Kunzwisisa Michina Yokupesvedzera

Kutongwa kweCongress kwakagadzirirwa kuva nzvimbo yavose umo vaiti vemitemo vanounganidza mashoko, zvapupu, uye kukurukura betsero dzemitemo inokarakadzwa. Bva muitiro wacho unoumbwa nenzira inowedzera navanonyandura uye mapoka efariro chaiyo anoshanda mose muri muviri pachena uye seri kwezviono. Kunzwisisa ukuru hwepesvedzero iyi, kuri madikanwa kunzvera kwete bedzi kuti vatambi ava ndivanaani asiwo nzira iyo vanozvipinza nayo vamene nomutoo wokunzwa, kubva pakusarudza uchapupu kusvikira kukuguma kwezvikwereti zvokupedzisira.

Vazvinafundo vanobhadharwa nenyanzvi dzinobhadharwa . kazhinji kazhinji vaichimbova mitezo yeCongress, vashandi, kana kuti nyanzvi dzemaindasitiri (vanomirira masangano ezvokutengeserana, masangano asingapinduri mhindu, kana kuti hurumende dzokumwe. Vanoshandisa ukama, mipiro, uye ruzivo rwemiitiro kuti vatsigire migumisiro chaiyo. Mapoka anoumba mibatanidzwa yakafara inobatanidza zviwanikwa uye inobatanidza nhamburiko dzokuvandika zvirongwa, zvakadai sekodzero dzepfutibhamu, dziviriro yezvakapoteredza, kana kuti mirairo yemitero. Pamwe chete, vanoumba nzanga yezvakaidziko inoparira zvikuru mukupesvedzera bazu regino, nokushandisa mari inodarika mabhiriyoni $5 (Z $5]) gore rimwe nerimwe mukuwirirana ne [[FLT:[FLT][FK:][F1]

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti izvi zvinoguma nokuchinja kwakakomba uko kufarira vanhu vakawanda kunowanzoitwa nevoruzhinji.

Ndivanaani Vanokosha Pakutamba?

Vatambi vebhizimisi vanouya muzvimiro zvakawanda. Vamwe vanohaiwa pfuti dzinoshandira mafemu anosvikira vanhu uye vanomirira vatengi vakawanda mumaindasitiri. Vamwe vari mudzimba dzinosvikira vanhu dzinoshandiswa nesangano rimwe. Masangano ezvokutengeserana akadai se American Petroleum Institute[ kana kuti [[FLT:] Nationalal Association inoshanda semasangano eamburera ayo anobatanidza manzwi emitezo mitezo mizhinji. Kuwedzera, funga mapoka emotokari namatangi neadvockigs [FLT:] Foundation [FFFFFF:5] kurudyi kana kuti [FFLT] nokuda kwechimest]

Nepo aya mapoka achidikanirwa pamutemo kunyoresa nokuzivisa mibato yokupesvedzera muRwiyo rweLobbing Discing Act ya1995, kuchengetwa kunowanzova kwakaneta, uye mabudiro anobvumira mubato unokosha kurege kushumwa. [FLT]NR[[FLT]] yakanyora kuti suo rapamhindi pakati peCongress neK Street rinovimbisa kuti vaichimbova vagadziri vemitemo navashandi vanounza zivo namasangano zvakananga munyika inogamuchirwa, zvichipfuurirazve pesvedzero yayo.

Kushandiswa Kwesimba Rekunzwa Nezvemanzwi

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunoratidza kuti nei kunyange nzeve dzinonyatsonzwa dzichigona kuva motokari dzinoita kuti vanhu vafarire zvinhu zvinokosha.

Kusarudza Uchapupu Nokugadzirira

Zvigaro zvedare nemitezo yakatanhamara zvine chisarudzo chine revo pamusoro pezvipo zvinodanwa. Vachengeti vezvikwereti namapoka efariro kazhinji kazhinji vanokarakadza zvakananga zvapupu kuvaiti vemitemo vane ushamwari. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, zvapupu zvimene vagamuchiri, vaichimbova vadzori, kana kuti vakuru vakuru vemaindasitiri vanowirirana nezvirongwa zvomutengi. Somuenzaniso, kutonga pamusoro pemiitiro yemamiriro okunze kungava nemusayendisiti anotsigirwa nefariro dzezvipfuvara, nepo kunzwa pamusoro pezvishandiso zvoutano kungabatanidza aichimbova mutarisiri wemishonga uyo zvinobvunza nokuda kweindasitiri.

Kupfuura chisarudzo, vadaviri kazhinji kazhinji vanorayiridza zvapupu pamusoro penzira yokupupurira nayo, maidi okusimbisa, uye nzira yokunzvenga nayo mibvunzo yakaoma. Uku kugadzirira kunogona kubatanidza kudzokorora mitsetse inobvira yokubvunza kumitezo yedare ine utsinye uye mhinduro dzinodzivisa kurukurirano yacho pazvokwadi dzisina kukodzera. Muuyo muitiro unowirirana zvikuru nechinoitika chedare panzvimbo pebasa reidi rokutendeseka.

Kufeya - feya Chipupuriro Chakanyorwa Namashoko

Uchapupu hwakanyorwa pamberi uye mukati mokutongwa chishandiso chine simba. Vashandi verobbytes vanonyora mashoko ane udzame akasarudzwa nenzira yakasarudzwa uye nhevedzano dzezvemari dzinotsigira nzvimbo dzavo. Sezvo vashandi vedare vanowanzovimba nouhu hupupuri kugadzirira mibvunzo, mashoko anopiwa anogona kugadza mipimo yekurukurirano. Somuenzaniso, mukati mokutonga pamusoro pechinjo dzemari dzakadzika midzi, vabhengi vanoratidza kuti mitemo yemitemo yetsika dzorumano ichaparadza mamirioni emabasa nemitoo yakabvumikisa kuva inokatutsikwa zvikuru.

Vaongorori vazvimiriri pa Office yeMatare anozvidavirira vakaona kuti akawanda emashoko anotsigira anopiwa nemapoka ezvisarudzo anoshaiwa kuongorora kwevezera ravo uye anowanzovakirwa papfungwa dzechimurenga. Asi nemhaka yemitengo inodzika mitemo nepfuma yakaganhurirwa, vashandi vedare vangagamuchira izvi zvichienderana nezvinoonekwa, zvikurukuru kana zvichiwirirana nevavariro dzebato rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Suo Rinotenderera Pakati Pechibharo Nechibharo

Chimwe chezvimiro zvepesvedzero zvine simba zvikuru asi zvinooneka zvishoma ichiva mativi echikwata chavakuru avo vanonyora mibvunzo, vanounganidza mipfupi yokunzwa, uye vanopa zano mitezo kazhinji kazhinji vanosiya kuva vagamuchiri. Vanotakura zivo yapedyo yemiitiro yemitemo, ukama hwomunhu oga neyaichimbova vasonganiri, uye nzwisiso yezvishandiso zvokudhonza. Fundo 2022 ne [FLT] Brenan Center yeRugare[[FLT]] yakawana kuti inenge hafu yeyaichimbova mitezo yeImba uye yechitatu yeyaichimbova masenter inoenda kubasa kana kuti kundo.

Kuyerera uku kunoshanda munzira dzose dziri mbiri. Vashandi verobybysts kazhinji kazhinji vanokumbanira vashandi vedare mumabasa echinguvana, vachiunza mirangariro yavanhu voga asi rwisano dzinobvira dzefariro. Nepo mitemo yetsika ichida kutonhora nhambo nenhambo nechaidzoidzo pakati pokusiya Congress naidzo dzaichimbova shamwari dzebasa vane miganhu inokosha. Somuenzaniso, kurambidza hakushandi mukunyandura bazu revakuru, uye kunogona kubviswa nokushandira femu inokwevera isingabvumirwi nokukurumidza.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Kuumba Kwakaita Kufarira Chaiko Kunzwa

Zvisinei, mienzaniso yemashoko anotaurwa munyika yose inoratidza kuti kunzwa chaikoiko kwenyika kwakashandiswa sei kuti kubatsire fariro dzakaganhurirwa kupfuura garikano huru yavanhu.

Nzeve Dzemishonga

Muna 2019, House Oversect Committee yakaita mutongo mukuru pamusoro pekupinzwa kwemirimo, ichikoka vakuru vakuru vamakambani makuru emishonga. Kutsamwiswa kwavose pamusoro pendyiko dzinokwira dzeinsulin uye mimwe mirimo inoponesa upenyu yakanga yakakwirira. Bva muuyo wokunzwa wakaregeredzwa nepesvedzero yeindasitiri. Pamberi pokunzwa, makambani emirimo aipedza zvikuru achikwidziridza kuvimbisa kuti nhau yacho yakaramba iri pakunzvera nokubudirira panzvimbo pokushambadza mutengo. Zvapupu zvakanga zvagara zvichizivisa pamusoro pendyiko dzakakwirira dzemirimo zvakabviswa muboka, uye mitezo yakakwirira yedare yakashandisa nguva yazvo kubvunza zvapupu “pamberipo kubhadhara." panzvimbo pokutenga.

Mushumo wakaitwa ne [[FLT] News [[FLT]] wakaratidza kuti sezvo kunzwa kwacho kwakasvika, indasitiri yakazadza Capitol Hill nemipiro yenhimbe kumitezo yose iri miviri, zvikurukuru iyo iri mumatare makuru. Kunzwa kwakaguma kwaparira chinjo duku, uye mitengo yemirimo yakapfuurira kukwira. Vatsoropotedzi vanotaura kuti iyi inodzokororwa nguva iri yose inonzwa pamusoro pezviito zvemirimo, ichiita kuti ive budiriro chaiyoiyo ipi neipi.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenyaya Dzemari Kunoitika Pashure Pedambudziko Racho ra2008

Pashure penjodzi yemari ya2008, Congress yakaita kuti pave nemhesano dzakawanda kuti iongorore zvinokonzera kugadziriswa kwemitemo. Chiratidzo cheDodd-Frank Act chakava mugumisiro wacho, asi chimiro chayo chokupedzisira chakanga chakareruka zvikuru kupfuura zvikarakadzo zvapakuvamba. Vashandi verokuWall Street neindasitiri yezvombo dzakaronga nhimbe huru yokuderedza gadziriro huru. Vakataura kuti mitemo neVolcker yaizoparadza kuparara kwemisika nokumanikidzira mabasa mhiri kwamakungwa.

Zvigaro zvedare zvaida mirau yakasimba zvakazviwana zvimene zvichidzorwa nezvigaro zvinodzorwa zvakabatanidzwa izvo zvaibatanidza kwete bedzi kukwidza kwakananga asiwo nhimbe dzeuswa (kufeyamisa) dzakarongwa namapoka ezvokutengeserana. Gadhi rebhangi rakapedza anopfuura mamirioni $100 muna 2009-2010 moga, mukuwirirana ne [[FLT]]] Call [. [[FLT]] [FLT]]

Kunzwa Kwezvakatipoteredza uye Kudzikamisa Kunoita Mamiriro Ezvinhu Okunze

Munzvimbo yechinjo yemamiriro okunze, kunzwa kwazova nzvimbo dzinorwisana umo masayendisiti akabudirira mumaindasitiri anodenha bvumirano yemitumbi mikuru yesayenzi. Indasitiri yepeturu yakacherwa yashandisa kare nzira yokupanikira kugadzira. Ikoku kwakanga kuri pachena mukunzwa pamusoro peCeac Power Plan uye gare gare Green New Deal. Vadanhisi vemaindasitiri vaizounza zvapupu zvakazvidza kukomba kwechinjo yemamiriro okunze kana kuti kutaura kuti ndyiko dzemari dzechiito dzakanga dzakakwirira zvikuru, pasinei zvapo noufakazi hukuru hwechinjo.

Muenzaniso unokosha wakaitika muna 2015, apo Dare reMbango nePublic Works Committee rakapa zita rokutonga rainzi “Chokwadi Charo cheClean Power Plan.". Zvapupu zvizhinji zvakabatanidzwa nemapoka akanga agamuchira mari kubva kumakambani emarasha neoiri. Chigaro chedare, icho chakanga chagamuchira mipiro mikuru yakabva kumakambani emagetsi, chakashandisa kupa kwaro kupa uchapupu hwesayenzi yezvemamiriro okunze uye kudzosera kunzwa kunhau dzendyiko yemari nechiremera chepamutemo. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri muuyo wakapa vanhu vose murangariro wakasimba webvumirano yesayenzi.

Kuderera Kwechivimbo Choruzhinji

Apo kunzwika kwewachi kwavose uye kuziva kuti miuyo inofanotaurwa nefariro chaidzoidzo, kuvimba mumasangano edemokrase kunoparadzwa. Kushata kubva ku [[FLT: 0] Pew Research Center [ nguva dzose kunoratidza kuti anenge mativi matatu eAmerica anodavira kuti vadaviriri uye fariro chaidzo dzine pesvedzero huru muWashington. Iyi mirangariro haisati ine shiviriro . [ichinovakirwa mumiitiro inooneka yetsika.

Kunzwa kunoonekwa sekwakasimba kana kuti sekwavada. Vazivi vanosvika pakudavira kuti vamiririri vavo havasati vari kuvateerera asi kumunhu akakwirira zvikuru. Uku kutsoropodza kunobetsera kuderedza muvhoti, kuderera kudisa kupinda muupenyu hwehurumende, uye chishuvo chinowedzera chavakapikira ku “pinda mudande.” Nenzira yemaoresa, vamwe vavada kutevera, vakambosarudzwa, vanova rutivi rwetsika imwe cheteyo, kumutsazve mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti chinjo ine revo inobvira here.

Muuyo wacho wakakomba zvikuru panhau apo ruzhinji rune mirangariro yakasimba, yakadai sezvoutano, muitiro wepfuti, uye chinjo yemamiriro okunze. Apo kunzwa kunokundikana kuita chiito, kupesana pakati pomurangariro wavose nemiuyo yemitemo kunova kwakajeka. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kwakaratidza tsigiro yavose nokuda kwemitemo yepfuti yorumano zvikuru pashure pokupfura kukuru, bva kunzwiwa kwedare panhau yacho kunowanzova kurwisana kwechinopesana ndokusabudisa mutemo(a) unoparirwa nesimba reNational Rifle Association uye mamwe mapoka ekodzero dzepfuti.

Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu Nezvakusingakwanisi

Vachiziva chinetso chacho, vachinji vakakarakadza matanho akati kuti anoitirwa kudzora kupesvedzera kusina kufanira mukutonga kwedare. mamwe akashandiswa, asi kubudirira kwawo kunoramba kuchiganhurirwa nokusashanda kwemitemo uye kusava nesimba rokuita zvinhu.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuisa Munyu Zvakawedzerwa

Dare reLobbing Dislosure Act ra1995, pamwe chete negadziridzo dzaro dza2007 pasi peHonen Leadership and Open Government Act, zvinoda kuti vamanikidzi vanyorese, vapedzi vemishumo, uye vazivise vatengi vavo, mari yavari kutora, uye nhau dzakananga dzavari kutsigira. Mitemo iyi inorayirawo kuziviswa kwemipiro yakaiswa pasi pevatambi.

Zvisinei, kunzvera 2020 kunoitwa ne .[FLT] yakawana kuti mwero yokuteerera yakaderera. Vagamuchiri vazhinji vanokundikana kunyora nguva kana kuti kubvisa udzame, uye bhajeti yebhajeti yeDhipatimendi reRuramisiro iduku. Kuwedzerazve, rondedzero yokukwidza yakaganhurirwa yakaganhurirwa zvokuti mibato mizhinji inopesvedzera (yakaita seyo inosangana nomushandisi wesangano pasina kukumbira nenzira yapamutemo chiito papepa rakati rekunyoresa. Ikoku kunoparira bhizimisi guru rokunyoresa reshoo remi.

Miganhu Yemari Yemuitiro Nokushanda Kwavose

Kubatana pakati pemipiro yenhimbe nokuwana mhesano kunosanopupurirwa. Mitezo yeCongress ine bviro huru yokupa zvikumbiro zvinobva kuvapi nokudana zvapupu zvinokarakadzwa navo. Kuputsa iyi batano. Vatsigiri vakasundira nokuda kwemibato yavose yokutsigira tsigiro yavose, zvakadai semiitiro miduku yakafanana neiyo iri muNew York City uye yakakarakadzwa pamwero womubatanidzwa kupfurikidza neFair Evolutions Now Act.

Vashori vanotaura kuti mari yavose iganhuriro isina muganhu wehurumende pakutaura kana kuti inopambadza muripo wemari yomutero. Kunyange uko mari yavose iripo, haisati ichibvisa pesvedzero yokushandisa kunze kupfurikidza nePC nemapoka emari ine rima, ayo achiri anogona kuzadza kunzwa nezvapupu zvinotsigira uye mashoko. Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro mu [FLT: 0] Chizengei vaUnited uye MCCcheon[[FLT:]] mamwe mano eDare rinoganhurira kudzora nhiko yokushandisa bhiringi, kuita gadziridzo ine revoro pamwero yomubatanidzwa mukuru.

Nguva Dzokutonhorera Nedzidziso

Kuti idzore mugwagwa unodzorwa, Safeed Leadership and Open Government Act ya2007 yakaraira nguva yokutonhora kwemakore maviri nokuda kweyaichimbova nhengo dzeImba dzisati dzagona kukurudzira vamwe vaaimboshanda navo. Zvisinei, mutemo hauvadzivisi kukumbanira mafemu anokwidza se “vatsigiri vemibato vamabhinya, ” uye hauvadzivisi kuti vasabvume kubazi guru.

Vamwe vatsigiri vokuchinja zvinhu vakarayira kuti pave nechirambidzo chenduramo pakupesvedzera kweyaichimbova mitezo yeCongress, asi ichi chakatarisana nedenho dzebumbiro remitemo. Vamwe vanokarakadza kufutunura nhambo yokutonhora kuti ibatanidze vashandi vakuru uye kuishandisa kukurudzira bazu ripi neripi rehurumende. Kusvikira zvino, matanho akadaro akadzorwa muDare iro rimene rinotsamira zvikuru pamhoteredzo yemhoteredzo inokwezva.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nemidziyo Inoisa Midzi

Mapoka okunze navanyori venhau vakaedza kuita kuti zvive nokujeka kukuru kunzwiwa vamene. Masangano akafanana ne vhenekera Foundation uye Propublica[] mamiriro okupupurira enzvimbo, mipiro, uye batano kumapoka ezvisarudzo. [[FLT:] Imba yeImba yemabhaisikopo [[FLT]] inochengeta shopu yokunyoresa kunyoresa, kunyange zvazvo isiri shamwari. Nhamba inokura yezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa navagari vemo inoshandisa se . [FLT][FL:7] kana kuti [FLT]]

Asi pasinei zvapo nezvishandiso izvi, vanhu vanoramba vari murima zvikuru pamusoro pomuitiro wekurukurirano usati wambotanga. Misangano yapaimba yokunzwa, zvokudya zvisina kurongwa, uye kurukurirano dzapachivande pakati pemitezo yedare navanokwidza havawanzonyorwa kana kuti kuziviswa. Kujeka chaikoiko kungada chinjo dzouvaki kuidzo kuidzo dzoudzo hweCongress(a iyo vagadziri vemitemo vazhinji vanodzivisa nemhaka yokuti tsika yazvino inoshanda kukubetsera kwavo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuvanza Mukutonga Kwechechi

Kupesvedzera kwevadaviri kunzwiwa hakudzivisiki, asi kuichinja kuchada dzvinyiriro inopfuurira inobva kuna vose vari vaviri vavhoti navachinji.

Kuwedzera kwekushambadza uye mapurogiramu enzanga kwakaita kuti pave nenzira itsva dzokuita kuti vanhu vafunge kuti nyaya yacho isati yatotanga.

Kune rumwe rutivi, zvishandiso zvimwe chetezvo zvemichina zvinopa simba vagari vemo kuti varonge. Kuwanda kwenzeve dzinogara netsinhiro dzesocial windi kunoreva kuti mubvunzo uri wose, kutaura kwose kwechapupu, uye mhinduro iri yose inosaipira yakanyorwa uye inogona kuongororwa. Mapoka ezvechokwadi anogona kukurumidza kutaura zvinhu zvinoitwa mukati mokunzwa uye kuita kuti vaiti vemitemo vazvidavirire kuzvidavirira kwokuparadzira. [FLT] Couppy Wall Street[ uye Party [FLT]]

Zvimwe zvinjo dzesangano dziri kuwedzera. Somuenzaniso, chiverengero chinokura chavaiti vemitemo chakavimbisa kusatora mari mumaindasitiri akati kana kuti kuchengeta “kunzwa kwavanhu” kunobatanidza chiverengero chakafara chezvapupu. Sarudza Dare paNhevedzo yeModernment of Congress rakarangarira purogiramu dzevatyairi vendege nokuda kwokusarudza uchapupu hwepachena uye kuchengetwa kwetsika kwakaisvonaka. Kana nhamburiko idzi dzichizokura kuva chinjo yegadziriro inoumbwa navose dzinoramba dzisina kuvimbwa.

Izvo Vagari Vako Vanogona Kuita

Nepo vagari vemo vamwe navamwe vasingagoni kubvisa noruoko chinhu chinosvikira, kutora rutivi kwokuziva kunogona kuparira dzvinyiriro yechinjo. Kunyorera zvigaro zvedare, kuzviisa pasi pavose kana kuti kuzvitarira paIndaneti, uye kutsigira masangano anonyandura basa rokutsvaka basa rose. Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa, zvisinei, kuvhota. Vagadziri vemitemo vanotarisana nedenho huru kana kuti vashori vakuru panhau youori nefariro chaiyo sezvingabvira zvikuru vanotsigira gadziridzo.

Pakupedzisira, mubvunzo hausi wokuti vadadiri vane pesvedzero here — asi kana pesvedzero iyoyo ichioneka, ichizvidavirira, uye ichidzikamiswa nefariro yavose. Kunzwa kweCongress kunogona kuva chinhu chikuru chokurangarira kwehurumende yehurumende, kana kuti kunogona kuva nzvimbo yokuita basa. Chisarudzo, zvishoma nezvishoma uye nenzira yakashata, chiri kuvanhu veAmerica.