Chisarudzo chokuti nzanga ibatanidzwe seguta kana kuti taundi chinowanzova nechokufunga nezvezvinenge zvichiitika zvakadai sokubudirira kwemari, zvinodiwa zvemarongerwo ezvivako, uye kusiana kwoupenyu. Kunyange zvazvo pasi peidzi kurukurirano dzepamusoro pane mutyairi akadzika, anowanzofuratirwa: pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Vagari vemo nevakuru vemo vanochengeta basa rakafanira rehurumende, mutero, rusununguko rwomunhu oga, uye mutoro weboka kana nzanga ichitsvaka kubatanidzwa, kurwa kuti irambe isina kubatanidzwa, kana kuti iwire munharo dzinoodzano dzinokuvadza. Kunzwisisa iyi pfungwa kunokosha nokuda kwevagadziri vemitengi, varo, uye vagari vemo, nemhaka yokuti kunozivisa chikonzero nei nhamburiko dzakati kuti zvibudirire apo vamwe vanochengeta, uye chikonzero nei chimiro chebasa chitsva zvichisiyana zvikuru muUnited States.

Kunzwisisa Maonero Ematongerwe Enyika uye Kutonga Kwenharaunda

Pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika hadzisi simba rimwe, rinowirirana asi mhatsa yezvitendero zvakadzama pamusoro penzira iyo chaunga chinofanira kurongwa nayo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende yomunzvimbomo, zvitendero izvozvi zvinochinja kuva zvimiro zvendangariro zvechienzi kumitero, gadziriro yebasa, mirau, uye vamiriri vechiremera. Masangano epfungwa anokosha zvikurusa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvokubatanidza anobatanidza:

  • LIABEralism / Progressionism: inorangarira hurumende sesimba riri madikanwa nerakanaka rokukurukura kusaenzana kwenzanga nezvemari. Nzanga dzezvigaro dzinokombamira kutsigira mabasa akasimba avose, mitero inofambira mberi, uye tarisiro. Dzinowanzoona kuva pamwe chete sechishandiso chokukudza dzimba dzinotengwa, kutakura vanhu, dziviriro dzemhoteredzo, uye zvirongwa zvenzanga.
  • Comment=Conservatism: Specissing system system, ganhuriro yemari, mutoro womunhu oga, uye misika yakasununguka. Nzanga dzinobatanidza kunyumwira, kutya mitero yakakwirira, mirau mitsva, uye kukura kwesangano. Padzinoronda kubatanidzwa, kazhinji kazhinji kufutunurwa neguta guru, rine mvumo zvikuru kana kuti kugadzira mitemo yomunzvimbomo kuti ikodzere zvinhu zvinokosha, zvakadai semitero yakaderera yepfuma uye ganhuriro shomanene yenzvimbo.
  • : Kutanga kuzvitonga kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye kupindira kuduku kwehurumende pamwero yose. Nzanga dzinodzorwa navose dzinodzivisa zvikuru kupinda, kurangarira nzvimbo itsva ipi neipi yehurumende sechikanganiso parusununguko. Vangada gadziriro dzebasa remunhu oga, vasaimba, kana kuti nyika inodzora pamusoro pegadziriro yemanisiparati.
  • Chipupulism: chinogona kugura mitsetse yokuruboshwe-kurudyi, kazhinji kazhinji inoratidzirwa nokusavimba kwavakuru vakuru namasangano akagadzwa. Murangariro wePopulist ungabatanidza nhamburiko apo vagari vanonzwa vafuratirwa nezviremera zveruwa kana kuti zvenyika, kana kuti apo vanorangarira tyisidziro kubva mumaguta, mipimo yakasiana---- siyana. Nenzira inopesana, inogona kutungamirirawo kuchishoro kana kuvambaniswa kuchionwa sebasa remibato.

Idzi malens dzepfungwa hadzishandi pasina chinhu. Dzinoshanda nenhau yomunzvimbomo, uwandu hwevanhu, migariro yemari, uye utongi hwepamutemo hunobatanidzwa munyika imwe neimwe. Uyezve, pfungwa dzinogona kuva zvose zviri zviviri chisakiso nomugumisiro wokubatanidzwa: nzanga ingabatanidza nemhaka yokusava kwayo nemirangariro, uye chiito chokubatanidza kunogona, kusimbisa, uye kuronga kupfurikidza nemitemo yomunharaunda, mitemo yemitero, uye zvisarudzo zvokushandisa nyika.

Chikamu Chapamutemo Nechinoumbwa Chokusarura

Kurongeka muitiro uyo nzanga inozvironga nawo imene kuva sangano rinozivikanwa pamutemo remanisiparati, rinowanzova guta kana kuti guta. Zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvinosiana nehurumende, asi zvizhinjisa zvinobatanidza chikumbiro, fundo isingachinjiki, kutongwa, uye vhoti yavagari vemo vakatapurwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda mvumo kubva kuboka renyika kana kuti dare, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira kuti zvivhotiso zvepamutemo zvive nzvimbo yakananga. Zvipingamupinyi zvepamutemo zvinogona kuva zvikuru, zvinoda zvitengo zvinokosha, unyanzvi hwemari, uye kubatanidzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinopesvedzera chikamu chiri chose cheiyi nzira. Mukati mochikamu chokukumbira, vatengesi vepfungwa vanofanira kuisa betsero dzokubatanidza mumashoko anowirirana nezvitendero zvenzanga zvakatekeshera. Somuenzaniso, munzanga yakasununguka, vatsigiri vangasimbisa mano okugadza udzori, kutsigira zvikoro zvavose, kana kuti kutanga boka ramapurisa rine purofiti yokuzvidavirira. Munharaunda yakasiana, mari inganangidzira ngwariro pamitero yakaderera, miraudzo mishomanene, uye dziviriro kubva mukubatanidzwa neguta guru, remitero. Fundo yepasi resimba, inogonawo kuva mirangariro yehondo pamusoro pemibayiro yomunguva yemberi, ndyiko yebasa, uye kukura kwemari, imwe neimwe inogona kuva yakagadzirwa nemitemo isati yavapo.

Kuumba Kwazvinoita Zvinhu Zvinoda Kuchinja

Migariro Yakasununguka: Kuzvibata Sechinogonesa Kudzora Kunofambira Mberi

Nokuda kwenzanga dzine zivikanwo yakasimba kana kuti inofambira mberi, kubatanidzwa kunowanzoonekwa senzira yokuwana nayo chiremera chapamutemo nokuwana mari inodikanwa kuti ishandise purogiramu inofambira mberi. Pasina mugariro wemanisiparati, ivo vanozviisa kuhurumende yeruwa, iyo ingava isingachinji zvikuru, isingadi kupindura, kana kuti isingakwanisi kupa vagari veminamabasa vakawanda. Nokubatanidza, vanogona kugamuchira gwaro reguta rinoisa nzanga rakaenzana, kuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo, kutengwa kwemari inotengwa navose, uye kushairwa kwedzimba dzinotengwa.

Muenzaniso unowanika mudzimba dzakawanda dzeBay Places, dzakadai se Berkeley uye [FLT .San Francisco][ (panguva refu yakanyoreswa), asiwo munhamburiko dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Rangarira 2021 kuedza kupfurikidza nenzanga isina kubatanidzwa ye [[FLT:] Faig, California [[FLT]] (Alameda County) kubatanidza rutivi rwechishuvo) kudzorwa nechishuvo chakasimba kuti chidzoresa zvikuru nedziviriro izvo nyika yakanga isingadi kuchengetwa. Vagari vaivo vanorangarirwa sezvitongwa vamene. Kunyange zvazvo vakatadza kuratidzira mirangariro yesimba.

Migariro Yavanhu Inodzivisa Kana Kuti Inotsausa

Nzanga dzinotsiva dzinokombamira kuva dzinongwarira kubatanidzwa nemhaka yokuti kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza mitero mitsva, chishandiso chitsva chebureaucracy, uye bviro nokuda kwokukura kwomunguva yemberi muhurumende. Zvisinei, kurwa ikoko kunogona kuchinja kuva tsigiro inoshingaira apo kutsiva kunoramba kusina kubatanidzwa /_inoita kuti nzanga itongwe neguta rine rupo. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, kubatanidzwa kunova chiteshi chokuzvidzivirira kuchengetedza nzira yakacheteruka youpenyu: mitero yakaderera yezvinhu, kubvumira misha yemhuri imwe, murairo webhizimisi yakaganhurirwa, uye kudzora kwomunzvimbomo pazvikoro.

Chinosanozivikanwa ndiro Springs, Georgia. Muna 2005, vagari vomumusha uyu wakapfuma, une tsika dzakanyanyisa weAtlanta vakavhota kuti vabatane, zvikurukuru kuti vaparadzirwe neguta reAtlanta, iro rakaonekwa serakasununguka uye rakashatiswa. Sandy Springs rakava guta rokutanga muGeorgia kuti ribatane mumakore 50, uye kubudirira kwaro kwakaita kuti fungu remibatanidzwa muPulton County yose iri mumusha. Guta idzva rinenge rakaita mabasa ose avanhu kuti rivakirwe nemitero yavanhu, richichengeta mitero yakaderera uye risina Hurumende yaidzwa.

Nzvimbo Dzinoongorora Dzimba Dzepasi Penyika: Kuvenga Hurumende Itsva Ipi Neipi

Mumativi emaruwa eWest neMidwest, umo mipimo yeraibhurari ine mipimo yakasimba, inobatanidzwa inowanzorangarirwa setyisidziro kurusununguko rwomunhu oga. Vagari vanodavira kuti hurumende yenyika, inotova miduku, iri nani kuhurumende yemanisiparati iyo ingagona kuisa mitemo yokuvaka, marezenisi ebhizimisi, kana kuti miganhu yeruzha. Nzanga idzi sezvingabvira zvikuru dzinotsamira pasonganiro dzisina kurongwa, makambani emvura avanhu voga netsvina, uye madhipatimendiro omwoto akazvipira kupfuura kugadzira gadziriro yeguta.

Somuenzaniso, mu Storey County, Nevada, inobatanidza nzanga isina kubatanidzwa yeVirginia City, kurukurirano dzamakumi amakore pamusoro pokubatana dzakakundikana kakawanda. Nepo kushanyira nzvimbo nevezvokuchengeteka zvenhau zvakapfuurira kuti zvitsigire kutsigira zvinhu uye mabasa, vagari vakawanda venguva refu vanodzivisa panzvimbo dzinotendwa, vachipikisa kuti “hurumende ndiyo chinetso.” Uku kuramba kupfuurira kunyange kana mabasa anokosha akadai sokuchengetwa kwemugwagwa uye kuchengetwa kwamapurisa kutadza, kuzivisa ukurukuzvipira kwepfungwa.

Nzvero Dzezvinoitika Mukuedzesera Kwendangariro

Austin, Texas: Muzinda weUrban Core

Nhoroondo yaAustin seguta rakabatanidzwa zvikuru nokuzivikanwa kwaro kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kubvira kuma1970 zvichienda mberi, hurumende yeguta raAustin yave iri purofesa mumitemo inofambira mberi: mirau yemhoteredzo, kuiswa kwemitengo yezvokufambisa vanhu vose, dzimba dzinodhura dzinorongwa pamativi enzvimbo, uye, misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kugadziridza nzvimbo kuti dzibvumire kukura kukuru. Kudisa kweguta kutora nzvimbo dzakapoteredza necherokugara kwadzo kupfurikidza nokukakavara kwemite nechero kwenzvimbo dzomumahoteramendi nehomoni, kukuramasva kunoitwa nomumabhizimisi. “Rhenget Austin Weird .

Zvisinei, kunyange muAustin, pfungwa dzinopokanidzwa. Mitemo inodenha yeguta mu 1990 namavambo ama 2000 yakanyandura kudzorwa muHill Countnt, umo masangano ezvetsika akafanana ne PFlugerville[ uye [FLT]K]K [[FLT] yakabatanidza kudzivirira mitero yavo vamene nokudzivisa Austin's kusvikazve. Iyi inorwisana neAustinporation yairatidza pachena, yaidzivirira sedziviriro yekodzero dzepfuma nehurumende yomunzvimbomo mukurwisana ne “guta guru".

Mirefu Yemaruwa: Nzvero Yekusafambidzana

Mhiri kwamaruwa Midwest, nyika hurusa inoramba isina kubatanidzwa, inodzorwa bedzi namasangano enyika. Munzvimbo dzakadai se Iowa, Kansas, uye Nebraska, pfungwa dzenzvimbo nefungidziro dzehurumende dzakachengeta mazana enzanga duku mukutsvaka mugariro weguta, kunyange apo chiverengero chavagari vemo nomubato wemari zvingaritsigira. Kubvunzurudza navatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunozivisa chitendero chakasimba chokuti “ruwa runoita mari yakakwana. uye kuti Hurumende yeguta yaizosimbisa kurasa. Iyi mirangariro inosimbiswa nemipimo yorudzidziso netsika iyo inopa mubayiro wokuzvivimba nayo paboka.

Migumisiro yacho inooneka: nzvimbo dzisati dzabatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji hadzina mabasa makuru akadai sokuchengetwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvaka, kuongororwa, uye kugadziridzwa kwemigwagwa, izvo zvinogona kuvhiringidza kukura kwemari uye kunaka kweupenyu. Kunyange zvakadaro kushambadza uku kunogamuchirwa nemhaka yokuti kunowirirana nekuona kwenyika kunokosha zvikuru kwemitero uye kudzorwa kuduku. Kuvarongi nevanoronga mitemo, izvi zvinopa chinetso: kuti vavandudze mabasa pasina kunyandura chishoro chepfungwa.

Nzvimbo Dzinorwiwa Nehondo Dzapasi Pezvitsuwa: Kusiyana - siyana Kwezvinhu Zvomudenga muMetropolitan Fringe

Zvichida hapana nzvimbo yepfungwa inooneka zvikuru kupfuura mumisha inokura nokukurumidza kumativi enzvimbo huru dzeguta. Idzi nzanga kazhinji kazhinji dzinovhengana nemirangariro yakasiyana - siyana kubva kunzvimbo dzomuguta dzinogara vagari vemo vagara kwenguva refu. Kana nhau yeComplition imuka, inogona kufumura mitsetse mitsva. Wake County, North Carolina[[FL:1] County [i], kukarakadzwa kwa [FLT], chikarakadzo cha .QUTAY-VaRNA [ seguta idzva idzva (panotangira kubatanidzwa neraleult) yakaitiranwa nharo kwamakore, navagari vanofarira hurumende ine simba nevagari vomumaguta uye vanopesana.

Masimba akafanana akagadzirwa mu Douglas County, Colorado, uko nzvimbo dzisina kubatanidzwa pedyo ne Denver dzairangarirwa kuva nzvimbo. Vagari verabhu vaida guta raizogadza parakabhu, kufamba kwavose, uye nhano dzemhatsa; vachengeti vaida kuchengeta mitero yakaderera uye varapi vetsika. Kukundikana kusvika bvumirano .(driv) kupfurikidza nokupfuudzira kwetsika-prelation progatoriation / kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji yakasiya idzi nzanga dzisina nzira yakajeka mberi, dzinosara pasi pekudzora kusingafadzeri zvizere.

Kunzvera Kwemitumbi uye Kuziva Pamusoro Pezvipenyu Nokuchinja

Nepo huzhinji hwoufakazi huri hurevo, mutumbi unokura wenzvero yeequatoritious unotsigira pfungwa yokuti pfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika chiratidzo chinokosha chemiuyo yokubatanidza. Nzvero dzinoshandisa mashoko enzvimbo yakaderera yeU.S. ecredium nemitemo yepfungwa (muchib., kubva kuCooperative Councitional EFomment Study) dzakawana kuti:

  • Mitemo ine mugove wakakwirira zvikuru wavavhoti vakasununguka inokombamira kukuva nokuedza kunobatanidza zvikuru, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakatoitwa kuti dzive dzomumaguta.
  • Kuverenga kwevatsigiri kungangoramba kusina basa, uye pazvinobatanidza, zvinoita kudaro ne “mari yakaderera, mutero wakaderera” terogi inopedza mabasa.
  • Kuziva zviri mukati menzanga kunowedzera bviro yokubatanidzwa kunobudirira; nzanga dzakasiana - siana kazhinji kazhinji dzinorega nemhaka yerwisano yepfungwa pamusoro pedonzo noukuru hwehurumende itsva.

Iyi nzvero, yakabudiswa mumagazini akadai se Urban Affairs Review uye Journal of Urban Affairs[, inosimbisa kuti kubatanidzwa hakusati kuri chisarudzowo zvacho chemitoo yebasa kana kuti chemari asi chisarudzo chezvamatongerwe enyika chakasimbiswa zvikuru murwisano dzepfungwa pamusoro porudzi rwehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Kuedza Kuronga uye Kuronga

Nokuda kwavarongi, vakuru vakuru vebudiriro yemari, uye vaiti vemiitiro yehurumende, kuziva upamhi hwepfungwa dzokubatanidza kunogona kuvandudza kuvimbisana nemigumisiro. Kuedza kwamagamuchidzanwa kunosimbisa kunzvera kwechikwaniriso chenesenzi, kushanda zvakanaka kwebasa, uye kukura kwemari kungakundikana kunyengetedza nzanga dzine pfungwa dzinovatungamirira kusavimba nehurumende kana kuti kukoshesa utongi pamusoro porudzi rwebasa. Zvirongwa zvinobudirira zvinosanganisira:

  • mabasa okuisa mashoko akasiana - siana. Munzanga dzine mwero, inosimbisa kuti kubatanidzwa kunogona kudzivirira kudzorwa neguta rakasununguka, mitero yakaderera munguva refu, uye kutanga hurumende inogamuchira zvikuru, yomunzvimbomo. Munzanga dzakasununguka, kusimbisa mano okuita mitemo inofambira mberi iyo hurumende yeruwa isingagoni kana kuti isati isati ichigona kushandisa.
  • Miitiro yokuparadzanisa inoremekedza mhatsa yepfungwa. kurukurirano dzenzanga umo vagari vemo vanogona kutaura funganyo dzavo ndokuona kuti kubatanidza kungawiriraniswa sei nemipimo yavo (imo, nzanga yedonzo yakaganhurirwa iyo inogovera bedzi mabasa makuru mashomanene).
  • [ Kuzivisa mashoko edonzo apo vanobvuma rusaruro rwepfungwa. Vagadziri vanogona kupa mari nendyiko dzinoda mari, asi vanofanirawo kuva vanojekesera pamusoro pefungidziro dzinopa rondedzero idzodzo uye kuti mifungo yakasiana ingadzidudzira nenzira yakasiana sei.
  • Kufunga nezvedzimwe mhando dzinodzora. nokuda kwenzanga dzinodzivisa kuva pamwe chete kwakazara, varongedzi vangakarakadza maruwa chaiwo (muto, nokuda kwomwoto, mvura, kana kuti mapaki) ayo anopa mabasa chaiwo pasina kutanga hurumende yedonzo renyika yose. Izvi zvinogona kugamuchirika nenzira yetsika kuzvose zviri zviviri mavoresa (zvinoda mabasa ari nani) uye mawirira enguva dzose (vanotya hurumende yeguta rakazara).

mhedziso

Uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hahusi chinhu chikuru mukubatanidza zvisarudzo; kazhinji kazhinji idi repakati apo kumwe kurangarira kwose kunotenderera. Kungave kuratidzirwa sechishuvo chokuchinja kunofambira mberi, kutya hurumende kunyengera, kana kuti kuzvipira kwehurumende kuderedza kupindira kwenyika, pfungwa dzinoumba izvo nzanga dzinokumbira hurumende yavo kuti iite, kuti vanoda kubhadhara marii, uye kana vachida kuva neboka remasipalasiparatisi. Kunzwisisa iyi simba rinobvumira vagadziri vemitemo namapurani kuti vasaruki vemiitiro uye vabatane nezvisarudzo zvemari chaizvoizvo, zvinokosha zvakatarisana nazvo. Sezvo United States inopfuurira kukura nokuwedzera, kutamba pakati pepfungwa nenzvimbo inodzokashairira, kungoti idei, kutoda kudzoro huru, kudzora kwounyanzvi, kudzorwa kworuzivo rwemunharaunda yomunharaunda yomunharaunda yomunharaunda.