Chisarudzo chenhau cheObergefell v. Hodges: Kuroorazve kwevatano yakafanana kwakava sei Mutemo weNyika

Musi waJune 26, 2015, Dare guru reUnited States rakapa chisarudzo chakabviswa mu Obergefell v. Hodges, richitaura kuti kodzero huru yokuroora inovimbiswa kuva varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano pasi pavose vari vaviri Claus neFequement Programme of the Model Claus e derte of the Nineth Amendment. 5–4 chisarudzo chakaregwa kurambidzwa kwehurumende paroorano imwe cheteyo munyika yose, chichida kuti vose vari vaviri vachengetedze uye vazive roorano pakati pavanhu vaviri vevatano yakafanana. Kukunda kweLGTQ+ nzanga, Oberge anomirira kugadziridzwa kukuru kwerusununguko nechiremera, kudzosera pamutemo kodzero dzepamutemo muAmerica.

Tichaongororawo kuti chisarudzo chacho chinoramba chichichinja sei nyaya dzemazuva ano dzekodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko rwechitendero, uye tsanangudzo yemhuri.

Mavambo Eboka Rokuenzana Romuchato

Kurwira roorano yevatano imwe cheteyo hakuna kutanga neObergefell. Kwamakumi amakore, LGBTQ+ vatsigiri vakashanda kupfurikidza nemitemo yehurumende, zviidzo, uye matare akaderera kudzivirira maruramiro okuroora. Nhamburiko huru yokutanga yapamutemo yakaitika muna 2003 apo Supreme Jujial Court yaitonga mu Goridge v. Department of Public Health[ Hurumende haingagoni kuramba marezeromhem evani dzeroorano kuroorano kumhuri imwe cheteyo pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Icho chisarudzo ichocho chakaita Massachusetts kuti ave muroorano yokutanga.

Pashure peFauple, fungu rekunyoresa uye chiito chemitemo zvakapararira munyika yose. Dzimwe nyika dzakabatanidza roorano kuenzana; dzimwe dzakairambidza zvakajeka kupfurikidza nemirau kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Pakasvika 2014, nyika dzine makumi matatu nenomwe dzakanga dzichiri kurambidza kuroorana kwounzenza kumwe cheteko, nepo nyika gumi nenhatu nembiri neruwa rweColumbia zvakaibvumira. Iyi mitemo yakaparira kusanyatsoziva pamutemo kwevaroorani vezvene mitezo yevatano imwe chete avo vakaroora mune imwe nyika kuti vangotamira kune imwe cheteyo yairamba kuziva mubatanidzwa wavo.

Nhau Huru Dzakatungamirira kuObergefell

Nyaya dzinokosha dzinoverengeka dzakadenha zvirambidzo zvehurumende ndokuisa nheyo yeDare Gurusa ’s kupindira. Muna 2010, mhaka yehurumende Perry v. Schwarzeger (pashure paHollingsworth v. Perry) yakarova California ’ Proctation 8, iyo yakanga yarambidza roorano imwe cheteyo yezvevatano. Dare rapamusoro pakupedzisira rakaramba chikumbiro chacho panzvimbo dzakamira, richibvumira nenzira inobudirira roorano imwe cheteyo kuvamba muCalifornia asi kusiya mubvunzo mukuru.

Imwe nhau yakakomba yakanga iri United States v. Windsor (2013), iyo yakatendeuka Chikamu 3 cheDefense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende yehurumende yaisagona kuramba kuziva michato mimwe cheteyo yevatano yakanga ine simba rehurumende. Windsor akatanga kuti varoorani vamwe chetevo voutere mumitengo umo yakanga ine maruramiro ebetsero dzehurumende, asi haina kuda kutaura kubvumira kana kuti kuziva roorano dzakadaro.

Denho iyoyo yakasvika kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa kwematare matanhatu akaparadzana anobva Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, uye Tennessee — mamiriro ezvinhu aiva nemitemo kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunorondedzera roorano soyomurume nomukadzi.

Mapoka: Nhau Dzorudo, Kurasikirwa, uye Chiremera

Pamwoyo weObergefell v. Hodges ndivanhu chaivoivo vane upenyu hwavo hwakatapurwa nemitemo yeroorano inopa muganhu wetsika. Mutobvu unobva mutsika, James Obergefell, akakwidziridza Ohio nokuda kwokuramba kumuronga semumwe wake wokwanyina John Arthur, mukwanyina wake wemakore anopfuura makumi maviri. Arthur akatambura neamyotrophic nescletis (ALS), uye vaviri vakanga vaenda kundoroorwa muna 2013 apo kwakajeka pachena kuti Arthur aisazorarama kwenguva refu zvikuru. Pashure porufu rwaArthusquo; Ohio akaramba kuziva roorano paArthursquos. Ofell ada kunyorwa se-Aldquo; &uvration; mukwanyina akarective; asi akadzoromende.

Vamwe vafundisi vaibatanidza April DeBoer naJayne Rowe, varoorani veMichigan avo vaida kurera pamwe chete vana vavo vatatu asi vaisagona nemhaka yokuti Michigan ’ kurambidza roorano kwakavadzivisa kuzivikanwa savaroorani.

Nyaya dzakataurwa nevatongi dzakasimbisa kuti kuroorana hakusi chibvumirano chepamutemo asi kuratidzwa kwerudo, kuzvipira, uye chiremera zvevanhu.

Mhosva Dzepamutemo Pamberi Pedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Nyaya dzakasimbiswa dzakapa mibvunzo miviri mikuru: (1) Mvura yeMitemo ye14 inoda kuti hurumende ipe vanhu vaviri vane mitezo yakafanana yokuroorana here? uye (2) Ko Ivhu Repasi Rechigumi Nezvinai rinorayira here kuti hurumende ibvumire roorano yakafanana yapamutemo mune imwe nyika?

Vakumbiri ’ Nharo

Attorney nokuda kwevakwanyina voutere vamwe chetevo vakataura kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha yakadzivirirwa neChiitiko Claus. Vaidudza mienzaniso yakadai se Lovav. Virginia (1967), iyo yakakurira ganhuriro dzeroorano dzemarudzi akasiyana- siyana, uye hwirey v. Safley [1987], iyo yakadzivirira maruramiro avasungwa kuti nheyo imwe cheteyo yemitemo yemitemo yeIGOM, ukama hwemhuri yakanga yashandiswa kuvakwanyina vakapesana.

Vakataurazve kuti zvirambidzo zvehurumende zvakaputsa Actal Protection Claus kupfurikidza nokusasarura kwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano. Nemhaka yokuti zvirambidzo hazvina kubatira fariro yepamutemo yehurumende — uye kazhinji kazhinji zvakanga zvakavakirwa mukusatendera kwetsika kana kuti kusatenderwa kwetsika — izvo zvaisagona kupukunyuka mwero upi noupi wokunzvera. Colletiffs ’ kupfupikisa kwakaonesa kuti zvirambidzo zvakanyiwa varoorani voutere vamwe chetevo kumiuyo yehurumende inopfuura 1 100 yebetsero nedziviriro, kubatanidza betsero dzeSacurity yenzanga, betsero dzemitero, uye kodzero dzekushanyira chipatara.

Vagamuchiri &ssquo; Kudzivirirwa Kwezvirambidzo Zvomunyika

Mitezo yaidzivirira kurambidzwa yakataura kuti roorano yakanzwisiswa munhau somubatanidzwa pakati pomurume nomukadzi, uye kuti kutaura kune fariro yapamutemo mukusimudzira kubereka nokurera vana mukati megadziriro iyoyo yegamuchidzanwa.

Mapoka anoverengeka erusununguko rworudzidziso akaisa nyevero pfupi yokuti kuraira hurumende kuziva roorano yevatano kwaizoputsa zvitendero zvorudzidziso zvavanhu vamwe navamwe namasangano anoshora kubatana kwakadaro pazvikonzero zvetsika kana kuti zverudzidziso.

Dare Gurusa ’ Chisarudzo: Kusimbiswa Kunosimbiswa Kwekuenzana

Pana June 26, 2015, Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akapa murangariro wevoruzhinji 5 -4, vakabatanidzwa neDare ’ vatongi vana vakasununguka: Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, uye Kagan. Murangariro wacho unokosha nokuda kwomutauro waro mukuru pamusoro perevo yeroorano nebasa rayo muchiremera chavanhu.

Mutongi Kennedy akanyora, kuti: “ Hapana mubatanidzwa wakakura zvikuru kupfuura roorano, nokuti unobatanidza mifungo yakakwirira zvikurusa yorudo, kuvimbika, kuzvipira, chibayiro, uye mhuri. Mukuumba mubatanidzwa weroorano, vanhu vaviri vanova chimwe chinhu chikuru zvikuru kupfuura zvazvakanga zvakaita. ” Iye akasimbisa kuti vakumbiri vaitsvaka kusazvidza roorano asi kurarama upenyu hwavo nechiremera noruremekedzo. Dare rakagumisa kuti maruramiro okuroora ndiwo rusununguko rukuru runoserwa mumurangariro womunhu oga oga, uye kuti varoorani voutevene vangashandisa kuti pamashoko akarurama savane vouviri vakasiyana.

Kubata Mapfundo Makuru

  • Roorano ikodzero inokosha yakadzivirirwa neGungano reChibvumirano chaNick Claus reKineth Amendment, uye kodzero iyoyo inotambanukira kuvaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano.
  • Mitemo yehurumende inorambidza kuroorana kwevatano yakafanana inoputsa Accole Protection nemhaka yokuti inosarura pahwaro hwechimiro chevatano pasina fariro ypamutemo yehurumende.
  • Nyika dzinofanira kuziva roorano dzevatano dzakafanana dzinoitwa nenzira yapamutemo mudzimwe nyika, dzichivimbisa kuchengetwa kweroorano nebetsero mumativi ose enyika.

Mirangariro Yakasiyana

Vatongi vana vanopesana vanoramba vatongi — Roberts, Scalia, Thomas, na Alito — mumwe nomumwe akanyora mirangariro yakaparadzana inoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru. Mutongi Mukuru Roberts akarangarira kuti vazhinji vakanga vadarika basa ravo rokutonga kupfurikidza nokudzosa sangano rakanga ravapo kwemireniyumu. Iye akanyevera kuti chisarudzo chacho chaizopa vanhu veAmerica mamiriro ezvinhu eBumbiro remitemo ” uye chaizokuvadza Court &squo; uye chaizokuvadza Dare rePunion &squo; kuva rakarurama. Mutongi Scalia &squo; anofuratira zvakanga zviri pachena, achipomera voruzhinji kuti vaimbe mu “ vhidqueo; vhidqueo; jadrio yegamuchidzanwa uye kuporofita kuti chisarudzo chamagamuchidzanwa chichaita pamutemo pakati peroorano nekuenno yeroorano.

Pasinei zvapo noukuru hwezvisina kururama, voruzhinji ’ kutonga kwakava nesimba rapamutemo rapakarepo. Mukati mamaawa echisarudzo, vakuru vakuru vehurumende munyika dzinoverengeka vakavamba kubudisa marezenisi eroorano kuvakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo, uye migariro yasara yakatevera nokukurumidza zvakafanana.

Tapuro Yenguva Pfupi Neyenguva Refu Pakodzero Dzeroorano

Muuyo unoshanda weObergefell v. Hodges yakakurumidza uye yakakwana. Musi mumwe chetewo, vakwanyina vevatano munyika dzose dzine makumi mashanu vakawana maruramiro okuroora, uye roorano dziripo dzinobva kudzimwe nyika dzakavimbiswa kuzivikanwa. Chisarudzo chacho chakawedzera chose chose maruramiro ehurumende anopfuura 1 100 nemitoro, kubatanidza betsero dzemutero, Social Security, tsinhation shawa, uye nhaka, kuvaroorani vamwe chetevo vezvezvizvarwa zvevatano munyika yose.

Mutemo Wemhuri Namaruramiro Omubereki

Imwe yenharaunda dzinokosha zvikurusa yetapuro yave iri mutemo wemhuri. Mitemo yehurumende inodzora kurera mwana wokurera mwana, kubereka, uye kurera vana yakanga yatanga kare kugadzira mhinganidzo dzemhuri dzine mitezo mimwe cheteyo. Pashure paObergefell, varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vaigona kurera vana zviri nyore zvikuru, kuwana kurera vana kwechipiri, uye kuva nevabereki vose vari vaviri vakarongwa pamagwaro okubereka. Matare akavambawo kushandisa mirangariro mimwe cheteyo yomubereki wevabereki vanoshanda kuvakwanyina vakasikati vakaroora. Ikoku kwakabvisa mamiriro ezvinhu anorwadza akawanda apo mwana aigona kuva nomubereki mumwe bedzi wapamutemo kana kuti kurasikirwa noukama nomubereki asiri wedzinza pashure pokuparadzana.

Kutama uye Kupedza Kudzidza

Nokuda kwavaroorani voutere vamarudzi ose, Obergefell vakagovera mushonga unokosha. Pamberi pechisarudzo, kunyange munyika umo roorano yevatano yavanhu vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yaibvumirwa nomutemo, zviremera zvokupinda munyika dzimwe nguva zvainonotswa kana kuti kunyimwa makadhi akasvibira akavakirwa paDefense of Marriance Act. Pashure pokunge Windsor aparadza DOMA, uye Obergefell akaita roorano kuva inoenzana munyika yose, varoorani vorudzi rumwe cheterwo vakawana maruramiro mamwe chetewo okupinda munyika sevakwanyina vezve. Ikoku kwakabvumira zviuru zvemhuri kuramba zviri pamwe chete muUnited States.

Kurapwa Nokusarudza Kurapwa

Shanyo dzechipatara, kuita zvisarudzo zvezvokurapa, uye kubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano zvakavawondudzika zvikuru. Pamberi paObergefell, varoorani vazhinji vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vakatarisana nenhamo yokunyimwa kusvika kune mumwe wavo ’ vari padivi mumugariro wekurumidziro wezvokurapa. Kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweroorano kwakavimbisa kuti vakwanyina vagogona kuita zvisarudzo zvokurapa, kushanyira maparendi ezvoutano hwakakomba, uye kuwana gadziriro dzeinishuwarenzi youtano dzemhuri pasina rusaruro.

Kuramba Tichisangana Nezvinetso Zvepamutemo uye Zvenzanga

Kunyange zvazvo Obergefell akapedza mubvunzo webumbiro remitemo weroorano youtere humwe chetehwo, hauna kugumisa kurwisa nokuda kwokuenzana kwakazara.

Hurumende inorwisana neLGBTQ+ Mutemo

Mumakore akatevera Obergefell, dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mitemo inobvumidza zvakajeka rusaruro paLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe munharaunda dzakadai sekurera vana, imba, basa, uye pokugara kwavose — kazhinji kazhinji munyengedzo yokudzivirira rusununguko rworudzidziso. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakapa mitemo inobvumira masangano okurera vana kurambira vana navaroorani voutevedzani vamwe kana kuita kudaro kungarwisana nezvitendero zvavo zvorudzidziso. Nepo iyi mitemo isingapunzi Obergefell, inoputsa nheyo huru yokurapa kwakaenzana iyo chisarudzo chaibatanidzwa.

Mukuwedzera, ganhuriro ye “ ganhuriro yemapepa ezvikwereti zveimba yemitambo ” uye ganhuriro dzokutora rutivi mumitambo dzinodenha vanhu vamwe navamwe dzakabuda. dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti idzi nhano dzinogadziridzwazve kuedza kudzivisa mufungo waObergefell nesangano rakafara rokuenzana.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nehana Zvinodzivirira

Gakava pakati peLGBTQ+ kodzero nerusununguko rworudzidziso zvichida ndiyo nhau yepamutemo inopfuurira zvikurusa yapashure peObergefell. Voruzhinji vakabvuma kuti “ avo vanonamatira kudzidziso dzorudzidziso dzinorondedzera roorano sopakati pomurume nomukadzi vangapfuurira kuita kudaro, ” asi haina kugovera nhungamiro inogadzikisa pamusoro penzira rekupedza nayo rwisano pakati pezvitendero nemitemo yakashata. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kunhevedzano yenhau dzakakwirira dzezve, kubatanidza [[FLT:] Macardsting makemblev v. Coloradomment Rights Commissions [FLt: 1] [20]) inodzivisa zvakananga migariro inopesana neiyi yerudzidziso.[FLD:]

Mamwe masangano ezvitendero nevanhu vakaedza kudzivirira kodzero yawo yokusatungamirira muchato wevarume kana vakadzi kana kuti kugovera dzimba kana kuti basa zvinobatsira bedzi kune vakaroorana vane mitezo yakasiyana yevatano. Dare rakaramba kurambidza kurambidza kubhadhara mari kunokuvadza LGBTQ+ vanhu, asi rakasiyawo nzvimbo yokugara yakatetepa apo risingaregi chipikirwa chikuru chokuenzana.

Nhamburiko Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Dzokukurira Kana Kuti Kukurira Oberge Wall

Kunyange pashure pemakore gumi omutemo wakagadziriswa, pave pane nhamburiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzepamutemo dzokudzosa Obergefell. Muna 2022, Dare Gurusa ’ chisarudzo muna Dobbs v. Jackson Women ’ Organization Health Organization[, iyo yakashatisa Roe v. Wade, yakasunda vamwe vatsinhiri vemitemo vapamutemo kuti vakarakadze kuti mimwe miitiro yapamberi, kubatanidza Obergefell, ingagona kurangarirwazve. Justice Thomas ’s Rences rence muDobs yakashed zvakajeka nokuda kwedare kudzoserazve kutonga kwaro, kubereka, uye kuva pedyo.

Mumhinduro, Congress yakapfuudza Respect for Marriage Act muna December 2022], iyo yakabatanidza kuzivikanwa kwehurumende kwevatano nedzinza rimwe chetero uye madzinza uye zvaida nyika kuti dzizive roorano dzinoitwa nenzira yapamutemo mune dzimwe nyika. Mutemo wakarongedzerwa kugovera dziviriro yekotsekano kana Dare Rapamusoro rikatongoputsa Obergefell. Rakapfuuresa netsigiro yebipartis, kuratidzira chinjo inokosha mumurangariro wavose chifo cha 2015. Zvisinei, mutemo haudi kuti zvitendere kupa reziro dzeroorano kumibatanidzwa mumwe cheteyo kana Obergegeda kuchinjwa; unongoda bedzi kuzivikanwa neroorano kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Nzvero dzemirangariro yavose dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti voruzhinji vaAmerica vanotsigira roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano. Maererano nePew Research Center, sere 2023, 61% yavakuru veU.S. vanofarira kubvumira roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, nepo 32% bedzi inoishora. Tsigiro yakasimba zvikuru pakati pezvizvarwa zviduku. Iyi kurukurirano yakaita kariro yokuchinja kukurusa Obergefell bva shomanene, kunyange zvazvo isingabviri, inopiwa Dare ’ inopa mirangariro yetsika yazvino uno uno.

Revo Yakafara Nokuda Kwamaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Obergefell v. Hodges inopfuura nhau pamusoro peroorano; inhau inopfuurira mumhindumupindu yekodzero dzavagari vemo muAmerica. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvomunhu oga zvinorondedzera kuzivikanwa kwomunhu noupenyu hwemhuri. Rakaramba murangariro wokuti hurumende inogona kuganhurira maruramiro makuru akavakirwa pakusatendera kwetsika kweboka rakati.

Kurangarira muObergefell kwakadudzwa mumhaka dzakatevera kubatanidza maruramiro avabereki, kurera mwana asiri wavo, uye kunyange nharo pamusoro pekodzero dzokuchinja. Nepo Dare racho risati ratambanudza Obergefell ’ kuva nomufungo kumativi ose eLGBTQ+ kurwisana norusaruro, chisarudzo chakagovera gadziriro yapamutemo yakasimba yepamutemo yokutaura kuti mirangariro yevatano iboka rinofungirwa rakafanirwa nokunzverwa kukuru.

Chisarudzo chacho chakanyandura masangano akafanana kune dzimwe nyika. Nyika dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza Australia, Colombia, uye Taiwan, dzinonyoresa roorano yakafanana yevatano mumakore akatevera Obergefell, kazhinji kazhinji ichidudza Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States ’ rinorangarira. Dare reUnited Nations reHuman Rights rakadudzawo chisarudzo chacho muhurofumo hwaro pachero pahumwe roorano sekodzero yomunhu.

Nhaka Isingaperi yaObergefell

Makore gumi pashure pechisarudzo, upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwamazana ezviuru zvevakwanyina vevatano imwe chetevo nemhuri dzavo hwakachinjwa zvikuru nokuda kwezviri nani. Vana vanokura vachiziva kuti vabereki vavo vose vari vaviri vanozivikanwa pamutemo savanamai vavo kana kuti vanababa. Vakadzi napfupfudzi vanogona kuunganidza betsero dzeSangano reSangano reSangano reMarudzi. Vakadzi vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvekurumidziro pasina kutya kubviswa. Chiremerera chakapfava, chine simba chokukwanisa kutaura kuti &lquo; murume wangu ” kana kuti &lquo; mudzimai weMy &rdo; pasina chikwaniso chapamutemo zvino chichava chinhu chaichoicho nokuda kwamamirioni eAmerica.

Bva kurwira kuenzana kwakazara hakuna kupera. Kupesana kwapamutemo netsika pamusoro pekusabvumirwa kworudzidziso, maruramiro okuchinja, uye ukuru hwemitemo isingasaruri kunomirira muganhu unotevera. Asi hwaro hwakatangwa naObergefell hwakasimba: nheyo yokuti Bumbiro remitemo haribvumiri hurumende kugadza boka rose ravanhu kuva vagari vemo veboka rechipiri.

mhedziso

Obergefell v. Hodges inomira sechimwe chezvisarudzo zvekodzero dzavagari vemo zvinovapo zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Kwakawedzera kuumbwa kweroorano kubatanidza varoorani vohunhu humwe chetehwo, kusimbisa rudo irworwo, musengwa wemhuri kupfuudzira vatano. Chisarudzo chacho hachina kubva pachinhu chisina chinhu asi kubva mumakumi amakore echiito, kusimbisa, uye ushingi hwomunhu oga navanhu vamwe navamwe vakaramba kugamuchira kuti ukama hwavo hwakanga husingakodzeri kuzivikanwa zvikuru.

Nepo denho dzinopfuurira — kubva mumazano okutonga kutyisidziro dzokutonga — kubatwa kwaObergefell kunoramba kuri mutemo wenyika. Nhaka yakwo inooneka muupenyu hwavaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vanogona zvino kuroora, kurera vana, uye kukura pamwe chete nedziviriro yakazara yomutemo. Sezvo chaunga chinopfuurira kukurukura revo yokuenzana, Obergefell acharamba ari chiratidzo chechisarudzo chokuti rusununguko rwuri rwomunhu ari wose, pasinei zvapo nokuti vanoda vapi.

[[[Nhamba: 0] Revospectal:[