Rwendo rwenhau mudare rwakarongwa asi runowanzova muitiro wakaoma kurangarira unogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti kunyange makore. Kuvambira pakunyorwa kwokutanga kwenyunyuto kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira(/uye sezvingabvira chikumbiro) chingagona kubatira donzo rakasiana mukurondwa kweruramisiro. Kunzwisisa urwu rwendo runokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi vemitemo nanyanzvi dzemitemo asiwo nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi angazviwana amene anobatanidzwa murusandudziko. Iyi nhungamiro inopa udzame, teji-te-tepfete kupfurikidza nokuti nhau yevagari vemo kana kuti yeutsotsi inofambira sei kubva pamavambo, nokungwara, nokungwara kumitemo, mazano, uye zvitekoso zvemitemo izvo zvinoumba rutivi rumwe norumwe.

Kupedzisa Kunyunyuta

Muitiro wacho unovamba nenzira yakarongwa apo mupurisa (mumhaka yehurumende) kana kuti hurumende (mumhaka yetsotsi) inoisa nyunyuto kana kuti kupomera rugwaro kudare rakafanira. Nokuda kwenhau dzehurumende, kunyunyuta kunofanira kutaura hwaro hwechokwadi hwezvinotaurwa, rondedzero yapamutemo (mutoo wemitemo, kuregeredza, kusabvumirana kwebvumirano), uye kusunungurwa kwakatsvaka(akawanda kuvadziko yemari kana kuti murairo). Kunyunyuta kunofanira kuiswa mudare rine zvose zviri zviviri chiremera (chiremera pamusoro porudzi rwenhau) uye chiremera chomunhu oga (chiremera pamusoro pemasangano).

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvokunyunyuta

  • [[FT:0]
  • [[FFUT:0] Juridiction and Venue: Kutsanangurwa kweichi dare ringanzwa nhau yacho.
  • [ Zvinowirirana: Rinojekesa, nhamba dzendima dzinorondedzera zvinoitika zvakaparira kukwirira mhaka.
  • [ Zvinotaurwa nemitemo: Zvisakiso zvakananga zvechiito (mutoo, kunyengera, kuzvidza).
  • [ Munyengetero nokuda kweyamuro: Mushonga chaiwo wezvikumbiro zvepetusi, zvakadai sekuvadziko, nyaradzo inodzorwa, kana kuti rutongeso rwokubvisa.

Basa Rokugadzirira

Pashure pokunyora, mukwiridzi anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mukwiridziri anogamuchira kopi yenyunyuto nedanidziro yepamutemo kuti aonekwe uye apindure. Iyi nhano, inonzi basa regadziriro[, inofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvepamutemo (mr., kupiwa kwomunhu, basa neposi, kana kuti bhuku kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kuwanwa). Basa racho rinogona kunonozetsa mhaka kana kuti kuguma nokudzingwa. Mudare rehurumende, miraudzo yebasa inodzorwa ne Kutonga kweCivic Proct 4 [FLT] [FLT], uye zvakawanda zvine mitemo inodzorwa.

Zvaakaita Mudziviriri

Kana angopiwa, mukwirirwi ane nguva yakaganhurirwa yokupindura — mazuva 21 kusvikira ku 30 mudare remubatanidzwa, kunyange zvazvo mitemo yenyika ichisiana. Mhinduro huru imhinduro , iyo inokurukura pomero imwe neimwe mukunyunyuta. Mhinduro ingabvuma, kuramba, kana kuti nyika zivo isina kukwana yokupindura kupomerwa kumwe nokumwe. Kukundikana kupindura kunogona kuguma nerutongeso rwakakwana mukurwisana nomukwirwi.

Kupindura Kwakasiyana - siyana

  • Kudzinga: Mukwirirwi anotaura kuti kunyange kana pomero dzose dziri dzechokwadi, kunyunyuta kunokundikana kutaura kutaura kutaura kwepamutemo kwapamutemo (um., kushaiwa simba, kukundikana kutaura kutaura kutaura kutaura pamusoro poMutemo 12(b)(6).
  • Mhinduro neAfrigitive Defense:[[FL:1] Mukwirirwi anoramba pomero huru uye anomutsa dziviriro dzakadai somutemo weganhuriro, kuregeredza kwokupa, kana kuti kudzivirira.
  • [[FLT: 0] qualium: Mukwirirwi anoisa kutaura kunorwisana nomupomendi anobuda mubvumirano imwe kana kuti chinoitika chimwe chetecho.
  • Crossclaim: Muzviitiko nemapoka akawanda, mukwirirwi angaunza kutaura kunorwisana nemutengi kana kuti coplantiff.

Zvaitarisirwa

Somuenzaniso, chiito chokudzinga chinogona kukurumidza kugumisa mhaka isina kusimba, nepo mhinduro inobvuma maidi makuru ingava nhau duku nokuda kwokutongwa. Magweta akawanda ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira anoshandisa iyi nhambo kunzvera simba repomero dzomupoteri ndokuvamba kuumba gadziriro yokuwana.

Kuwana Pase

Kuwana kazhinji kazhinji inhambo refusa uye inopinza zvikurusa yebasa. Chinangwa chayo ndechokubvumira mativi ose ari maviri kuwana mashoko noufakazi kubva kune mumwe nomumwe uye kumativi matatu. Ukuru hwokuwana kwakafara: chinhu chipi nechipi chisina kusiiwa chakaenzana nokutaura kana kuti dziviriro yebato, uye chinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvenhau yacho, kazhinji kazhinji chinowanwa ([[FL:0]] Federal Apply App 26(b). Muzvinoitika zveutsotsi, miraudzo yekuwana inosiana noufakazi hunopesana pasi pa . Mary anowanzowana marudzi akati oufakazi.

Zvishandiso Zvokuwana Zvikuru

  • [[FT:0] Maganhu: Kubvunzurudza kwechapupu (pakamu kana kuti pasina chikamu) mumhiko, kwakanyorwa nomutori wenhau wedare. Maattorney anobva kumativi ose ari maviri anotora rutivi, uye chinyorwa chinogona kushandiswa pakutongwa kuzivisa uchapupu kana kuti soufakazi.
  • [[FORT:0] Mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko. matare eFederal anowanzoganhurira rutivi rumwe norumwe kuvabvunzurudzi 25 (kubatanidza chikamu chiduku).
  • Kukumbira nokuda kweChinyorwa: Kuda magwaro, mashoko akachengetwa pakombiyuta (ESI), uye zvinhu zvinooneka. Ndiko kupinza kunoita maemail, zvibvumirano, marekodhi ezvokurapa, uye mishumo yomukati.
  • Kukumbira nokuda kwokunyoresa: Tsinhiro idzo mumwe munhu anofanira kubvuma kana kuti kuramba. Kana abvuma, akagadzwa chose chose nokuda kwokutongwa, achisimbisa nhau.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kunzvera kwemakemikari neMakemikari: Muzvinoitika umo mugariro womuviri kana kuti wendangariro womubato uri mugakava, dare ringaraira kunzverwa kwazvimirira kwezvokurapa.

Zvinetso Zvatinowana

Nokukura kwekurukurirano dzemichina, e-burectry yazova muganhu mukuru. Matare zvino anoda kuti vanhu vazive manyuko eESI, kuchengeta mashoko akakodzera, uye kuaita mugadziriro inoshanda. Kushandiswa nokuda kwokubvisa (kuparadzwa kwoufakazi) kunogona kuva kwakakomba, kubatanidza mirayiridzo yakaipa yedare redare kana kuti mutongo wakaipa. Kushandisa e-rebucture kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kushandisa purogiramu yekombiyuta chaiyo nerokupinza basa, kuwedzera ndyiko huru kukuzvidzwa.

Kukura uye Zvausingakwanisi

Kuwana hakuna kuganhurirwa. Matare anogona kubudisa mirairo inodzivirira kudzivirira zvakavanzika zvokutengesa, mashoko akavanzika, kana kuti zvikumbiro zvinorema zvisina kufanira. Chikomborero chakaisvonaka chebasa nedzidziso zvinodzivirira kurukurirano dzakati kuti pakuwana. Mupimo wokuwirirana unosimbiswa muMutemo 26(b) (1) unokurudzira vatongi kuyera betsero ingabvira yokuwana pamitoro yayo nendyiko.

Kufamba Kusati Kwaitika

Pamberi pomuedzo, mapati angaisa mhatsa yemiitiro yokuita kuti apedze nhau yacho pasina muedzo wakazara kana kuti kuisa nhau dzacho. Uku kutora zvinhu kunogona kuchengetwa panguva ipi neipi pashure pokunyunyuta, asi vazhinji vanoitika pashure pokuwana kwapedzwa. Anobatira sechisero chakakomba: kufamba kusingabudiriri kwakananga kunogumisa nhau yacho, nepo chiito chinobudirira chekurukurirano chingabvisa ufakazi kana kuti muganhu.

Kufamba Kunowanzoitika Pasati Pasvika

Basa Rakakodzera Rokufamba

Kufamba kwenhau dzenguva dzisati dziri bedzi pamusoro pokuhwina chaiko; dzinoumbawo nzvimbo yokuedza. Kufamba kunobudirira mulimine kunogona kudzivisa rumwe rutivi kutanga ufakazi hunokosha, nepo chiito chorutongeso rwokupeta chinopiwa zvishoma chinogona kubvisa kutaura kwakati kana kuti dziviriro. Nhau zhinji dzavagari vemo dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nokufamba - famba kwebasa (mukuwirirana nemashoko kubva kuFederal Jujial Center, rutongeso rwechipfupiso runopiwa munenge 15=20% yenhau dzehurumende. Muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi, kudzorwa kwoufakazi (g., nokuda kwokutsvaka kwapasha) zvikurukuru kwapamhinakwa kusiri kwapamutemo) inozivikanwa zvikuru uye inogona kubvisa nhau yedare.

Kutongwa

Kutonga imhaka yedare. Mugariro wedare unotsamira pakuti idare rebhenji ripi kana kuti mutongo wedare wedare wedare wedare wedare wedare wedare reSaventh Amendment unovimbisa kodzero kudare redare redare nokuda kwezvinotaurwa kuti rinotsvaka kuvadziko yemari; mumhaka dzoutsotsi, Sixth Amendment inovimbisa kutonga mhaka yakakomba. Muitiro wokutonga unotevera murayiro wakaoma wakarongedzerwa kuvimbisa ruramisiro nemuitiro wakafanira.

Matanho Okutongwa Kwematsutso

  • Chisarudzo (Nhamba):[[FT] MaAttorney nomutongi vanopanikira vatongi vangada kufumura rusaruro. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rungashandisa denho dzinoparadza (nhamba yakaganhurirwa) nedenho nokuda kwechisakiso (hachiganhurirwi).
  • Kutaura kwokuvhura:[ Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa kupetwa kupfupi kwoufakazi hwazvinokarira kusuma. Kutambudza kunotanga, kunoteverwa nedziviriro. Kutaura kwokuzarura hakusi ufakazi; zviono zvemberi.
  • Kupiwa kweUfakazi (Saka rePlaintiff in-Chieef):[[[FTT:1] `Placttiff shamhes anozivisa zvinyorwa nezviratidziro, uye inomira. Chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinoedzwa zvakananga, kunzvera, kudzosera, uye kuchinjika.
  • Mhaka yemazakwatira: Pashure pokunge mupomerwi agara, mukwirirwi angapa ufakazi. Mukwirirwi haadikanirwi kupupurira; mutoro wechiratidzo unoramba uri pamutongi (kana kuti mutongo mumhaka dzoutsotsi) mose.
  • [[NHAU]] Yakajeka neyakarevesa: Mupurisa angapa ufakazi hwokuwedzera kuti arwisane nenhau yedziviriro, uye mudziviriri angapindura nenzira yakafanana.
  • Kutaura: Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopeta ufakazi uye runotaura chikonzero nei vatongi vachifanira kuwana mufariro wavo. Mutongi/kutambudza anotanga kuenda uye angachengeta rutivi rwenguva yavo nokuda kwokupamura.
  • [[FOLT:0] Mitemo: Mutongi anorava mutemo wedare rinobetsera vatongi unofanira kushandisa, kufukidza zvinhu zvechirevo chimwe nechimwe, mutoro weufakazi, uye mipimo yokurangarira.
  • Jorlibration and Verct: Vatongi vanorega basa kuimba yakavanda kuti vakurukure ufakazi ndokusvika pamwe chete (kana kuti mune dzimwe nhau dzehurumende, voruzhinji) chisarudzo. Kana vasingagoni kusvika chisarudzo, kutongwa kwakaipa kungaitika.

Uchapupu Hunotonga

Miedzo inodzorwa nemirau yorumano youfakazi, zvikurukuru Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) mumatare ehurumende. Mifungo mikuru inobatanidza kushanda (Fre1, 402), runyerekupe. Runyerekupe (FR801-807), kusimbisa (Fre1), uye ropafadzo (zvikurukurukurukuru, Gweta-rita, risingabvumirwi). Majereta anofanira kukurumidza kuita chimwe chinhu kuufakazi husina kufanira; kana kuti kusadaro, chirambidzo chingapinzwa. Mutongi anoshanda somuchengeti wesuo, anosarudza icho dare ringanzwa. Mumiedzo youtsotsi, kudenha kusingane mufungo; mumiedzo yavagari vemo, mupimo yacho inofanira kuva yapa uchapupu (zvingabvira zvikuru) nokuda kwezvinotaurwa zvakajeka uye ufakazi hwakajeka zvikuru.

Jeri

Mutongo wacho chisarudzo chapamutemo chinopiwa nomutongi (mukutonga kwebhenji) kana kuti mudare rinobetsera vatongi. Munhau yevagari vemo, chisarudzo chichatema musengwa uye, kana mhaka yawanwa, chitsama chekuvadziko. Mumhaka yetsotsi, chisarudzo ndecho “mhosva” kana kuti“ asina mhaka.” Chisarudzo chine mhaka mumhaka yetsotsi chinowanzotungamirira kukutonga kwakaparadzana. Munhau dzevagari vemo, chisarudzo chingabatanidza zviwanwa zvakati (muchib., chiverengero chemhosvo yokukanganisa pasi pemiraudzo yakaganhurirwa).

Marudzi Ezvirango

  • General Verct: Vatongi vanongotaura bedzi kuti rutivi rwunowana, pasina kutsanangura kurangarira.
  • Special Kract:[[FL: 1] Vatongi vanopindura mibvunzo chaiyo, uye mutongi anoshandisa mutemo kumhinduro idzodzo kuti asvike rutongeso.
  • Drereed Verdict: Pakupera kwoufakazi, mutongi angatonga kuti vatongi vane mufungo vaisagona kuwana rumwe rutivi, vachisarudza nenzira inobudirira nhau panguva iyeyo.
  • Judgment Universe Verdict (JNOV): Kashoma kubvumirwa, ikoku kunobvumira mutongi kuputsa chisarudzo chedare rinobetsera vatongi kana kuchipesana zvakajeka nouremu hwoufakazi.

Kufamba Nokufamba Nepashure Pejeti

Pashure pomutongo, mutezo unorasikirwa unganyora nhanho nokuda kwekutonga kutsva kana kuti kuchinja mutongo. izvozvi zvinofanira kuva zvakavakirwa pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo, ufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa, kana kuti kusazvibata.

Kukwirira

Muitiro weappelellate hausi mutongo wechipiri; idzodzokororwa kwezvisarudzo zvedare rinotongwa. Chikumbiro chinofanira kuvakirwa pakutaura kwokuti dare rokutonga rakaita chikanganiso chomutemo kana kuti muitiro uyo wakatapura muuyo. Vari papati yacho inofadza iapplellant; rumwe rutivi ndirwo. Chikumbiro chinofanira kuchengetwa mukati menhambo huru yenhambo yenhau yehurumende (zvikurukurukuru 30 mumhaka dzehurumende (Muramo weAppelette Procedure 4).

Zvikamu Zvekukwirira

  • Yakakokororwa paKukwirira: Dare rokutonga mafaira enhau, marekodhi, uye zviratidziro zvinounganidzwa ndokutumirwa kudare redare rinopa mashoko.
  • Appantant’s fish: A chibvumikiso chakanyorwa chinoratidzira mhosho chakananga nokutsanangura chikonzero nei dzichida kuchinjwa. Pfupi inofanira kududza kuchinyorwa nechiremera chapamutemo chakafanira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Appele’s Frim:[[FLT: 1] Mhinduro yacho ichitaura kuti chisarudzo chedare rokutonga chakanga chakarurama, kana kuti mhosho ipi neipi yakanga isingakuvadzi.
  • Reverfish (zvisarudzo): Mutengi angapindura kunharo itsva dzinomutswa mukupfupikisa kweappelle.
  • Mvumo yenhau: A yakaganhurirwa (kazhinji kazhinji 15-30 parutivi) banza rokuti magweta ajekese mapfundo makuru ndokupindura mibvunzo yavatongi. Nhau zhinji dzinosarudzwa pasina gakava rakataurwa.
  • Decision: Dare redare rinopa murangariro. Ringa [[FLT:] simbisa[[FLT:] [[FLT]] (inoita dare rokutonga), [[FLT:]] rakashata [[[FLT:]] (kudzosa chisarudzo] ], kana kuti na[[FLT]] (nogumisa mhaka yeimwe bvunzurudzo inowirirana nemurangariro). Muzvimwe zviitiko, dare ringachinja rutongeso kana kuti muedzo mutsva.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura

Hadzisi zvikanganiso zvose zvinobatwa zvakaenzana. Matare edare anoshandisa mipimo yakasiana----kunangana yokuhwirudzura kuchitsamira parudzi rwenhau: devo (kuhwirudzura kutsva) nokuda kwemibvunzo yomutemo, [] chikanganiso chakajeka [[[[FLT:]] nokuda kwezviwanwa zvechokwadi mukuedza bhenji, uye [[FLT:]] kushandisa uchenjeri [ nokuda kwemirayiro kana kuti mifungo yakajeka. Iyi mipimo inopesvedzera zvikuru bviro yebudiriro pabvunzo. Maererano neHofisi yeU.S. dare, matare okukwidza pamutemo anosimbisa zvisarudzo munenge 80-90% yenhau, kukwidzwa kwenhau.

Dzimwe Nzira: Kugadzirisa uye Kutsiva Kusarudza

Nepo nyaya ino ichirondedzera rwendo rwakazara rwokutonga, kwakafanira kucherekedza kuti chiverengero chikuru chenhau dzavagari vemo hachitongosviki muedzo. Mukuwirirana nemashoko achangobva kubuda kubva ku Bureau of Justice Statistics, dzinopfuura 95% dzenhau dzehurumende mudare rehurumende dzinopedzwa pamberi pokutongwa kwedare rehurumende, kutonga kwechidimbu, kana kuti kudzingwa. matare mazhinji anokurudzira `/* kana kuti masangano okupinda mumisangano kana kuti zvimwe zvisarudzo (ADR), zvakadai sechirevoreko, pamberi pokutongwa. Mediation inobatanidza boka rechitatu rinoita kuti ripedze kugadzikisa asi risina simba rokupedza. Arbit anogona kudzora kana kuti arege kunyora zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi uye anoshandiswa munzira dzokudzivisa kudzoserana kwazvo nokuti anenge anenge anenge anenge amiririra dare.