Sumo: Zvinorehwa naAlden v. Maine

Dare Gurusa ra1999 rakakurukura kana vanhu voga vaigona kukwidza mhaka mudare rehurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwomutemo wehurumende. Maine inomira sechimwe chezvisarudzo zvinotevedzana pahurumende pakudzivirira chigaro muhutu yeAmerica yazvino uno. Pari pakati penhau yacho, chisarudzo chaireva kana vanhu voga voga vaigona kukwidza hurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwomutemo wehurumende yehurumende, (pachidivi reFair Labor Standard Act [FLSA])) pasina kubvumira kwehurumende. Mupfungwa yakakamukana 5-4, Dare rakapindura kuti kwete, rinosimbisa nhovo yemitemo yemitemo ine chokuita nehurumende inoshanda nokuda kwehurumende, kuchengetwa kwemitemo yebasa, uye muganhu wesimba pakati pehurumende. Kunzwisisa iyi kunokosha nokuda kwebasa ripi nehurumende kana kuti ritongedze simba pamusoro pesimba rehurumende.

Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana kwe Alden v. Maine, ichinzvera mamiriro ayo echokwadi, kurangarira kweDare Gurusa, mirangariro inopesana, nemiuyo inooneka nokuda kwokujekeswa kwebasa. Tinonzverawo kuti mirau yakatevera yakavakirwa sei paiyi chisarudzo kana kuti yakaganhurira, uye kuti zvidzidzoi zvinoshanda izvo vashandirwi navashandi vanogona kutora mariri nhasi.

Necheshure: FLSA Inorwisana Nemagakava

Mhaka yacho yakatanga apo boka ravakuru vakuru vokunzverwa rakashandiswa nehurumende yeMaine rakapa mhaka mutongo kuti hurumende yakanga yaputsa gadziriro dzemibhadharo yenguva yapakati yeFair Labor Standard Act (FLSA). FLSA, yakagadzwa neCongress muna 1938, inogadza mubhadharo wakaderera, mari inopera nguva, kuchengetwa kwemapepa, uye mipimo yebasa yepwere nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vashandi vari voga nevepanzvimbo yavose. Mu “kubhadharwa kwemipiro yemari yemari yemari yeFLSA", masangano ehurumende anodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nezvinodikanwa zvomutemo.

Vakuru vakuru vakataura kuti Maine akanga akundikana kuvatsiva nokuda kwamaawa omuraudzo anoshanda, mukuputswa kwakananga kwomutemo wehurumende. Vakaunza sutu yavo mudare reruwa, vachitsvaka mibhadharo yedzose nerakakuvadzwa. Maine akapindura kupfurikidza nokusimbisa dziviriro muPramende yePrefendement ye145 kuU.S., iyo inogovera kuti “simba rehurumende reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kuva rapa maruramiro api naapi neapi mumutemo kana kuti kumira, kutanga kana kuti kutongerwa nomumwe weUnited States naVagaritis of the Exterlinement yeNyika, kana kuti naVagariase kana kuti Vadzo veNyika ipi neipi yeNyika inobvumirwa.” Kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwacho ruchinoratidzika kuva runopiwa suturo bedzi navagari vehurumende, Dare gurusa reAPremsplain kuti ridudzire nyika imwe neimwe inorwisana nehurumende yarongwi navagari vemo, kana kuti varogoverinogaro.

Mudare rokutonga, kuzvidzivirira kwaMaine kwakakurira. Dare roruwa rakarambira sututi yacho, richitaura kuti hurumende yakanga isingatapurwi nechikumbiro cheFLSA chavanhu voga mudare rehurumende. Vakuru vakuru vakakumbira, uye Dare reNhengo reNhenha reZvikumbiro (Fritari) rakaita kuti muenzaniso wepanguva iyoyo uvepo) unosimbisa kudzingwa. Dare Guru rakabvumira certitoori kupedza nharaunda yakakamukana uye kudzokorokorodzazve ukuru hwehurumende hunodzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende.

Nheyo Yepamutemo Pamberi Peru

Pamberi pa Alden v. Maine, Dare Gurusa rakanga ratoratidzira musengwa mutsva kudzivirira chigaro. Mu SEMINOLE VEREFOR of Florida v. Florida (1996), Dare rakati Courts haingagoni kudzora hurumende pasi peIndiya Commercionacle. Chisarudzo ichocho chakapanikira kana Kokorosi ingagona kuzviisa pasi pezvimwe matare ehurumende, zvakadai seChempry Claus, iyo iri hwaro hwemitemo yeFLS. Chikamu chakagadza chigadziko nokuda kwerwisano chakananga pakati pekudzivirira basa renyika nehurumende.

Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Kuramba Kwakasimba kweDare Rehurumende Kupomerwa

Muchisarudzo 5-4 chakanyorwa naMutongi Anthony Kennedy, Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa kurambwa kwedare revatarisiri. Voruzhinji vaidavira kuti Dare rePremendement rechi11 rakaisa sutu dzemunhu oga mudare rehurumende, kunyange apo sutu inoreva kupunzika kwomutemo wehurumende wakaitwa kuChikamu cheHurumende. Dare reChikamu I rakatongerwa kudzora zvapakuvamba izvo zvakanga zvabvumira sututi pasi peFLSA nemimwe mitemo yakafanana, zvikurukuru Peren v. Targey Ray yeHurumende yeAlabamaglass Diss Wis Department [[FLt1] [1964]), iyo yakanga yabvumira kutaura kuti mukurwisana nemukoto wenjanji.

Murangariro waMutongi Kennedy wakatsirira chisarudzo chacho munheyo mbiri dzinowirirana: rugwaro rweDeminth Amendment uye basa rakakura rokudzivisa uchangamire hwehurumende mugadziriro yehurumende. Dare rakarangarira kuti mutauro weAndeminth Amendment, nepo usati uchiperevedza, unoratidzira nzwisiso yehwaro inoti haigoni kudzivirirwa pasutu dzavo voga. Uku kuzvidzivirira pakuzvidzivirira kwakaipa, voruzhinji vakataura kuti, kuvamba Bumbiro remitemo pacharo uye kuri madikanwa mumurangariro wehurumende inotonga. Naizvozvo, kuedza kupi nokupi nokupi nokupi kwokudzivisa kwechiuto kunofanira kuva “kusakurumidza kujeka kupfurikidza nomutemo mukuru. ”

Dare rakawana kuti Congress, mukugadza FLSA, yakanga isina kuita vavariro yayo yokudzivisa kurwisa mamiriro ezvinhu kwapakarepo. Uyezve, kunyange kana Congress yakanga yaedza kuita saizvozvo, voruzhinji vakarangarira kuti Commerce Claus haana kupa Congress simba rokukurira dziviriro yehurumende mudare rehurumende. Iyi mhedziso yakawirirana nourangari hwe SAMINOLE TB uye yakamirira kuganhurirwa kwehurumende kukuru kwehurumende pamusoro pavakwikwidziridzi.

Chikuru Chomutambo

  • Kudzivirirwa kweHurumende inheyo yebumbiro remitemo, kwete dzidzisowo zvayo yomutemo. Dare rakasimbisa kuti kudzivirirwa kwehurumende musutu dzavanhu rutivi rwe “gadziriro yemitemo yapakuvamba yemitemo” uye hakugoni kudzorwa nemitemowo zvayo isina nhungamiro yakajeka neyapamutemo.
  • Article I masimba akaganhurirwa. Kunyange zvazvo Congress ine chiremera chakafara pasi peChongedzero yaClaus nemamwe masimba I, masimba iwayo haabatanidzi mano okuzviisa pasi pehurumende dzisingabvumirwi kudzoro yedare rehurumende. Chivako cheMitemo chebumbiro remitemo kuhurumende chinova nzvimbo yeuchangamire iyo matare ehurumende anofanira kuremekedza.
  • Chiremerera nokuzvimirira zvehurumende zvinofanira kudzivirirwa. Kubvumira vatendi vomunhu oga kukwevera nyika mudare rehurumende kwaizo “tyisidzira perero yemari yeUnited States” ndokusekesa basa razvo savatongi vakaenzana mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa.

Mirangariro Inopesana: Kudzivirira Kwakasimba Kwechitsotsi

Vatongi vana vakapesana, vachitungamirirwa neMutongi David Souter. Mumurangariro murefu, kusabvumirana kwakataura kuti kuraviwa kwavazhinjisa kweEPNT Amendment yegumi naMakuna kwakanga kusina kururama munhau uye kwaikuvadza zvikuru. Mutongi Souter akapikisa kuti Amendement yakanga yakaitirwa bedzi kudzorera nzwisiso yapakuvamba yehurumende pashure pechisarudzo chakashata mu Chjolm v. Georgia[ [1793], kusati kugadzira dziviriro yakafara, isingachinjiki. Akanongedzera kumitezo yapakuvamba yapakuvamba umo maruwa akanga aitwa pasina kubvumirana mudare rehurumende.

Vakarambana vakarangarirazve kuti FLSA yakanga iri kushandiswa kwapamutemo kwesimba rebhizimisi reCongress uye kuti, kupfurikidza nokuisa mutemo wacho, Congress yakanga yaronga zvakajeka kufukidza vashandi vehurumende. Kubvumira hurumende kudzivisa zvinodikanwa zvehurumende neawa, vapanduki vakanyevera, vaizo “kuparira boka ravagari vemo − vashandi vehurumende avo vasina kufanira kudzivirirwa zvizere nomutemo wehurumende.” Mukakavadzani wacho akadeya kutaura kuti chisarudzo chaizotungamirira kubasa remishonga yenyika isingawirirani uye kuderera kwemipimo yebasa rorudzi.

Kutapura Mutemo Webasa: Icho Alden Akachinja — uye Chaasina Kuita

Muuyo wapakarepo we Alden v. Maine yaifanira kuvhara suo redare rehurumende kuvashandi vaitsvaka kukwidza vashandirwi vavo vehurumende pasi peFLSA. Asi mhaka yacho yakasvika kure kupfuura muripo wenguva yapakati. Yakashandura zvikurukuru nzvimbo nokuda kwokuputsa kwose kwapachivande kwemitemo yehurumende, kubatanidza Age Dicrimination in Observatom Act (AA), vaAmerica vane chikwaratiso chePutuko (ADA), uye Chiteko chemhuri nerati yeMirime (FA), pakati pavamwe.

Pashure peAlden, vashandi vehurumende vaisagona kutsamirazve padare rehurumende senzvimbo yokusimbisira iyi mitemo mukurwisana nehurumende yavo vamene, kutoti hurumende yabvuma zvakajeka kana kuti Congress yakava nedziviriro yakagadzwa kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwesimba rayo kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kweChikamu 5 cheKinneth Amendment. Mugero wapashure wakaramba wakazaruka nemhaka yokuti Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakanga ramboti Dare ragona kuita kuti Dare reMitemo ye 1448 reMitemo yeNyika yeNyika (idzoresaidzosodo) inodzivisa mufambiro unodzivisa nomutoo wakafanira (kupfurikidza nesuturo dzapagaro). Zvisinei, Dare racho nokukurumidza rakabatanidza izvozvowo.

Kuchinja Kuchienda Kuchikamu 5

Mumakore gumi akatevera Alden, Dare Rapamusoro rakasarudza nhevedzano yenhau idzo imwe nhevedzano yeSangano rakaganhurira mano eCongress ehurumende yebrotate muIneth Amendment. Somuenzaniso, mu Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents [2000] , Dare rakataura kuti ADEA haingagoni kushandiswa kuhurumende vashandirwi nemhaka yokuti Congress akanga asina kuzivisa mutoo unotsigirwa werusarurano yezera kupfurikidza namasangano etsika dzenguva kururamisa kururamisa kusarura. Nenzira yakafanana, mu Bard of Trustes of University of Alabackame v. Garret (2001], Dare rakarova dare kushandirwa kwechikamu chamashandiro mumutauro weADSwoti yeH (FTBS), pachinyorwa chamabhiritiromedzero.

Zvisarudzo izvi, zvinozivikanwa se “nhau dzeNew Federal”, zvakasimbisa nheyo yaAlden: zvisakiso zvinowanzodzivirirwa kubva pasutu dzakavanzika dzavanhu nokuda kwekuvadziko dzemari mudare rehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare rakabudisa kupesana kwakamanikana nokuda kwokutaura kwokuti rinoreverera zvakananga maruramiro makuru, zvakadai sekodzero yokuenzana. Somuenzaniso, mu TANSSEAVER v. Lane (20004), Dare rakabvumira sututi dzapato yapachivande pasi peTit II yeAA (acces kumabasa avose) pavhuro kuti sut sungiro yekodzero yokuwana mumuviri inosvika kumatare, mutoo mukuru.

Migumisiro Inokosha Kuvashandirwi Vehurumende Navashandirwi

Miuyo inoshanda ye Alden v. Maine yakarongwa mumativi akawanda. Pasi apa, tinonzvera miuyo inokosha zvikurusa paidzoro rebasa, mutoro wehurumende, uye gadziriro.

Kugadzirisa Zvine Mwero

Vashandi vehurumende vanotsvaka nyaradzo nokuda kwekuputswa kweFLSA, rusaruro, kana kuti mamwe mabasa ehurumende anofanira kutsvaga zvino. Chinonyanya kutsiva kunyora mudare rehurumende, chero bedzi hurumende yaparadza kuzvidzivirira kwayo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende uchiita chisakiso chakafanana chechiito. Zvisinei, nyika dzakawanda dzinochengeta dziviriro yadzo youtongi pasi pebumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene kana kuti miraudzo, dzichisiya vashandi vasina mushonga wedare risingatongowaniki. Mukuwedzera, kunyange kana dare rehurumende rikawanika, mishonga ingasiana: matare ehurumende angasapa muedzo wedare, angaparira kukuvadziko, kana kuti angashandisa mutemo wakasiana weganhuriro.

Kugadzirisa Kunoitwa Vatungamiriri Neagency

Vashandi vanogonawo kuronda kutaura kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende.

Kubudirira Kwezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Dzimwe nyika dzakasarudza kubvisa dziviriro yamasimba masimba nokuda kwamarudzi akati ezvinotaurwa, kazhinji kazhinji somugariro wokugamuchira mari yehurumende kana kuti kudzivisa kusava nechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, apo hurumende inogamuchira betsero yemari yehurumende muRehabilitation Act kana kuti ADA, ingarangarirwa kuva inodzivisa kudzivirirwa nokuda kwezvinotaurwa zvinovapo mumirau iyoyo. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti vatsotsi vakadaro vanofanira kuva “vasingabvumirwi” uye havagoni kurehwa nokutora rutiviwo zvakwo mumapurogiramu ehurumende.

4. Kukosha Kwokuunganidza

Nokuda kwavashandi vanofukidzwa nebvumirano yeboka yebvumirano yezvokukwikwidza (CBA), kunyunyuta uye muitiro wokubvisa zvingapa chimwe chinhu pane kupesana. Masangano akawanda esangano revoruzhinji akataurirana nzira dzinobvumira vashandi kudenha mitero yemari nemitemo yebasa pasina kutendeukira kudare rehurumende. Muzvimwe zviitiko, mitemo yehurumende inogovera kuti CBA inogona kubatira somutemi wesimba rinodzivirira dziviriro yapamutemo nokuda kwezvirevo zvakavharwa.

5. Kupiwa Mitongo Yakagadzirwa Pasi pe42 U.S.C. 76 1983

Kunyange zvazvo Alden masuti akananga zvikurusa muFLSA, vashandi pane dzimwe nguva vanogona kushandisa zivikanyo ya 1983 kudenha zviito zvebasa zvehurumende zvinoputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, kana mushandirwi wehurumende akabvisa mushandi mukuputswa kwamaruramiro okutaura kwapachena eFost Amendment, mushandi anogona kukwidza vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende musimba ravo nokuda kwokukuvadzwa kwavo. Sutu dzakadaro hadzidziviswa nekodzero youchangamire nemhaka yokuti dzinorwisana nomutarisiri mumwe nomumwe, kwete nehurumende imene. Zvisinei, Chikamu cha 1983 hachigoni kushandiswa kugombedzerwa kubatira maruramiro ekodzero dzekutaura zvakaisvonaka kufanana nedziviriro yechitsarudzo kana kuti gadziriro dzenguva dzose dzeFLS.

Zvakazoitika Gare gare uye Kuramba Vachipemberera

Kubvira muna 1999, Dare Gurusa rakadzokororazve kupindira kwehurumende nemitemo yehurumende yebasa. Zvikurukuru, mu Féderal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002), Dare rakatambanudza mufungo waAlden kunhau dzokutonga, richiitawo kuti vamiririri vehurumende vasarere mhaka dzavose pamberi pamasangano ehurumende.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, Dare rakaratidza kudisa kune mwero kubvumira zviito zvakati zvokuchengetesa pamutemo zvakaunzwa nehurumende yehurumende imene. Mu Breaw v. Guta reNew York (2016), Dare rakasimbisa kuti hurumende inogona kukwidza hurumende kuti imanikidze FLA, nemhaka yokuti hurumende haisati iri dziviriro yezviito zvakatangwa neUnited States. Uyu musiyano wezvokuchengetedza kwapachivande.

mhedziso

Chisarudzo mu Alden v. Maine inoramba iri pfundo redzidziso yehurumende yazvino uno yokuzvidzora. Kupfurikidza nokuvhara masuo edare rehurumende kuvashandi kukwidza vashandirwi vavo vehurumende muPLSA uye mimwe Mitemo I, Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisazve chiremera chebumbiro remitemo rehurumende reISCON, asi pamutengo wokusiya vashandi vazhinji vasina mushonga une revo. Chisarudzo chakagadza nhete yenhau dzinotevera idzo dzakadzvinyirirazve simba rehurumende pasi pePrejimende, kuvamba hurumende umo vashandi vehurumende vanofanira kufambisa chibvumirano chehurumende chomutemo, chiito chesangano, uye kutaura kuti varevedze maruramiro avo.

Nokuda kwavashandirwi, chidzidzo ndechokuti hurumende dzehurumende dzinopfuurira kufarikanya kudzivirirwa kune simba pasutu dzechakavanzika chadzo, kunyange apo dzinoputsa mipimo inogamuchirwa zvikuru yehurumende. Nokuda kwavashandi navatsigiri vavo, Alden anosimbisa ukoshi hwokunzwisisa kutsiva kwematunhu nematare ehurumende, miitiro yokutonga, zvichemo zvemubatanidzwa, uye sutus pasi peChikamu 1983, uyewo kudikanwa kuri kupfuurira kwemitemo yehurumende inoremekedza muganhu unoremekedza muganhu webumbiro remitemo nekodzero dzavanhu zvinopfuurira, Aldbrb v. Maine pasina panikiro icharamba iri pfundo guru renongedzero yomunhu upi noupi anofunda kupesana kwomutemo nouchangamire.