Vatongi veAmerica vanozvidada vamene nokuva bazi rakazvimirira rehurumende, umo zvisarudzo zvinotungamirirwa nomutemo namaidi, kwete nemurangariro wakakurumbira kana kuti pesvedzero yemari. Asi, muna 39, vatongi vanofanira kumira nokuda kwokuvhota kuti vachengete zvigaro zvavo. Ichi chinodikanwa chinovaisa chose chose mukati menhandare yenhimbe yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuunza dzvinyiriro huru yemari, matongerwe enyika, uye pesvedzero yemari yokunze. Mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura, simba rinochinja zvikurusa munhandare iyi rave riri kumuka kweDare reProtementment Action (PAC). Kusafanana netsika dzegamuchidzanwa dzakabatanidzwa nesangano chairo kana kuti mubatanidzwa, PC dzinokwikwidziridza mari yavose kuti dzidzore munyika yose. Kutonga kwavo kwakakwidziridza kukwirira kukuru mudare, kupfurikidza nokurongazve, kukwidzwa kwedare remitemo, uye kukwidza kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemitevedzero yedare.

Kunzwisisa basa raaya masangano kunotsoropodza vavhoti, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vaiti vemiitiro zvakafanana. Kubatanidzwa kwemari inotengwa mukuzvimirira mumadzinza anotonga kwakaita kuti yaichimbova makwikwi akaderera, akaderera zvikurusa ave makwikwi okurwisa akawandisa nokuda kwokudzora pfungwa dzematare. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kukuru kwemaPC (rondedzero yavo yepamutemo) mitoo yavo yepesvedzero, mhindumupindu yenhau, uye tapuro inogara kwenguva refu yaanayo pakururama uye kuva nekodzero yegadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica.

Kusarudza Kwomutongi Kune Mwero Wechienzi Kumari Yokunze

Sarudzo dzinoshanda mugadziriro yeganhuriro dzinoita kuti dzive dzinotapurwa nepesvedzero dzePACINU. Kusafanana navanonyoresa mitemo kana kuti vakuru vakuru, vatongi vanosungwa nemitemo yakakomba yetsika dzakarongedzerwa kuchengetedza kusasarura kwavo. Somuenzaniso, Dare rapamusoro rakaziva iri chiyero chakakomba mu [[FLT:][FLT]] . [FLT]] Jaciam-YUM. Florida Florida :[FLT]

Zvisinei, ganhuriro dzetsika dzinoiswa pavadaviri vanotonga hadzishandi kuPACI dzinotsigira kana kuti dzinoshora. Ikoku kunoparira chitsama chikuru. Chibharo chingarambidzwa kuita chipikirwa chaicho chetsika, asi PC isati yabatanidzwa inogona kushandisa kutaura kunoratidzira chinyorwa chose chemukurumbira wenhau yemasimba masimba. Mutongi haagoni kukumbira mupiro mukuru, asi PC anogona kupedza zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa kuvhotera kana kuti kukunda mutongi iyeye. Uku kunoreva kuti kusawirirana kunowanzobatanidza shoko, vhoriyamu, uye mubatanidzwa wekurukurirano, zvinozadza pamutemo tsvina iyo vadaviri vanorambidzwa kutora.

Kurondedzera Mapapisi Asina Kubatanidzwa Negadziriro Yawo Yapamutemo

Munyasi meFederal Evolution Campaign Act (FECA), PC idare ripi neripi rinoita mipiro kana kuti ndyiko kupesvedzera sarudzo dzehurumende. inobatanidzwa nePACI yakasiana nemhaka yokuti haitsigirwi nesangano, sangano ravashandi, kana kuti sangano remitezo yemitezo. Idare rezvamatongerwe enyika rinosimudzira mari inobva kuvanhu vose uye rinoshandisa mari iyoyo kutsigira vatendi kana kuti zvisakiso.

Zvinokosha kusiyanisa matare akawanda anozvimirira ezvematongerwo enyika, sezvo shoko rokuti "PAC" rinowanzoshandiswa panzvimbo dzakawanda:

  • Tsika dzechinyakare: Matare aya anoshanda pasi pemiganhu yomupiro yoga yoga ($5 000 pavhoti imwe) uye anofanira kuzivisa vapi vawo kuFEC. Vanogona kugovera zvakananga kumatare evanoda kunyoreswa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Matare okuzvidira eExpictive-Foctive-Foctive : Anotevera [FLT]]Speech Iye zvino. . .FEC [2010] [2010] [FLT], aya masangano anogona kukwidziridza zvitsama zvisina muganhu kubva kuvanhu, masangano, uye masangano. Anorambidzwa kupa zvakananga kuvamanikidziri asi anogona kupedza zvitsamwa zvisingaganhuriwi pakuzvibhadharirwa, zvakadai sokushambadzira. Mapokata mazhinjisa makurusa anoitwa muzvisarudzo, zvakadai se [FOT:]] .[FFFF]]
  • [[FLT: 0] ZVINONZI HOC: Matare aya anochengeta kaundi yebhangi yakaparadzana yemipiro yakananga kuvada kufunda (pamiganhu) uye imwe nhauro yendyiko dzokuzvimirira dzisingaganhurirwi.
  • 501 (c) (4) Sangano reNzvimbo dzeNhau dzenzanga: Anowanzonzi "mari isina kujeka" mapoka, aya asingabetseri purofiti anogona kupinda mumubato wezvamatongerwe enyika chero bedzi risati riri donzo rawo guru. Kusafanana nePACI, havadikanwi kuzivisa vapi vavo, kuvaita motokari ine simba nokuda kwokupesvedzera sarudzo dzedare pasina kuzvidavirira kwavoruzhinji.

Nokuda kwezvinangwa zvedare rinotonga, maPURO asingabatanidzwi kazhinji kazhinji ndiwo anonyoresa sematare endyiko akazvimirira kana kuti anoshanda sa 501(c)(4), achiabvumira kupinza zvitsama zvikuru zvemari mumijaho yedare rapamusorosoro. Mukuwirirana BRENAN Center ye Justice[FLT]], kunze kwokushandisa mudare rapamusorosarudzo dzakawedzera zvikuru kupfuura makore gumi apfuura, namapoka asina kubatanidzwa aizvidavirira nokuda kwokukura ikoko.

Evolution Yomunhau: Zviratidzo Zvapamutemo Zvakavhara Masuo AMafashamo

Pesvedzero yamaPACI asina kubatanidzwa musarudzo yokutonga haisi tsaona yetsika yezvamatongerwe enyika; muuyo wakananga wenhevedzano yemitemo yedare yakatanhamara iyo yakabvisa nenzira inofambira mberi ganhuriro pakudhura kwazvimirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Post- White[[FLT]]

Pamberi pama 2000, zvisarudzo zvokutonga kazhinji kazhinji zvaiva nhau dzoruzha. Zvisarudzo zvaisawanzoshambadzwa, uye mari yakanga yave shoma. Kuputika kukuru kwokutanga kwakapinda Republican Party of Minnesota v. White [2002] , apo Dare repamusoro reU.S. rakarova mutemo wehurumende wairambidza vatongi kuzivisa mirangariro yavo pamusoro penhau dzapamutemo kana kuti dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chaidavira kuti "chidimupiso" chinoputsa Kutanga Kurevesa. Nepo chisarudzo chacho chakanga chine muuyo mukuru. Chakava nechiratidzo kumapoka okunze kuti judiary yakanga zvino yava nzvimbo inobvumiranwa nokuda kwokukurukura, kurukurirano yenhau yenhau inodzoro yenhau inodzoro.

[[Njeta] Caperton Application: Miganhu Inosvika Kuitwa

Sezvo mari yaishandiswa yakakura, saizvozvowo bviro yerwisano dzefariro. [FLT] Caperton v. A.T. Masley Coal Coal] (2009)[FLT], Dare rakanangana nemamiriro ezvinhu apo CEO yekambani yakabatanidzwa mu $50 000 000 000 000 (Z $50 000 000 000) kupfurikidza nePACIPUC kuti irege kururamisa Dare guru reWest Virginia. Pashure pokunge ruramisiro yasarudzwa, akaramba kuzvidzosa mumhaka, uye Dare rakatonga mumutsa mumutsa wekambani. U. Dare gurusa rakabatira nzira inodzorwa zvikuru, richiita kuti "kuyera rusaruro rwetsika yetsika yemitemo yakakwirira zvikuru muMubatanidzwa.

[[FLT]] uye Speech Iye zvino: Kusadzosa Kutsakatika

, Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende haigoni kuganhurira ndyiko dzakazvimirira namasangano. [FLT][FLT]. , Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende haigoni kuganhurira ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika namasangano kana kuti masangano. [FLT], D.C. . Dare redunhu reAppel reAppels rakashandisa ungwaru urwu [FLT][FLT]][5]. org v. FC [FFLT], inorova miganhuro yemari inodzo yemari inopfumba inopfumba.

Mitoo Yokupesvedzera Munhimbe Dzokutonga Dzazvino Uno

MaPUC asingabatanidzwi anoshandisa bumbiro remazano akaoma uye anobatanidza kuumba sarudzo dzokutonga. kuzvimirira kwawo kunovabvumira kuita nokukurumidza, kushandisa mari yenyika, uye kuita nhimbe dzokuti mushandi wedare angarambidzwa nenzira yetsika kuzvimhanya vamene.

Kushambadza Kwokuzvidira

Chishandiso chikuru chePACI chinoitwa nePUC indyiko dzinozvimirira dzinoshambadzira idzo dzinotsigira zvakajeka nokuda kwokusarudzwa kana kuti kukundwa kwomubhadhari anoziviswa zvakajeka. Mumadzinza anotonga, kushambadza uku kunowanzova kune hasha zvikuru. Nemhaka yokuti vanoda kupiwa vanoganhurirwa nemitemo yetsika, PCS inogona kuzadza mukaha nedenho dzakaipa dzinoratidzira mutongi sa "pautsotsi," "actist," kana kuti "asingatapurwi." Nzvero inoitwa ne Brenan Center yeRumbiso[ yakawana kuti mapoka okunze ane mutoro nokuda kwevoruzhinjisarudzo yakashata mudare rapamusorosoro, iro rinowanzo kushatsa chinyorwa chomutongi padare kana kuti pamutemo.

Mirayiridzo Yemitsetse Nemirairo Yekutonga

Pacs dzakawanda dzisingabatanidzwi dzine basa guru repfungwa. Mapoka akafanana ne Falterist Society, Ayadi reSarudzo[[FLT]], , American for Wends [[FLT]] Wisss Wiesfect , kana kuti Plantation Parents [ kubudisa mirayiridzosa nemiraudzo yakavakirwa panhau inotendwa nemhesvuro inorangarirwa nenhau dzavo dzinofungwa nenhau dzavo. Musvenga yedare rakaderera kazhinji `idzodzo dzinobatira senzira ine simba nokuda kwe "FLTrect" kana kuti kubatana kwechitookeromese shati yetsika dzetsika dzetsika dzinotongedzero.

Kufamba - famba Kuduku uye Kusangana Kwevanhu Nemadhigirii

Nhambo yemitengo yakakudziridza simba rePACIS. Kushandisa mafaira omuvhoti uye mashoko ezvisakiso zvinobva kumafemu se 360 kana kuti GNP VAN, PACS inogona kuzivisa vavhoti vanonyengetedzeka mukati meruwa rwedare uye kuvarongera mashoko. Kuvhiya kunobvumira mashoko okuchinja kwechimbichimbichimbi kutumira vasabhadhari vemitengi kuvanasa vemudzimba dzine chokuita neinishuwarenzi, nepo mubatanidzwa wePCAC unogona kuisa mutongi mumwe cheteyo mudanga rinoshanda secoffaice. Kugadziridza kunobvumira kusabatanidzwa kwePC kukwidzwa kwePC kukwidzwa netsviridzwa yadzokororo duku, kuita kuti kushatsa kwavo kushande zvakanaka zvikuru.

Mipiro Yakananga Nezvivako Zvokuronga

Nepo maPUC makuru asingagoni kutsinhirana zvakananga nenhimbe, maPACI egamuchidzanwa asina kubatanidzwa anogona kuita mipiro yakaganhurirwa yakananga $5 000 parusarudzo. Chinokosha zvikuru, mutsetse pakati po "oganzi" na"akaiswa tsvina kazhinji kazhinji unowanzova wakajeka. Vaichimbova vashandi venhimbe kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoenda kuPaCs, uye PCs vanoratidzira pachena zvinhu zvavo zvokutanga munzira dzinobvumira nhimbe kugadzira mashoko avo. Nepo zvakasiana napamutemo, zvomenemene inoshanda ndeyokuti PACIS nenhics dzinobatanidzwa nenhimbe dzinoshanda muukama hwechienzi, dzakabatanidzwa mufariro yavo mumuuyo wesarudzo.

Kuongorora Kushata Kwomutemo Wokutonga Nokusasarura

Basa rinokura rePACIS rinomutsa funganyo huru pamusoro peperero yesangano rematare. Vatongi vanowana chiremera chavo muchivimbo chavanhu chokuti vatongi vapi vemitemo vasingasaruri. Apo sarudzo inodzorwa namamirioni amadhora kunze, chivimbo ichocho chinoparadzwa.

Zvinofungwa Nevanhu uye Zvinoonekwa Nevanhu Vasina Kuchena

Makore okunzvera anoratidza kuti voruzhinji vanodavira mipiro yavanhu vose vane muuyo mukuru pazvisarudzo zvokutonga. [FLT][ [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[5] nhau iri bhuku rebhuku remitengo yemienzaniso yezvisarudzo kuti kunyange chitarisiko chetsauko chinogona sei kuderedza dare. Ruramisiro Kennedy, kunyora nokuda kwevoruzhinji mu [[FLT], yakataura kuti pane ngozi yakakomba yerusarura chaikomene, inova inotsigirwa nezivoko iro iye anoziva kuti angabetserwa nechipo chikuru.]

Chinetso Chinopa Mhaka

Mupimo weraundi wakagadzwa ne Caperton yakatetepa, inoda ufakazi hwebviro huru yefungidziro chaidzoidzo. Ikoku kunosiya nzvimbo yachena zvikuru. Mutongi angave akasarudzwa netsigiro yePACIC inotsigirwa nekambani huru yepfuma, asi kutoti kana mhaka chaiyo inobatanidza kambani iyoyo inozvipa imene, mutongi haana musengwa wokubvisa. Ikoku kunoparira gadziriro umo pesvedzero iri yetsika panzvimbo pemari. Mutongi haakakarirwi kudzora nenzira chaiyo muchinoitika chakati, asi kurangarira kwavo nyika yose neuzivi hunowirirana namapoka ayo. Ichi chimiro chakajeka icho chinenge chikuru zvikuru, sezvo chinoumba mutemo unoumbwa pamusoro penguva refu.

Kuparadzana Kwenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Mhuka

MaPAC asingabatanidzwi anopesana zvikuru nepfungwa. Kubatanidzwa kwawo kwakakurumidzisa kukwidziridza mativi makuru ehurumende. Yamborangarirwa kuva kusarudzwa kwedare kusingatsigiri mudzimwe nyika dzakawanda, sarudzo huru dzinosarudzwa nguva dzose nenhimbedzo dzimwe chetedzo dzinoda mari, dzisina kushambadzira dzinoratidzira mapoka eCongress kana kuti dare rehurumende. Wall Street Journal [ yakashumwa pamusoro pe "magariro nokuda kwechigadziko," kusati kuri kutemwa nokushandisa namapoka asingatendi kwakawedzera kwakawedzera kupetwa kaviri muzvikamu zvinoverengeka zvechisarudzo. Uku kunongovawo zvako itiro yenhau isinganzwisisiki.

Kuoneka Kwomutemo Nemiganhu Yokumanikidza

Gadziriro yemitemo inodzora maPAC asina kubatanidzwa yakaoma, yakakamukana, uye, mukuwirirana nembwa zhinji dzinotarira, haina kukwana kudzivirira perero yesarudzo dzokutonga.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokudzivirira

Pamwero wehurumende, maPUC egamuchidzanwa asina kubatanidzwa anofanira kunyoresa neFEC ndokuzivisa vapi vavo. Zvisinei, kukwira kwe mari yakasvibira" masangano (501 (c)(4))) akagadzira chikwepa chikuru. Mapoka aya anogona kupedza mari pakushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kuzivisa vapi vavo. Munhambo yesarudzo 2021-20222, mari yakasviba mumijaho yapamusorosoro yedare yakasvika pamwero hurusa yenhau, mukuwirirana neCentrenan Center [[FFLT:]]. Uku kujeka kunobvumira vapi kupesvedzera judia pasina kuzvidavirira, muitiro unopesana nousingawiriranwa.

Kusiyana kweHurumende

Gadziriro yemibato yemari ibasa rehurumende zvikurukuru. Mitemo inodzora paPACIS inobatanidzwa inosiana nenzira youpengo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana na North Carolina[, yakaita mitemo yezvakajeka nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Dzimwe, kufanana Wissin[[FLT]] na[FLT] Pennsyliania [, dzakaona kubuda kukuru kwe-yomubatanidzwa nemari nehurumende dzakaneta zvikuru. Basa rinoumba dzinza rapa muganhu kudzika, apo PCC anogona kuisa ngwariro mumitemo yadzokororosa. [FLT]

Zvinetso Zvokumanikidza

FEC, inomanikidzirwa nokusimbisa mitemo yesarudzo yehurumende, inowanzoiswa mumitsetse inopesana. Mitemo yemitemo yehurumende inoshaikwa zvakafanana uye inoshaikwa basa. Somuuyo, kuputswa kwakawanda kune chokuita nokubatira pamwe, kupedza ganhuriro, uye kuziviswa hakurangwa. Kushaikwa kwezviratidzo zvokudzika pamutemo kuPaC dzisiri dzinobatanidzwa kuti ngozi dzomufambiro wamasimba masimba dzakaderera, dzinokurudzira kumwe kuderera.

Kuronga Chinjo Nenguva Yemberi Yechisarudzo Chokutonga

Zvinetso zvinoparirwa nePACIs isiri yorunhare zvakacherechedzwa.

Mitemo Yokuisa Mubayiro Pachinhu Chisiri Kunaka

Chinjo inowanzokarakadzwa inoda masangano ose anopedza mari pasarudzo dzokutonga kuti azivise vapi. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti vavhoti vane maruramiro okuziva kuti ndiani ari kuedza kupesvedzera matare avo. DISCLOSE Act panzvimbo yehurumende uye nhano dzenzvimbo dzakafanana dzokuvhara chikwereti chemari. Campaign Legal Center [ vatsigiriri vekugamuchira kugadziriswa kwemipidhi senheyo yeimwe purofiti yose.

Kutongwa Kwedare Rehurumende

Munhamburiko yokuderedza pesvedzero yavapi vazhinji, dzimwe nyika dzakaedza nokupa mari yavose nokuda kwavatendi vanotonga. North Carolina[ yakaita gadziriro umo vakwaniriswa vakagamuchira mari yavose mukutsinhana nokuda kwokubvumirana kuganhurirwa kweganhuriro dzorumano. Nepo vachibudirira mukuderedza pesvedzero yefariro chaidzo, purogiramu yakatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo uye yave yabviswa nedare rehurumende. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mutengo wavose ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokudzorera nayo mari yavose pamusoro pePACIK. Brenan Center [[FLT]] yakanyora kushanda kwemapurogiramu akadaro asati abviswa.

Kusarudza Kwakakurumbira

Chinjo hurusa ndeyokubvisa chose chose panhangano. Missouri Plan, gadziriro yokusarudza kwakafanira ichiteverwa nesarudzo, inogadzirirwa kudzivirira vatongi mudzvinyiriro dzenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Mutsika ino, mumirimo wehurumende usati uri mutengi, uye gavhuna anogadza mumwe. Voruzhinji panguva iyoyo vanovhota kuti vachengete mutongi, asi kuti hapana muvengi. Uyu muenzaniso unoderedza zvikuru pesvedzero yePaCs inopesana nemhaka yokuti hapana mubatanidzwa wemari. Zvisinei, kunyange gadziriro dzakakodzera hadzina kudzivirirwa kudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvo kuumbwa kwehurumende imene inogona kuva hondo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mitemo Yakaomarara

Kuvakwa pa muenzaniso weChibvumirano , vachinji vazhinji vanotsigira nokuda kwemitemo inodzorwa. Somuenzaniso, mutongi angadikanirwa kufuratira muchinoitika chipi nechipi chinobatanidza ndyiko yakazvimirira kutsigira rusarudzo rwavo. American Bar Association's Mitemol Code of Justicial Paration [[ inogovera nhungamiro panhau idzi, asi kurera mwana kunoitwa nokuzvidira nokuda kwemitezo. Mandari, mirairo yakajeka yetsarudzo yaizobatanidza zvakananga pesvedzero yemari yokunze nokutarisirwa kweruramisiro.

Mugumisiro: Denho Inopfuurira Kurusununguko Rwokutonga

Pesvedzero yePACIS inosarudzwa isina kubatanidzwa pasarudzo haisati iri chiitiko chechinguvana asi chinhu chaichoicho chetsika dzapamutemo dzazvino uno. Yakaberekwa munhevedzano yemitemo yakagadzwa kutaura kusina kuganhurirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pedziviriro dzegamuchidzanwa dzekusasarura, aya masangano akachinja zvikurukuru kuti vatongi vanosarudzwa sei uye vanozvidavirira. Kukwanisa kwavo kukwidza zvitsama zvikuru zvemari, kuita nhimbe dzoumbidziko dzoupengo, uye kushanda namadhigirii akasiyana - siyana okuoneka kunopa denho inopfuurira kukunaka kwematare.

Nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, shoko rakajeka: muitiro womutemo zvino wakabatanidzwa zvisingaparadzanisiki nokushandiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvavhoti, basa nderokutarira mberi, kuoma kukuru kunoramba kuripo. Mutevedzeri wemitemo ndokutevera mari, achiziva kuti chinyorwa chomutongi chingaumbwa zvikuru navatsigiri vavo semurayiro. Nepo chinjo dzakadai semari inotsigirwa yavose, mitemo inodzorwa namano makuru, uye kujekeswa kwamashoko kunopa denho mberi, kunyangira kumifungo. Mudiro yakagadzwa nomutemo, vatongi vanofanira kuva vakaparadzana nezvishuvo zvezvamatongerwe enyika, bvurudzo dzokutonga dzinokoka zvido zvedare zvakananga. Navi inodzo iri idenho huru inotarisana naavo vanotsvaka kuchengetedza ruramisiro nesingasarupote. Vachazoneteverwa nokuda kwebasa romunguva yemberi. VaPC vanofanira kuva vanowana ngwariro yenhau yedare rinopfuurira kupfurikidza kuti vashambadzirwe.