Rwendo Rwemhosva Kupfurikidza Negadziriro Yorutongeso Rweutsotsi

Gadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi igadziriro yakaoma yakarongedzerwa kuisa mitemo, kuchengeta nhevedzano yavose, uye kupa ruramisiro. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, nyanzvi dzapamutemo, uye vadzidzisi, kunzwisisa rwendo rwakazara rwenhau youtsotsi kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti miitiro yapamutemo inoshanda sei mukunzvera kupfurikidza nekwirira kunobvira. Nhano imwe neimwe inobatanidza miitiro chaiyo, mipimo yapamutemo, uye vatambi vanokosha, kubva kuvatsigiri vomutemo navachuchi kusvikira kuvarevi navatongi. Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa inopfuudzwa nomusi mukuru uri wose wenhau youtsotsi, kutsanangura chinoitika, chikonzero nei ichiita nhau, uye miuyo inosarudzwa.

Vatori rutivi Vanokosha Mugadziriro Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Tisati tapinda mudenderedzwa racho, zvinobatsira kunzwisisa vatambi vakuru vanogadzira chikwama chacho:

  • vakuru vanoona nezvokuchengetwa kwemitemo - mapurisa, matikitivha, uye vamiririri vehurumende vanoongorora mhosva vounganidza ufakazi.
  • Vatongi vehurumende – magweta ehurumende anosarudza kana achizonyora pomero ndokumirira hurumende mudare.
  • [[[FOL:0] Magweta [ - magweta anomirira mupomerwi, pachivande kana kuti savadziviriri voruzhinji.
  • [ Vatongi [ - vakuru vakuru vasina kwavakarerekera vanotarisira zvinoitika, vanotonga panhambo, uye vanoisa mitongo.
  • [[[FORN:0] Mitambo [ - mapoka evagari vemo anonzwa ufakazi uye anopa rutongeso mumimwe miedzo.
  • [ Mitimu nezvapupu [ – vanhu vanopa chipupuriro kana kuti kutaura kwesimba.

Mutorimo mumwe nomumwe anotevera mitemo yetsika inosiana kupfurikidza nehudzo, asi mugadzirirwo wose unoramba uchiwirirana mumiitiro yemitemo yavose zvikurusa, kubatanidza iyo iri muUnited States neUnited Kingdom. Nhano dzinotevera dzinoratidzira nzira chaiyoiyo yemhaka yeutsotsi.

Chivako 1: Kunzvera

Masangano anorambidza kupiwa mutemo — mapurisa omunharaunda, mapurisa, kana kuti matare ehurumende akafanana neFBI — anopindura mishumo yematsotsi kana kuti kukurumidza kuzivisa mhosva dzingangoparwa.Vavariro ndeyokuziva kana mhosva yakaitika, uye kana zvakadaro, uyo akaiita. Vatengi vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana:

  • Kubvunzurudza vakawirwa nenjodzi, zvapupu, uye vazivi
  • Kuunganidza uchapupu hwakadai seminwe, DNA, zvombo, kana kuti zvinyorwa zvemichina
  • Kupasa kuraira kwokupinda panzvimbo yapachivande
  • Kuongorora zvinhu zvemaharabhu outsotsi
  • Kuongorora makumbo kana kuti kurukurirano dzemagetsi

Mukati mourwu rutivi, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kushanda mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo. MuU.S., Foundation yeFourter inodzivirira kunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari; ufakazi hunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo hungadziviswa mudare mu [ axclusionary command [[ [onai] ruramisiro.GO: Kunzvera kweUfakazi).

Kana vanzveri vakawana chisakiso chinobvira — chitendero chine mufungo chokuti munhu chaiye akaita mhaka — vanogona kupfuurira kusvikira kudanho rinotevera.

Chinoitika 2: Kusungwa

Kusungwa kunoitika apo vanotarisira kuchengetwa kwemitemo vanotora anofungidzirwa kuva musungwa.

  • [ Nesita yokusunga [ - mutongi anopa chiratidzo chakavakirwa paapi yapikirwa inoratidza chisakiso chinobvira.
  • Pasina murairo - vakuru vakuru vangasungwa kana vakapupurira mhaka kana kuti vane migariro yakashata (muenzanisiro, kuronda kukuru).

Mukati mokusungwa, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuzivisa vanonyumwira maruramiro avo [[FLT]] (muU.S.): maruramiro okuramba akanyarara namaruramiro kugweta. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kuita kuti mashoko anotevera asashandiswe. Anonyumwirwa ipapo anonyorwa: akatorwa, akatorwa, uye akaiswa musero. Bail angaiswa papfundo rino kana kuti pakutonga kwapashure.

Mumativi akawanda, munhu haagoni kubatwa nokusingaperi pasina kupiwa mhaka. mutemo wamaawa 48 (Umwe muganhu weRwizi v. McLaughlin, 1991) unoda chisakiso chinobvira chokunzwa mukati mamaawa 48 okusungwa kusina maruramiro. Pashure pokusungwa, mhaka inoenda kunzvimbo inodenha.

Chivako 3: Kuroverera

Muchuchisi anoongorora uchapupu hwacho osarudza kana kunyora mhosva dzakakodzera.

  • Kusimba kwouchapupu
  • Kukomba kwemhosva inofungidzirwa
  • Nhau youtsotsi yomunyumwiri
  • Kufarira kururamisira uye kuitirwa vanhu vavanoitirwa zvakaipa
  • Zvinhu zvinowanikwa uye kuremerwa nezvinoitwa

Kuparwa kunogona kusiana kubva pa [[FLT: 0] zvikanganiso (umh., matikiti emotokari) kuna mijenir[ (g., kuba kuduku) [[FLT:]] , kuranga [[FLT]]] [[FLT] 4, post] (g., kuponda). MuU.S., mhosva dzomubatanidzwa dzinopomerwa kupfurikidza [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FFF]]

Chinoumba 4: Kuoneka Pakutanga Nokunzwa Zvisina Kunaka

Nguva pfupi pashure pokusungwa, mukwiri anooneka pamberi pomutongi nokuda kwokuoneka kwokutanga. Mutongi achataura achiti:

  • Kurukurai mukwiri wepomero
  • Vazivisei kodzero dzavo
  • Gadza bheray kana kuti migariro yokusunungura

Bail ivimbiso yemari yokuti mukwiridzirwi achadzoka nokuda kwemisi yedare yomunguva yemberi. Mutongi angagadza chitsama chakananga, kusunungura mukwiridziri pawawo amene (hapana mari inodikanwa), kana kuti kuramba bhera kana mukwirirwi ari ngozi kana kuti ngozi kunzanga. Hurumende inorevesa mari yakanyanyisa, asi matare anorangarira zvinhu zvakafanana nechinyorwa choutsotsi, namagariro outsotsi.

Nokuda kwaavo vasingakwanisi kuripa, sangano rokuchinja rakaparira chinjo munyika dzakawanda, kusimbisa cherechedzo yengozi pamusoro pemigariro yemari (ona [[FLT:]] Prison Politive Interiction: Bail Reform [).

Chitaera 5: Kutanga Kunzwa

Muzvinoitika zvemhosva, kutonga kwokutanga kunowanzoitwa kusarudza kana pane ufakazi hwakakwana ( chisakiso chisingakodzerwi ) kupfuurira kutongwa. Uku hakusati kuri kutonga mhaka; panzvimbo pezvo, muitiro wokuongorora. Muchuchisi anopa ufakazi nezvapupu, uye dziviriro inogona kuyambuka-eximine. Mutongi anosarudza kana mhaka yacho ichifanira kupfuurira mberi.

Kana chisakiso chinobvira chikawanikwa, mhaka yacho inopfuurira. kana zvikasadaro, pomero dzinodzingwa, kunyange zvazvo vachuchisi vangashatisa kana ufakazi hutsva hukabuda. Mune dzimwe nharaunda, kunzwa kwokutanga kunogona kubviswa nedziviriro, zvikurukuru kana nharidzano iri yokukurukura chikumbiro.

Chikamu 6: Kururama

Kupomera imhosva kuravirwa mhosva mudare rapachena. Mukwiri anobuda opinda muchikumbiro:

  • GEWH - kubvuma utsotsi, uhwo kazhinji kazhinji hunotungamirira zvakananga kutongera.
  • Handina mhaka [ - kurambira pomero, kuchigadza nhambo yokutongwa.
  • Hapana makwikwi (nolo mutsimba) - asingabvumi mhaka asi kugamuchira chirango, anowanzoshandiswa kudzivisa mutoro wavagari vemo.

Mutongi anosimbisawo mukwiridziri ane mirau yapamutemo. Kana vasingagoni kuwana gweta, mudziviriri wehurumende anogadzwa. Migariro yebhail ingachinjwa padanho rino. Pashure pokutonga, mhaka yacho inopinda pachine nguva mberi.

Chinoyera 7: Kufamba Kwapamberi Nekuwana

Pakati pekutongwa nokutongwa, mativi ose ari maviri anopinda mu zivikanwo — kutsinhana ufakazi namashoko. Dziviriro inofanira kuzivisa zvinhu zvakati (mutoo., zvapupu), uye kupomera kunofanira kushandura ufakazi hwokupa uchapupu pasi pe Brady v. Maryland (63). Attoney angasaipira matendero akasiana-mativi:

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Motion kudzinga[ - inoramba kuti pomero hadzina kukwana kana kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzakatyorwa.
  • [Motion nokuda kwokuchinja nzvimbo – kutumirwa kwechikumbiro kuimwe nzvimbo nemhaka yeziviso isati yaitwa dare.
  • Commentaution nokuda kwokuwana[[FLT: 1] – kumanikidza rumwe rutivi kugoverana ufakazi.

Zviitiko zvakawanda zvinoguma pano kupfurikidza ne kutaurirana. Zvinopfuura 90% zvemhosva dzoutsotsi muU.S. zvinopedzwa nemhetembo, apo mukwiri anobvuma kupomera mhaka mukutsinhana mhaka yakaderedzwa kana kuti mutongo wakareruka. Kutaurirana kunobatanidza muchuchisi, mutongi, uye kazhinji kazhinji mutongi, asi mukwiridzirwi anofanira kubvumirana nokuzvidira.

Kana pasina chikumbiro chinosvika, nyaya yacho inonanga kumuedzo.

Chikamu 8: Kutonga

Kutonga kweutsotsi idanho rinooneka zvikurusa uye rinoshamisa. Mukwirirwi ane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo ku jipidhi nedare ravose nedare rinosarudza risingasaruri (Sixth Amendment). Zvisinei, mukwirirwi angaparadza kutonga kwedare redare uye kusarudza kutonga kwechibharo [ apo mutongi anosarudza zvose zviri zviviri maidi nomutemo. Muitiro wokutonga unobatanidza zvikamu zvinoverengeka:

Kusarudza Chiratidzo cheJury (Voir Dire)

Mutongo namagweta anodzivirira zvinopanikira vatongi vanobvira kuziva rusaruro. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runogona kurova chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chavatongi nokuda kwechisakiso (mutoo, rusaruro runobvuma) kana kuti kushandisa denho dzokusunungura (hachina chikonzero chinodikanwa, asi harugoni kuvakirwa padzinza kana kuti dzinza). Vavariro yacho iboka rinoruramisira nerisingasaruri.

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Kupa mhosva kunotanga kwateverwa nenyaya yacho.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Vachuchisi vanopa mhaka yavo, vanodana zvapupu nokusuma zviratidziro. Zvapupu zvinodzivirira zvinoti eastamines. Pashure pokunge kukwirira kwamira, dziviriro ingapa ufakazi hwayo imene nezvapupu. Mukwirirwi haadikanirwi kupupurira; Findrefement inodzivirira kuzvishora.

Mitemo inodzora chinogona kubvumwa.Teeresay (mashoko apamusoro pedare) anopiwa nokuda kwezvokwadi kazhinji kazhinji haanzwisisiki, pasina kusiiwa kwakawanda. zvapupu zvinopa uchapupu pamusoro pesayenzi yenhau, psychology, kana kuti mimwe nhau ine unyanzvi.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopeta ufakazi uye runotaura chikonzero nei vatongi vachifanira kusvika mutongo wakati. Mutoro wedare une chibvumikiso: kupfuudzira kupanikira kune mufungo — mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa mumutemo. Kudzivirira hakudikanirwi kubvumikisa kuva asina mhaka asi kunongoparira bedzi panikiro ine mufungo.

Mirayiridzo Nekushandisa Bvumbiro

Mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo wakafanira. ipapo vatongi vanoronga vari voga, vachivavarira chisarudzo chomubatanidzwa mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Kana vasingagoni kubvumirana, idare rinobetsera vatongi , uye mutongi angazivisa mhaka isiriyo. Mutongi ipapo anogona kusarudza kana angaedza kuigadzirisa.

Jeri

Kana vatongi vakawana mukwirirwi asina mhaka, vanosunungurwa uye havagoni kupiwazve mhaka imwe cheteyo ( njodzi yakapetwa kaviri inorambidza ikoku). Kana ane mhaka, mhaka yacho inopfuurira kutongera.

Chinoitika 9: Kutongerwa

Mutongi wacho anofunga nezvezvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana:

  • Kupa nhungamiro dzokutonga kana kuti mwero wakaderera unosungirwa
  • Rudzi noukombi hweutsotsi
  • Nhau youtsotsi yomupomeri
  • Mashoko evanenge vaudzwa
  • Migariro inochinja kana kuti inotowedzera

Mitsetse inobvira inobatanidza:

  • Zvishamiso Nokuripa
  • Kubudiswa kwemashoko (kwakasunungurwa munzanga)
  • Basa romunharaunda kana kuti zvirongwa zvokurapa
  • Kubviswa kweropa (jail nokuda kwemhosho, torongo nokuda kwematsotsi)
  • Chirango chorufu (musimba rinochibvumira)

delmentth Amendment inorambidza chirango chine utsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose, asi matare akatsigira mitongo mirefu nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa reU. muGraham v. Florida (2010) yakarambidza upenyu pasina kurambidza vechiduku mumhaka dzisiri dzechienzi (ona [[FT:]] Oyz: Graham v.]).

Chitaera 10: Kukwirira Nokukwirira Kwokupera Kwenguva Yapfuura

Pashure pokupa mutongo, mukwirirwi angaronda app . Kukwirira hakusi kutongwa kutsva; kuhwirudzurwa kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvingava zvakatapura muuyo. Nheyo dzavose dzinobatanidza:

  • Kubvuma kusina kukodzera uchapupu
  • Mirayiridzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi isina kururama
  • Rubatsiro rusingashandi rwezano
  • Kuzvibata Kusina Kufanira Kwokupomerwa

Dare redare rinoongorora chinyorwa chokutonga uye mashoko mapfupi kubva kumativi ose ari maviri. Rinogona kutsigira kupwiswa, kuchichinja (dzimwe nguva kuraira kutonga kutsva), kana kuti kuchinja mutongo. MuU.S., vakwirirwi vane maruramiro okukwirira kwakananga; kumwe kukwirira kumatare makuru kunosarudza.

Kupfuura kukwirira kwakananga, vakwirirwi vangatanga denho dzechibharo [[FLT: 0] dzakadai sehabeas corpus surmons, vachisimbisa kuti kuiswa kwavo mutorongo kunoputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Izvozvi zvakaoma uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidza matare ehurumende anohwirudzura kutendiswa kwehurumende.

Migumisiro Yakamwe Kamwe: Kutendeutsa Nokupukunyukira

Hachisi chiitiko chiri chose chinotevera rwendo rwakazara. Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvinopa purogiramu dzekuchinja nokuda kwevatadzi venguva yokutanga kana kuti venhurikidzwa dzenhando dzakaderera. Zvirongwa izvi zvinobvumira vakwiridziridziri kusungwa kupedza basa renzanga, kubatwa kwemirimo, kana kuti dzidzo mukutsinhana nokubviswa kwemhosva. Kupedza kupedza purofiti kunowanzotungamirira ku [[FLT:] kusprocendigatement , uko kusungwa nepomero zvinosimbiswa kubva muchinyorwa chavose. Ikoku kunogona kudzivisa migumisiro refu yenguva nokuda kwebasa nedzimba (ona [[FLT:]]]

Mativi Echienzi EFederal v. State System

Gadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi inosiana pakati pemwero yehurumende nehurumende. Nhau dzeFederal dzinobatanidza kuputswa kwemitemo yeU.S. (zvikurukuru, kutengesa mirimo mumitsetse yehurumende, kupamba mubhangi, cybercrime) uye inotongwa naAtttorney yeUnited States. Mhaka dzehurumende dzinobatanidza kuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende uye dzinotongwa namagweta amaruwa. Mitongo yeFederal kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inopfuura zvikuru nemhaka yezvinodikanwa nenhungamiro dzehurumende. Matare nemiitiro zvinosiyanawo zvishoma, asi rwendo rwacho rwose runofanana.

Kodzero Dzomupomeri Mugadziriro Yose

Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chematsotsi chinoumbwa nemitemo inodzivirira.

  • Foundation [ - dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari.
  • Fith Amendment - kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye muitiro wakafanira.
  • SSH Amendment - chaiko kukutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwevoruzhinji, vatongi vasingasaruri, ziviso yepomero, kurwisana kwezvapupu, uye betsero yezano.
  • [ pamue menduro yenhau [[FLT: 1] - dziviriro pabhedharo rakanyanyisa nechirango choutsinye/chisiri chomuzvarirwo.

Pavanobatwa zvisina kufanira, migumisiro yacho inogona kusanganisira kudzvinyirira uchapupu, kubvisa mhosva, kana kuti kudzosa kukwirira.

Mirangariro Inozivikanwa Navose Pamusoro Perwendo Rwoutsotsi Rwokutonga

Vanhu vazhinji vanofungidzira kuti zvinoitika zvizhinjisa zvinoenda kukutonga, asi chaizvoizvo, voruzhinji zvikurusa vanopedzwa kupfurikidza nokukumbira.

mhedziso

Rwendo rwenhau kupfurikidza negadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi muitiro unoitirwa kudzikamisa chengeteko yavose nekodzero dzomunhu oga. Kubva pakunzvera nokusungwa kupfurikidza nokutongwa, kukwirira kunobvira, nhano imwe neimwe inobatanidza miitiro yapamutemo yokungwarira nokuita zvisarudzo kunoitwa navatambi vakawanda. Kunzwisisa idzi nhanho dzinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda mutemo, achishanda mugadziriro, kana kuti kungotsvaka zvake kuva mugari wemo akadzidza. Nepo tsika iri kure nokukwana — nhau dzekuparadzana kwedzinza, kunyanyisa, uye mutengi wezvinhu zvinopfuurira — nheyo yayo inotsamira panheyo dzemuitiro wakarurama nenzvimbo yokusasarura mhaka. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzamaumbidzika, zviwanikwa kubva ku [[FLT]]