Kunzwisisa mitemo inodzora kunzvera kwamapurisa nokubatwa nepfari kunokosha nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri kuchengetwa kwomutemo nevoruzhinji. Mitemo yehurumende inogona kusiana zvikuru, ichitapura kuti mapurisa anogona sei uye apo anogona kunzvera motokari nenzvimbo dzavose. Nepo Kutendeutsa kweChina kweMitemo inoisa musimboti wedziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfariso, hurumende imwe neimwe kazhinji kazhinji inotambanudza kana kuti kuchenesa dziviriro idzodzo kupfurikidza nemitemo yavo vamene, mitemo, uye dare. Nyaya ino inonzvera mativi makuru emitemo iyi yetsika, kubatanidza misiyano inozivikanwa, misiyano, uye miuyo inoshanda nokuda kwevagari vemo nevakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru. Nokuongorora nzvimbo yemitemo, varavi vanogona kutanga kunzwisisa zvikuru kunzwisiswa kwekodzero dzavo nemabasa avo mukati mokutonga nomutemo.

Mavambo Emitemo: Kugadziridzwa kweChina noMutemo weHurumende

Mutezo weChina weMitemo unogovera kuti vanhu vane maruramiro okuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye tapuro mukurwisana nokunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, uye kuti maruramiro angangopa bedzi mhaka pachisakiso chinobvira chinotsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti bvumirano uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kunzverwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.

Zvinokosha, zvinyorwa zvakasununguka kududzira mabumbiro emitemo azvo amene kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura Findment yeChina. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinoda murairo wokunzvera uko kungabvumirwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Zvimwe zvakaronga mitemo yakananga mumirau yehurumende, zvakadai sokuda kubvumira nokuda kwokunzvera kwakati kana kuti kuisa mipimo yorumano nokuda kwechingabvira. Iyi mitemo inoreva kuti mufambiro mumwe chetewo wamapurisa ungava wemitemo mune imwe nyika uye usati uri wehurumende mune imwe.

Dzidziso yokubatanidza, yakagadzwa kupfurikidza nenhau dzakafanana ne Mapp v. Ohio (1961), inoshandisa Gadziriro yechina kuhurumende kupfurikidza neMfutunu yeMitemo ye 144. Asi matare ehurumende anoramba ari vadziviriri vokupedzisira vedziviriro dzapamutemo dzehurumende yavo vamene. Naizvozvo, magweta namagweta edzivisi eutsotsi vanofanira kubvunza mutemo womunzvimbomo kuti vanzwisise miganhu chaiyoiyo yechiremera chokunzvera chamapurisa.

Kutsvakurudza Nezvepabonde: Motokari Yakasiyana uye Inopfuura

Mapurisa anowanzoda chikonzero chinobvira chokunzvera motokari, asi "kusiiwa kwemotokari kwapashure" kunobvumira vakuru vakuru kunzvera pasina maruramiro kana vane chisakiso chinobvira uye motokari yacho iri kufamba. Uku kusiiwa, kwakatangwa mu Carroll v. United States [1925] uye kwakanatswa nezvisarudzo zvapashure, kunomira panzendoga dzemotokari uye kumirira kwakaderera kwechivande mumaindasi. Zvisinei, matare ehurumende anogona kuganhurira uku. Somuenzaniso, mamwe matare ehurumende akarangarira kuti kusiiwa kwemotokari haashandi kana motokari yacho yakamiswa uye isingashatirwi kana chisave chiripo, kana kuti mapurisa ane nguva yakawana maruramiro.

Kusarudza Kunogamuchirwa Kwavose Nokuda Kwokunzvera

  • Chisakiso chingagona kuitika mukati mokumira kwemotokari kwapamutemo [[FLT: 1]: Kana mukuru mukuru akacherekedza ufakazi hweutsotsi mumurangariro wakajeka kana kuti kutanga chisakiso chinobvira mumamwe maidi, vanganzvera motokari yose, kubatanidza mabhokisi akavharwa, pasina maruramiro munyika zhinjisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] .Kubvumirwa nemuridzi wemotokari kana kuti mutyairi : Kubvuma kunofanira kuva kwokuzvidira uye kunogona kubviswa panguva ipi neipi. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda mapurisa kuzivisa mutyairi nezvekodzero yadzo yokuramba kubvuma, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusorosaisati raraira ikoku sechinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo.
  • Chinonzvera chinoitika chokusunga : Dare Rapamusoro rakaganhurira ichi chitsauko mu Arizona v. Gant [2009], richiva nechinoitika chokunzvera kuti motokari isungwe bedzi kana musungwa asina kuchengetwa uye ari kusvika daro riri mukamuri ravanhu panguva yokutsvaka, kana kuti kana kune mufungo kudavira motokari ine ufakazi hwokuvata mhaka. Magariro mazhinji akagamuchira uyu mupimo; mashoma akadudzira mabumbiro emitemo avo amene kuti abvumire chiitiko chikuru kusungwa.
  • Migariro yakananga[[FLT: 1]: Ngozi kuupenyu, kurondwa kwokukurumidza kwenyumwiro inotiza, kana kuti ruparadziko rwava pedyo rwoufakazi runogona kururamisa kunzvera motokari kusina kufanira. matare ehurumende anosiana pamusoro peicho chinoumba maruramiro, nezvimwe zvinoda chibvumikiso chakajeka chekurumidziro.
  • Kunzvera [: Apo motokari inoiswa mumutemo, mapurisa angaita kunzvera kwapamutemo kuti adzivirire zvinhu zvamuridzi ndokudzivirira kuchengetwa kwomutemo pakutaurwa kwokuba. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyika dzinoganhurira kunzvera mutepi wemiitiro inodzorwa uye dzinorambidza kunzvera kwapasati pasvika magwaro.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwemitemo Yokutsvaka

Mitemo inoverengeka ine mitemo yakaoma zvikuru kupfuura baseline yehurumende. California, somuenzaniso, yagara ichiita kuti kuvhozhokera motokari kushande kana motokari isati ichivakirwa pa"isvice" uye mapurisa aiva nenguva yokuwana chibvumikiso (onai Vanhu v. Garay, 2008). MuNew York, bumbiro remitemo rinoda kuti kunzvera kwemotokari kusina kukodzera kuvekirwa pa"chisakiso chinosainzwa," kureva kuti chisakisowo zvacho chingasakwanisika kana motokari isiri inosimudzika nyore nyore. Texas, pane rumwe rutivi rwemotokari, inobvumira kunzvera kusina pamutemo pachisakiso bedzi.

Imwe nzvimbo yokusvetuka imhaka yekunzvera motokari. Dzimwe nyika dzinoderedza kunzvera mukamuri rokutakurira vanhu kutoti paine chikonzero chaicho chokudavira kuti uchapupu huri mubhuti. Dzimwe dzinobvumira kunzvera kwemotokari kwakazara, kubatanidza huni nemidziyo ipi neipi, zvimwe chinongova chinenge chatangwa. Kunzwisisa mifungo iyi kunogona kuva yakakomba mukudzivisa kunzwa.

Kutsvakurudza Munzvimbo Dzinogara Vanhu: Kutadza Kufunga Nekuzvidzora Kune Mwero uye Terry Stop

Munzvimbo dzavose, mapurisa ane rusununguko rwakafara rwokusvika nokubvunza vanhu vamwe navamwe, asi "kunyumwira" kunoitika apo munhu ane mufungo anenge asinganzwi akasununguka kuenda. Pasi pe Terry v. Ohio [1968], vakuru vakuru vangaita kunzvera kupfupi kana vane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti mubato woutsotsi unodzorwa. Kana mukuru mukuru achifunga nenzira ine mufungo kuti munhu akashongedzerwa uye ane ngozi, pat-debuselk (frisk) nokuda kwezvombo yezvombo zvinobvumirwa. Zvisinei, kunzvera kupi nokupi nokupi kupfuura pefiti kunoda chisakiso kana kuti chibvumikiso.

Mipimo Yapamutemo Mhiri KweUnited States

  • Ntshekedzo dzinobvira. Chisakiso chinobvira[[FLT: 1]]: Dzimwe nyika dzinoda mupimo wakakwirira nokuda kwezvigadziko zvokunzvera kupfuura "maidi anoshuviwa" ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Massachusetts neAlaska dzakarangarira kuti bumbiro remitemo rinoda sezvinobvira chisakiso chipi nechipi, kwete nyumwiro ine mufungo.
  • Chiremera cheFrisk[[FLT: 1]: Nepo mutemo wehurumende uchibvumira dhisiki kana mukuru mukuru ane nyumwiro ine mufungo munhu akashongedzwa nezvombo, mitemo mishomanene inoganhurira mafrisk kumigariro umo kune nyumwiro dzakati dzengozi. Vamwe vanobvumira frisisk yoga yoga mukati mokumira kwapamutemo Terry, pasinei zvapo nenyumwiro yomunhu oga.
  • Conice session invorce[[FLT: 1]]: Mapurisa angakumbira kubvuma kunzvera munhu kana kuti zvinhu pachena, asi kukwirira kwebvumiro kunonzverwa nokungwarira. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vakuru vakuru kuzivisa vanhu nezvekodzero yavo yokuramba vasati vatsvaka; kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kuva chisakiso mukusarudza volyumu.

Kuona Nokuzarura Minda

Munzvimbo dzavose, chiono chakajeka chinobvumira mapurisa kuwana ufakazi kana aripo nenzira yapamutemo uye rudzi rwokupomera rwechinhu runooneka nokukurumidza. matare ehurumende pane dzimwe nguva akaganhurira iyi dzidziso kana mukuru mukuru akashandisa nzvimbo dzezvioni zvechienzi kana kuti pfungwa dzakakudziridzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, "ndima dzinovhura" dzidziso (kubva Oliver v. United States[FLT], 1984) inoramba kuti mapurisa anganzvera nzvimbo dziri kunze kwechiteshi chemusha pasina pamutemo. Zvisinei, vashomanene vanotaura kuti iyi dzidziso mumitemo yavo, inoda maruramiro okunzvera kupi nokupi nokupi kwapamhikai.

Zvigadzirwa Zvemagetsi Nezvemagetsi

Kunzvera kwazvino uno kunobatanidza nhare dzeserura, marapy, uye mamwe makombiyuta. Riley v. California (2014, Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti mapurisa anowanzoda pamutemo wokutsvaka serura yabatwa kuti ipinde, nokuti foni dzine mashoko akawanda emunhu oga. Masangano akawanda akabatanidza mutemo uyu mumutemo wehurumende, uye mamwe akaenderera mberi nokukumbira gwaro resero ipi neipi yechinhu chemagetsi kunyange kana kuti chimwe chinhu chikasariranwa chikada kushandiswa. Somuenzaniso, California’s Leanderlineal Provition Act (C. Pekostimulation. Peko. inotect. 1524.4) inowanzoda mashoko okuwana mashoko pachishandiso chikangoramwa kana kuti chikabiwa, kana kuti chikangovairwa.

Humwe unyanzvi, hwakadai seGPS, drones, uye maraisendi anoshandiswa anoumba varavi vegiramu reIndaneti (ALPR), inomutsa zvinetso zvakasiyana - siyana. Dare rapamusoro rakaitirwa mu United States v. Jones (20) (20) (20) inobatanidza mutengi weGPS kumotokari inoumba kunzvera pasi peGP yeGenetic Emplete. Kubvira panguva iyeyo, masangano anoverengeka akapfuudza mitemo inoda pamutemo inoda pamutemo wokushandisa GPS kunyora mukoto kana kuti drone. Vagarizeki vanofanira kuziva kuti izvi zvinodzivirira zvingasavapo muhurumende iri yose, uye mitemo yemuchadenga ichiripo.

Nhamburiko Dzinoshanda Nokuda Kwavagari Vapasi Nokumanikidzwa Kwomutemo

Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo Nemabasa Avo

Kunzwisisa apo kunzvera kunobvumirwa kunogona kubetsera vanhu kudzivirira kodzero dzavo. Mukati mokumira kwemotokari, vatyairi vane maruramiro okuramba kunzvera motokari kutoti mukuru mukuru ane chisakiso kana kuti chibvumikiso. Zvisinei, kuramba kungawedzera mugariro wacho kana kuti kuparira dzimwe nhau dzapamutemo, zvakadai senyumwiro yakawedzerwa inotungamirira kukufemba zvinodhaka (zvinowanzosaita kunzvera munzvimbo dzakawanda). Vagari vemo vanofanira kuramba vakaterama uye vakadzikama, vabvunze kana vakasununguka kuenda, uye vadzivisa kudzivisa kurwisa kunyange kana kunzvera kwacho kusingabvumirwi nomutemo kunyange kana kuine denho dzinodzorwa zvakanakisisa mudare gare gare gare.

Munzvimbo dzinoonekwa navanhu, vanhu vamwe navamwe vangaramba kupindura mibvunzo uye vangaramba kunzvera munhu wavo kana kuti zvinhu.

Kumanikidzwa Kwomutemo

Mapurisa anofanira kushandisa mitemo yakaoma yehurumende nehurumende. Rovedzo yakafanira pazvisarudzo zvedare zvazvino uno nemirau yakajeka yehurumende inokosha kudzivisa kudzvinyirira ufakazi nokutarisana nemhosva dzavagari vemo. MaBato kazhinji kazhinji anogamuchira miitiro inoganhurira zvikuru kupfuura mwero wapamutemo wokuderedza ngozi. Somuenzaniso, mamwe masangano anoda kunyorwa kubvumira nokuda kwokunzvera kwose kwemotokari kunyange apo chisakiso chinobvira chiripo, kana kuti kuraira kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vawane rugwaro pamberi pokunzvera serura kunyange kana migariro yapashure ingaruramisa kunzvera kusina maruramiro.

Mitemo inoverengeka yakagadza mitemo inoda kuti mapurisa anyore kurukurirano dzinobvumira kana kuti kutsanangura chiremera chawo chapamutemo mukati mokutsvaka. Iyi mipimo inobatira zvose zviri zviviri kudzivirira vagari vemo uye kugovera ufakazi mudare.

Mienzaniso Yomutemo Wehurumende: Kusanonzvera

Kuenzanisira mhatsa yenyika inosvika, rangarira migariro mitatu ine vanhu vakawanda:

  • [[FLT: 0][[FLT:] : Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende (Njere, Chikamu 13) rinogovera dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru kupfuura Findromendi Yechina. Mu Vanhu v. Diaz (2011], California Supreme Court yakaganhurirwa nhambo yeserura isingabvumirwi kuti isungwe pamberi peU.S. Dare gurusa renhau rakaita. Vehicle kunzvera kunoda kubvisa kana kuti kubvumira kutoti kana kuti kutoti kushambadza motokari uye motokari inotakurika zvomenemene. California inodzivisawo kufemba mukati mamiriro ezvinhu emotokari kunzvimbo apo panenge pane kunyukirwa zvine mufungo kwezviito zvemirimo.
  • [[FLT: 0] New York: Dare reNew York reZvikumbiro rakadudzira radudzirazve bumbiro remitemo rehurumende kukumbira murairo wokunzvera upi noupi unovhozhokera kariro ine mufungo yokuva woga, kunyange kana kusiiwa kwemotokari yehurumende kwaizoshanda. Mu [[FLT:] vanhu] Belton[[FLT] [[FLT]] [madoma] pamberi pomubatanidzwa [[FLT:] kudzora, New York yakaramba kutonga kwehurumende kwehurumende yazvino uno inobvumira kunzvera zvivako zvokuzvidira nokuchenjera., kuwedzera, New York inoda kuti ibvumire kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri nokuzvidira, nomutoro pamunhu angagona kubvumikisa kuti azive.
  • [[FLT: 0]] .: Texas inowanzotevera mutemo weInternational Fournce Canne Amendment zvikuru. Kunzvera kwemotokari kusingachinjiki kunotsigirwa kwenguva dzose. Dare reCalgal Appeals rakaitirwa mu State. Granville[[FLT]] [2017] [2018] iyo system yehurumende haidikani maruramiro kunyange ekunzverwa kwemashoko pachinoitika cheserura kuti vasunge, asi miitiro yemapurisa inowanzoda pamutemo. Texas inewo "mtry" dzidziso inobvumira kubatwa nechirongo mukati mepurupu mukati me mepu kana mukuru mukuru mukuru akai akaicherechedza nokukurumidza kupfurikidza.

Dzidzo Nezviwanikwa

Kugara uchiziva pamusoro pemitemo yokutsvaka nokutamburira mitemo kunokosha nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri vagari vemo navanochengetwa nomutemo. project inogovera rondedzero dzinosvikwa dzezvisarudzo zvikuru zveDare Gurusa. ALLU Knoziva Kodzero Yako [ peji inopa nhungamiro inoshanda nokuda kwemasangano amapurisa anozivikanwa navose. Nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende, [[FLT:]]

Vatarisiri vanotarisira mutemo vanogona kubetserwa nezvirongwa zvokurovedza zvinopiwa ne Internationaloperation Association of Masters of Police uye mapuranga ehurumende erugare nerovedzo (POST). nguva dzose murovedzo yetsika pachinoitika chazvino uno inokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti kunzvera kunoitiswa nenzira yapamutemo uye inobudirira.

mhedziso

Dare rinodzora mapurisa rinotsvaka uye kubatwa nepfari mumotokari uye munzvimbo dzavose inzvimbo inoshanda zvikuru inodzikamisa kodzero dzevanhu dzakavanzika nezvinodiwa nemitemo. Nepo Gadziriro yeChina inopa uriri hwedziviriro, mitemo yehurumende kazhinji kazhinji inogovera dzimwe dziviriro. Vose vari vaviri vagari vemo navakuru vakuru vanofanira kunzwisisa mitemo yakananga musimba ravo kudzivisa kunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kunzvera kwapamutemo kunoitwa zvakanaka. Kupfurikidza nokuramba vachiziva uye vachishandisa kodzero dzavo nokuchenjera, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kubetsera kuchengeta dzikamo pakati pechengeteko dzavo nerusununguko rwemitemo.