Rajiya Sabba, imba yapamusoro yeParamende yeIndia, inobatira sesangano rakakomba rokusimudzira kumira kwavakadzi mumugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika worudzi. Sekamuri rehurumende rinomirira nyika nenzvimbo dzokubatana, rinopa nzvimbo yakatanhamara kuti vakadzi vapedze kuumba mitemo yenyika, kunzvera kwemitemo, uye kurongeka kwenhau dzechinzvimbo. Nepo India akaita misengwa yemitemo nemitemo yetsika kuenzana kwevarume, kuvapo chaiko kwavakadzi muRajiya Sabba kwave kwakakurumbira serinotangira. Kunyanguvezvo, gadziriro yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yehurumende kupfurikidza nenzvimbo inosarudzwa zvakananga kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzemitemo uye simba rayo rekukurukurirana kwechienzi namabanza ezvokusimudzira mikana yavakadzi. Nyaya inonzvera kukosha kwerevo chaiyo yechiSay Sabra mumicrab mukufambira mberi kwayo nhauro, kuzivisa kudzokorodza kwamashoko, kupfurikidza nokunzvera nhevedzano, kupfurikidza nokunyorazve, kupfurikidza nokunyora nhevedzano kwemifungo yenhau.

Zvakaitika Kare Kumifananidzo Yevakadzi muIndia

Kuzvimirira Pamberi pePrescentation

Kubatanidzwa kwavakadzi mune zvamatongerwe enyika muIndia pamberi pokuzvimirira, nenhamba dzokupayona dzakadai saSarojini Naidu, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, uye Kamaladevi Chattopadhay vaitora rutivi nokushingaira murwisano neConstituent Congrestuent Assembly. MuLok Sabha (52.5557), vakadzi vakabata bedzi zvigaro, nepo muRajaya Sabhaha, nhamba yacho yakamira panenge pa 6.9%. Makumi amakore, mufananidzo wavakadzi mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri wakaramba uri pasi pe 10%, unoratidzira zvikuru mipimo yakaiswa mumitengo, kukwanisa kuwana dzidzo yakaganhurirwa, uye zvivako zvezvamatongerwe enyika izvo kazhinji vakadzi vaipinda rutivi rwechikamu chenyika. Vasipikiteshina mudaro yedavi yedate chinyorwa chipfumiriro chapamhenguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakabvumikisa kupfuure kuva kupfuukwa kuteveri.

Magaba Akasiyiwa uye Rwendo Rwavakadzi Rwokufamba

Kumanikidzirwa kwemipimo yemitemo kwakawana simba muma1990. Zvigadziko zvebumbiro-mitemo zva 73th na 74 zvakachengeta chikamu chimwe chezvigaro mumitumbi yomumaruwa nemumaguta nokuda kwavakadzi, kugadzira pombi dzemicheto inobudirira dzevatungamiriri vechikadzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, kutambanudzira nzvimbo dzakadaro kuParamende namadzitateguru zvakabvumikisa kuva zvemagakava. Vakadzi vaReservation Bill (10th Amendment) yakatsvaka kuchengetera 33% yezvigaro muLok Sabba nehurumende zvemitemo yavakadzi, asi yakapfuudza nguva dzakawanda nemhaka yokusha kwebvumirano. Pakupedzisira yakapfuudzwa neRHAB Syaha mu 2010 asi haina kubvisa chigadziko cheSabba. Mu 2023, Naskan Vandhin (Rea Reult) zvakapfumbira mumugwagwa wehurumende, asi zvakapfuvura nenzvimbo yeSaka yeSabhu yakapfuvura napabu yehurumende yaidzose iri mugwa.

Basa Raje Sabra Rave Rave Rave Rave Rave Rinopesana Mukusimudzira Kutora Rutivi Kwavakadzi

Kuronga uye Mutoo Wokusarudza

Raje Sabba ine mitezo 245, 233 inosarudzwa nemitezo yakasarudzwa yemagungano ehurumende, uye 12 inosarudzwa naPurezidhendi nokuda kwounyanzvi hwavo mumabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, uye basa romunzanga. Sarudzo isina kunanga inoreva kuti mitezo yeSajiya Sabha inotorwa kubva kuboka revezvematongerwe enyika vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, kubatanidza vaichimbova vafundisi vehurumende, vakuru vebato, uye vanhu vemo. Ikoku kwose kuri kugona kubetsera nokudzivisa kumirira kwavakadzi: pane rumwe rutivi, kazhinji kazhinji inonyungurudza vakadzi vaduku kana kuti vashomanene zvikuru; pane rumwe, inogovera nzira nokuda kwavakadzi vakavaka mabasa akasimba ehurumende. Chikamu chitsauko chezvikamu chehurumende chehurumende chinopa vakadzi vasingagoni kuisa upenyu hwemari.

Raje Sabha Ane Maseat Akachengeterwa Vakadzi Here?

Mukupesana nedzidziso dzinowanzozivikanwa, Raje Sabha harina muganhu wakachengeterwa vakadzi. Nyaya yapakuvamba yakadudza "zvigaro zvinochengetwa", asi ikoko hakuna kururama. Rajiya Sabba haana ruvimbiko rwetsika rwavakadzi. Zvisinei, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji anogovera nokuzvidira mwero wezvawo zveRajiya Sabba nomuminiminina kuvakadzi. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, muitiro uyu wakawedzera, naanenge mapoka makuru ose anovimbisa zvimwe zvifananidzo zvevakadzi pakati pemitezo yavo yeRajiya Sabbaha. Reservation Act 2023 inowirirana bedzi neLok Sabbaha nehurumende; Rajiya Sabba anoramba aripo akasarira, uyo wakatungamirira kuzivisa nzvimbo kana kuti kusuma kweimba yapamusoro.

Nharo Dzakaoma Nebasa Redare

Rajiya Sabra inokosheswa zvikuru nokuda kwegadziriro yayo yedare ine udzame, umo mitezo inonzvera zvikwereti nokunzvera nhau dzemiitiro. Mitezo yavakadzi yakashandisa idzi nzvimbo kumutsa zvinhu zvinovambira pautano hwaamai nedzidzo kusvikira kumasimba masimba mukurwisana navakadzi uye simba remari. Kamuri racho ridukusa kurumbidzo yeIran, uye Jachan ane nzvimbo dzavo dzinobvumira pesvedzero yapashoma pamasimba masimba omumba, kunetsana muvatano. Vakadzi vanoregwa vakadai saSushma Swaraj, Brita Karet Irani, naDhachi vanowana nzvimbo dzavo pamitemo yevatano, kunetsa vatano, uye maruramiro avakadzi.

Kupfuudzira Kurerutsa Kuvapo Kwavakadzi muRaje Sabhaha

Miitiro Inopfuura Makumi Amakore

Kubatanidza nhamba: Kubva muna 1952 kusvikira muna 1970, mufananidzo wavakadzi muRaje Sabha wakapararira pakati pe 6% ne8%. Nhamba yakavamba kukwira napakati pema1980, ichisvika 10% pa 1990. 2000 yakaona kukwira kukuru: kubva pa8,7% muna 2003 kusvikira ku14% muna 2014. Mumugadziri wazvino uno zvikurusa (sokusvika muna 2024), vakadzi vane 34 wezvigaro, kana kuti inenge 13.9%. Iyi inomirira kuvandudzi yakanonoka asi inooneka, kunyange zvazvo kubva pachikamu chakakwirira zvikuru. Chikamu chapamusoro-5% chakanga chiri mu2017.

Kuenzanisa neLok Sabha neHurumende Mitemo yeDare Yapamutemo

Lok Sabha, nemufananidzo wazvino wevakadzi we 15% (pashure pesarudzo ya2024), yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura dare reRajiya Sabba. Zvisinei, avhareji yenyika yose yavakadzi vari mudzimba dzakaderera dzinobhururuka kumativi 26%, vachiisa India seri kwehurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Pakati pamadare ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende (Vidhan Parishads), mufananidzo wavakadzi unosiyana zvikuru: muUtar Pradesh, vakadzi vanobata mativi ose 18% ezvigaro, nepo dare reBihar's rine inenge 10%.

Boka Rezvamatongerwe Enyika Rinoparadzirwa Nokuchenjera

Mapoka makuru enyika aratidza misengwa ine mwero. Somuenzaniso, Indian National Congress yakabatanidza nhando yakakwirira yavakadzi kuRaje Sabhaha (panenge pa18-20%) zvichienzaniswa neBharatiya Party (nenge 12-15%). Masangano eruwa anosiana; Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) uye Trinamool Congress kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vakadzi vakaisa vakadzi pamwero paurefu huru pasimba revakadzi. Mitezo yakasarudzwa naPristiennast mukurukurirano nehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza vakadzi vanobva muminda yakadaro, magazini yemitemo, uye basa renzanga, uye rinowedzera kuva nounyanzvi hunokosha zvikuru.

Kutapura Kwemitezo Yavakadzi muRaje Sabha

Mipiro Yomutemo

Vakadzi Rajiya Sabba yave iri chishandiswa mukuumba mitemo inoyera. Kudzivirira vakadzi kubva kuChiito cheMasai cheMaparera (2005) kwakava nokupesvedzera kwokushingaira kubva kuvagadziri vemitemo vavakadzi mumativi ose ebato. Sexual Hability of Women paWomen paOrk (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act (2013) Act (203) yakasimbiswa nemhaka yokupindira nemitezo yaRaja Sabba. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, chikamu cheReservation Bill muRajya Sabra muna 2023 chakanga chiri nguva yenhau, nemitezo inobva kumapoka akasiana- siyana anotaura zvakanaka. Vakadzi vakatsigirawo nhau dzakadai segadziriro dzoutsanana dzokuenda kumwedzi, kutengesa, uye kubetsera.

Kutanga Kwemiitiro Yokushandisa Muchikwata

Kubva pamutemo, vakadzi muRaje Sabha vakashandisa mibvunzo yeparamende, kutsiva, uye kutaura chaiko kuti vape ngwariro kumikaha yevarume nevakadzi. Somuenzaniso, mitezo yevakadzi yakaramba ichimutsa nhau yemimirimo yakaderera mudare rejaji nehurumende, kudiwa kwokutarisira vana kusingadhuri, uye simba remitemo yezvemari pabasa revakadzi. Zvirongwa zveMinistry of Women and Child Development zvakagara zvichidzokororwa uye zvichigadziridzwa muJaja Sabba matare, zvichitungamirira kukugadziridzwa kukuru.

Kumirira Vakadzi Vane Mucheto

Raje Sabra akagoverawo nzvimbo yavakadzi vanobva munzanga dzakaderedzwa. Somuenzaniso, Shobhana Bhartia (yakapfuudzwa) yakaunza mirangariro yenhau, nepo yaichimbova mitezo yaMohsina Kidwai naNajma Heptulla yakamirira vakadzi vashoma. Zvisinei, mufananidzo waDalit, Adivasi, uye vakadzi vashomanene vorudzidziso unoramba wakaderera zvikuru, nechiverengero bedzi chavakadzi vanoshumira panguva ipi neipi. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuva nomusiyano wakakomba wakakomba uye kudikanwa kwokusvika kwapamhene kuti vamirirwe.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichipikiswa Nevakadzi MuRaje Sabha

Boka Rezvamatongerwe Enyika Richasarudza uye Richasarudza

Mhinganidzo huru ndidzo kuzengurira kwamabato ezvamatongerwe enyika kuvashandi vavakadzi nokuda kwaSabata sarudzo. Sezvo Raje Sabha mitezo inosarudzwa neMLAS, uye utungamiriri hwebato kazhinji kazhinji hunoisa jambwa ravarume mumitengo, vakavimbika, uye kurema kukuru, vakadzi vanofuratirwa kazhinji kazhinji. Chibvumirano chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vomukati hachina simba; zvisarudzo zvinoitwa neboka duku ravatungamiriri vakuru, avo vanowanzosimudzira mirangariro iripo. Uyezve, mutengo mukuru wokukwikwidza kunyange kusarudzwa kusina kunanga kwakananga (mutoo wokutsigira pakati peMMLS) zvinogona kudzivisa vakadzi nezviwanikwa zvishoma zvemari. Inveiderss kuti vatsigire vakadzi kuti vatsigire dzvinyiriro yokuvhotera kana kuti zvibvumirano zvepamutemo zvinorayira kuchinja.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvenzanga Nezvekuvaka

Vakadzi mune zvamatongerwe enyika vanotarisana nemitoro mitatu: mitoro yomumba, kariro dzechikaro, uye rusaruro rwesangano. Purogiramu yaRaje Sabha, nepo isinganyanyi kuoma zvikuru kupfuura Lok Sabhaha, ichiri inoda kufamba kazhinji kazhinji kuDelhi namarusando marefu, izvo zvinogona kurwisana nemitoro yemhuri mumugariro wamadzitateguru. Vakadzi vazhinji vanoshuma vachitarisana nezvimiro zvendangariro zvokuramba zvichibva kuvarume biyavo, uye kushaikwa kwezvivako zvinotsigira (sezvimbudzi zvakakwana nezvokutarisira vana) muParamende. Kupfuurirazve, kupfuudzira kazhinji kazhinji mirangariro yavakadzi mitengo yavakadzi mumitengo yemitengo kana kuti batano dzemhuri panzvimbo yebasa.

Kushaikwa Kweziviso Nokuzvidavirira

Hapana chinodikanwa chapamutemo kuti masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika azivise kunyorwa kwezvikamu zvavo zvechirume zvendaza yeRaje Sabba. Komishoni yeInchomment of India inochengeta mashoko avada kubhapatidzwa asi haimanikidziridzi kuvanotedzeri chiverengero chipi nechipi chevatano yavanhurume. Pasina kuoneka, kwakaoma kuita kuti mapato azvidavire nokuda kwokusaiswa kwavo pasi pevakadzi. Kunzvera kwechisipo nemasangano akadai sePRS Legislative Research neInter-Parliament Union kugovera mashoko anobetsera, asi matare eparamenderal haasati arumbidza zvisakiso zvinobatanidza chiRya Sabra.

Kusimbisa Mufananidzo Wevakadzi: Nzira Nekuchinja Zvinhu

Kuda Kuchinja Zvinhu kweRaje Sabha

  • Mapati eInternal Party Qutas: anofanira kugamuchira nokuzvidira zvikamu zvomukati kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti inenge 33% yeRajiya Sabha nominees yavo vakadzi. Mamwe mapoka, kufanana neCongress, akaratidzira kuzvipira kukuva asina chokwadi nechomukati, asi kuitwa kwave kuchipesana.
  • Kudaidzira kuita chibvumirano chaVakadzi: Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo wa 2023 uchifukidza bedzi Lok Sabha nehurumende, kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwakafanana nokuda kweRajiya Sabhaha kwaigona kurangarirwa. Ikoku kungada kurukurirano yeparamende nebvumirano.
  • Mitezo yakadzorwa : Mutungamiriri wehurumende, pazano rehurumende, anofanira kushandisa mitezo yakarongeka kupinza zvakajeka vakadzi vanobva muminda yakapfuudzwa, zvikurukuru avo vanobva munzanga dzakaganhurirwa. Ikoku kungagona kubatira semwero wechinguvana wokururamisa.
  • Transparency: Commission yeSaption inofanira kuraira kuti mativi azivise kunyorwa kwechirume nechimiro chavo cheRajiya Sabhaha anoronga pamwe chete nezvikonzero zvemhindu ipi neipi. Chaunga chevagari vemo ipapo chinogona kushandisa aya mashoko kutsigira chinjo.

Basa Renzanga Yavagari Vemo Nemitumbi Yamarudzi Ose

Masangano akadai seUnited Nations Coom for Gender Eunity (UN Vakadzi) uye Inter-Parliamentarian Union (IPU) akagovera tsigiro yemichina nedzidzo yokuwedzera kwokutora rutivi kwavakadzi mudzimba dzemitengo yeIndia. Zvirongwa zvinonangidzira ngwariro pakurovedza vakadzi vezvamatongerwe enyika, kutungamirira vatungamiriri vaduku, uye kuongorora basa revarume nevakadzi vepaparamende zvinogona kufambiswa. Mibato yenhau yeMedia inosimbisa vakadzi vanobudirira Raja Sabbaha ingabatsirawo kudenha mamiriro ezvinhu okureferamendedzera. Kugamuchirwa kweShometable Development 5 (Makuru) kunopa vasikana chirongwa chokutungamirira vaduku kuva vapfumi vechirume kuti vafambire mberi.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yakabva Kune Dzimwe Dzimba Dzapamusoro

Dare reAustralia, somuenzaniso, rine mwero wakakwirira wavakadzi (inenge 38%) nemhaka yezvikamu zvinobudirira uye gadziriro yokumirira. Bundesrat yeGermany, iyo inomirira hurumende dzehurumende, yakaona kuderera kwemireza yavakadzi asi betsero kubva kumitemo yehurumende. India inogona kufunda iyi mienzaniso ndokuichinja maererano nemamiriro ayo enyika. Rajiya Sabba' inochinjika ingagona kushandiswa kutevedzera muenzaniso we 'unyanzvi' unovimbisa manzwi akasiyana- siyana.

mhedziso

Rajiya Sabha ine nzvimbo yechienzi uye inowirirana negadziriro yeparamende yeIndia senzvimbo yerangariro, unyanzvi, uye kumirira nyika. Bviro yayo yokusimudzira kuratidzirwa kwavakadzi inokosha, bva inoramba iri pasi. Nhevedzo yenhau inoratidza fambiro mberi inononoka asi ine revo, inosundwa nenhamburiko dzapanhambo nenhambo kupfuura nokuchinja kwemibato. Kubudirira kwavakadzi kunomirira kubudirira kukuru kweimba yakaderera, asi haisati ichinangiswa neRajiyahahaha. Kuranga uku kunokosha kunofanira kupedza mativi ose. Kutaura iri mukahasiro bedzi. Kutaura mubatanidzwa wepamhiko, kunofanira kupfurikidza nomutemo, uye kuchinja kwapamutemo. Sezvinoita kuti iko kuitwe kuti ive nzvimbo inomirira kukwakwa kwavagari vemo vemo vemo voga vemondiva ive, asi hakumirirwi kutomiteverwa mukwavo yadzorose.