe enyika kunotsanangura chikonzero nei masangano akati kuti awande mune mamwe matura mune mamwe mativi ezvamatongerwe enyika asi kwete mune mamwe nharaunda.

Gadziriro Dzenzanga Nemapoka Akakurumbira

Masangano enzanga akakurumbira akadai segadziriro dzetsika dzechiHindu, nzanga, kana kuti mapoka emapoka, anotapurawo kugamuchirwa kwehurumende. MuIndia, gadziriro yemapoka echiHindu yakapesvedzera munhau yezvamatongerwe enyika uye inopfuurira kuumba matongerwe enyika okusarudza uye gadziriro. Kushandisa kwehurumende yeIndia kwokubvuma chiito nokuda kwemapoka echikamu akaderera mugumisiro wakananga wokuumbwa kwenhau. Munyika dzakawanda dzeAfrica, ruvimbiko rwedzinza runowanzotsiva kuzivikanwa norudzi, kuchitungamirira kumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anotsamira pagadziriro dzemasangano echibvumirano nesimba. Saka kusaenzana kwenhau kwenzanga kunoda kuti pave nezvivako zvehurumende zvinosimbisa kana kuti zvinoderedza kusawirirana kwenzanga, zvichitsamira pazvinoiswa nenzanga.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvemari uye Kudzora

Zvisakiso zvemari zvinoita basa rinokosha mukusarudza gadziriro dzehurumende. Mwero wekukura kwemari, kuparadzirwa kwepfuma, mugariro wezvemari, uye chinoitika chenjodzi dzemari zvose pesvedzero iyo gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dziri kushanda uye dzinofadza. Marudzi eProfeal angatanga masangano akaoma ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, nepo nyika dzine urombo dzingagamuchira hurumende dzakati kuti dzichengetedze nhevedzano. Matambudziko ezvemari anogonawo kunyandura chinjo mukudzora, sezvo marudzi anotsvaka dzikamo newere.

Pfuma Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kune batano yakasanonyorwa pakati pekukura kwezvemari nehurumende yedemocracy. Nyika dzine GDP yakakwirira zvikuru pamunhu mumwe, dzidzo iri nani, uye mapoka apakati akasimba dzinokombamira kutsigira masangano edemokratiki nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. Rondedzero yokuchinja kwazvino uno inokarakadza kuti sezvo nzanga dzinokura mune zvemari, dzinova dzinova nebviro huru yokushandisa nokuchengeta gadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji. Somuenzaniso, South Korea yakachinjwa kubva kuhurumende yehurumende yehondo yehondo ndokuenda kuhurumende yedemocracy yehondo inodzorwa zvikuru muma 1980, sezvo upfumi hwayo hwayo hwakawanda hwava nepfuma yakawanda yemari inova nemwero yezvoupfumi yemari inopfuudzoro. Zvinowanzova ne “kutuka kwakaipa, uko pfuma inobva muzviwanikwa zvomuzvarirwo inoita kuti vatungamiriri vatungamiriri vezvomumatokisi vadzoro kuti vasane nokudzivisa kushatsakatika nokudzorwa kwezvo zvouganda.

Nhamo Dzemari Semapfundo Akachinja

Njodzi dzemari dzinowanzoshanda sezvinoparira chinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuderera kukuru kweMadokero eHurumende dzefascist muItaly neGermany, pamwe chete neNew Deance muUnited States, izvo zvakakudza basa rehurumende yeUnited States muupfumi. Nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikuru, Sunday Financial Crisis yeMaricial ye1997 yakanetesa hurumende dzinodzora muIndonesia neSouth Korea, ichitsiva nzira nokuda kwechinjo dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. MuLatin America, kunyanyisa kwemibango nechikwereti muma 1980 na 1990 zvakatungamirira kukugamuchirwa kwemiitiro yezvemari yePrejistation yePrejimenti uye, mune zvimwe zvinoitika, kuchinja kwehurumende yehondo kuenda kuhurumende. Chinoitika chenhau chemari chinogona kuita kuti vanhu vadedederero kusimba guru, kana kuti vatonge vatongedze zvikuru kudzora kwoudzoro mberi.

Mavambo Ezvemari Nefariro

Rudzi rwezvemari yenyika runoumbawo hurumende yayo. Nzanga dzezvoupfumi dzingava nezvinodikanwa zvakasiyana - siyana kupfuura upfumi hwenzvimbo dzakabudirira kana kuti hwakavakirwa pabasa. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro dzehurumende dzakanga dzakasanobatana nohuvakidziro hweminda nokurima. Chinjo yeIndaneti yakaparira masangano matsva enzanga negadziriro dzebhizimisi dzemabhizimisi dzemarobhabhasitiri nedzehurumende dzeguta remaruwa dzinotungamirira kukukura kwemabhizimisi uye kusimukira kwemasangano ebasa nehurumende dzegarikamite. Munguva dzazvino, upfumi hwepasi pose namasangano enyika dzakawanda dzingasunda hurumende kubvisa muganhu nebvumirano dzezvokutengeserana zvapachena, izvo zvinogona kutapura uchangamire uye ukupindira kwehurumende. Kuchinja kwenhau pakurima kuenda kumaindaneti kuti kumabasa ezvokushandira kunzvimbo dzamabasa kwave zvichifambidzana mumitezoteve yakabatana nemabasa ehurumende.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Zvakaitika Kare Zvakaitika

Patinenge tichikurukura nyaya yokutanga yatinowana muUnited States neChina, tinogona kuwedzera kuitora towedzera mimwe mienzaniso kuti tiratidze kuti pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokanganisa sei.

United States

Hurumende yeUnited States yakagamuchira gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inopesvedzera pfungwa dzeChenjero nechishuvo chokuzvimirira kubva kukutonga kwehurumende. Mamiriro enhau okupandukira, kusavapo kwechibvumirano chehurumende, uye kunangidzira ngwariro pakodzero dzayo dzomunhu oga zvakaumba chimiro chadzo chehurumende. Vanababa vakatanga vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nerondedzero dzaJohn Locke maruramiro echisiko neredhiomheamsquie yehurumende. Chinjo yeAmerica (1775-1717883) yakanga isati iri hondo bedzi yokuzvimirira asi kurambwa kwehurumende yemonarchy yakaparirazve simba rehurumende 1787. Rudzi rwemitemo yakaitwa nekodzero dzehurumende dzinodzikamiswa pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende zvinopfuurira kutsigira migariro yehurumende, chibvumirano nechiyero pakati pehurumende, chibvumirano, chibvumirano nezvinotonga.

China

Gadziriro yehurumende yeChina, nyika imwe yechisosharisiti, yakapesvedzerwa nenhau yayo refu youmambo, chinjo yekomonisiti, nechishuvo chedzikamo yenzanga. Mamirire enhau ehurumende nerwisano dzomukati akaitawo basa mukuumba udzori hwayo hwazvino uno. Kwamazana amakore, China yakatongwa namadzimambo nesangano rapakati raisimbisa kurongeka kwamadzimambo. Kuputsika kweQuasartariarchy kwaidzoro. Kuderera kweGiaiana kwaDenasty muna 1911 kwatungamirira kunhambo yenyongano, kurwisana kwamamwe marudzi, uye hondo yavagari vomunyika. Rukukunda kweKomonisiti yeMao Zedong muna 1949 kwakatanga nyika yeLenician iyo yakachengeta kudzorwa kukuru apo yaitsigira kuunganidzwa nokuiswa kwomugariro wehurumende wenyika. Kudzorwa kwenhau ye “mumwero mukuru wenhambo yenhambo yehurumende yedzimwe nyika yehurumende, uye kudzorongedzero yehurumende yezvamatongerwe enyika kuto yeChina, ichiri kudzosera mamiriro enyika yenhau renyika ino ichiri kudzo ino.

Germany

Gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeGermany yakachinja zvikuru mukupindura zviitiko zvenhau. Pashure peHondo yeNyika I, Weimar Republic yehurumende yeruzhinji yakatangwa, asi masangano ayo ehurumende yegutsaruzhinji akaneta uye pakupedzisira akaputsika muukombi hwenhamo yemari nekodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika, zvichitungamirira kuudzvinyiriri hweNazi (1933-1945). Pashure peHondo yeNyika II, Germany yakakamurwa kuva Hurumende yeMabvazuva neWestern, imwe neimwe ine gadziriro dzamatongerwe enyika dzakaiswa nemasimba enyika adzoro nekodzero dzapamutemo, zvakaitirwa kudzivirira kudzoka kwechidhiragiro. Mutemo weSikisi (Grungesez) wakabatanidza zvirongwa zvakafanana nokuvhotera kuvika kwechivi uye dare remitemo renyika dzakasimba rakabatana negadziriro yehurumende inodzorwa kudzikamisa kusimba. Germany, pasi pechisimba reSoviet, rakava nehurumende yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga yehurumende yehurumende yenyika yose yakabatana muGermany muna 1990 inopinda mutsika yeGermany yeGermany yekare yeGermany inokunda nyika dzose, inovatema neyati inovatema neyamuwati

India

Kugamuchirwa kweIndia kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pashure pokuzvimirira muna 1947 kwakaumbwa zvikuru nenhau yayo inodzorwa nehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye nhaka yesangano rokuzvitonga reIndia. Kutonga kweBritain kwakatanga masangano ehurumende yeparamende, masangano azvino uno, uye gadziriro yapamutemo yakavakirwa pamutemo weEngland. Zvisinei, kutora rusununguko pasi peMahatma Gandhi naJawaharlal Nehru kwakagamuchira zvinangwa zvedemocracy nehurumende yenyika senzira yokubatanidza nyika yakasiyana zvikuru. Chinoitika chenhau chemasimba masimba omusoko nenhamo yokukamukana zvakasimbisa kudikanwa kwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvinogona kudzora uzhinji uye kudzivirira maruramiro akaderera. Chibvumirano chehurumende chehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yenyika yose chakagoverwa nechiito chokubudirira muIndia, pasineiwiriranwa kwakakwirira uye kupfumbadzamagariro yenzanga kazhinji kazhinji kuti chive zviitike.

Zvikonzero Zvenzvimbo Nezvounyanzvi Hwokugadzira Zvinhu

Nepo mashoko akapoteredza enhau ari erens huru, geography noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinobatiranawo nenhau kuti zvidzore gadziriro dzehurumende. Zviteshi zvenzvimbo yejiyoni zvakadai soukuru hwenyika, nzvimbo, mamiriro okunze, uye kukwanisa kufamba kunzvimbo dzokushambadzira zvinogona kuumba zvivako zvokutungamirira. Nyika huru, dzakasiyana- siyana dzakadai seUnited States, Russia, uye Canada dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzehurumende dzenhau kuti dzitarisire mhatsa. Marudzi ezvitsuwa ezvitsuwa zvenyukireya angatangawo zvinokosha zvakasiana-chinja uye mitemo yokudzivirira yokumwe nyika. Nenzira yakafanana, kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokudhinda, izvo zvinoparadzira pfungwa dzechinjo, kana kuti iInternetic syltic synologys inoita kuti mamiriro ezveritiki ashavo matonge mamwe ezvero ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Pesvedzero Yamarudzi Ose Nokusiana

Pakupedzisira, mashoko enhau eukama hwamarudzi ose haagoni kufuratirwa. Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinopesvedzerwa nomuenzaniso wavavakidzani vane simba, vaichimbova masimba anodzorwa nenyika. Kupararira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muzana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 kwakasundwa murutivi rumwe nebudiriro yehurumende dzehurumende dzedemokrase seUnited States neUnited Kingdom, pamwe chete namasangano emarudzi ose ehurumende nebvumirano. Ukurukuro yehurumende dzinodzora hurumende dzine simba mu 1930 kwakaratidzira komba yepasi rose kufascism nehondo. Pashure peHondo yeNyika II, mhoteredzo yeRuzha yakasundira munyika dzakawanda muudzo neUnited States kana kuti Soviet Union, pamwe chete nenzvimbo yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika yezvamatongerwe enyika muLatin yeLatin kuAmerica kuMadokentia muEurope. Nhasi, pesvedzero yezveupfumi hwenyika nyika yose yakafanana nedzvinyiriro yavanhu muEurope, pashure pehondo yehondo inopfuurira kufambidzamo yetsika dzenhau dzenyika dzekare kuti ipfuure.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa mashoko enhau erudzi kunogovera nzwisiso inokosha pamusoro pokuti nei gadziriro dzehurumende dzakagamuchirwa. Iyi mitoo haisati iri yakare; inochinja sezvo nzanga dzichichinja ndokupindura kudenho itsva. Kuziva iyi nhevedzano kunotibatsira kunzwisisa mhatsa yegadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika kupota nyika. Nhau haisati iri nguva yemberi, asi inogadza nzvimbo apo zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoitwa. Zvinjo, hondo, mipimo yehurumende, mipimo yetsika, yetsika, uye dzvinyiriro dzamarudzi ose izvo zvinoumba nhau dzinova nezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa nazvo izvo hurumende dzinopa. Kupfurikidza nokufunda idzi pesvedzero, tinogona kufanoziva zviri nani kuti gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzingawirirana sei nemigariro yeramangwana, uye miganhuro yehurumende inopa nokuda kwemigariro yapasi peto yenhau. [[FF]