Chirongwa chehurumende chinoumba anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pamvura yaunonwa kusvikira kunzira dzaunotyaira mumugwagwa uye zvikoro vana vako vanopinda. Kunzwisisa kuti mwero yakasiana - siana yebasa rehurumende haisi bedzi muitiro wedzidzo(icho chinoshongedzera vagari vemo nezivo yokutora rutivi zvine revo munzanga dzavo, kutsigira nokuda kwechinjo, uye kuva nomutoro wehurumende unozvidavirira. Mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende, kubva kudzimbahwe renyika kusvikira kudare retaundi, une masimba nemitoro yakasiana nemutemo, tsika, uye kazhinji kazhinji inonzvera murairo wakanyorwa. Nyaya inonzvera mibato yehurumende, yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, uye mawirirano anoitwa.

Kupfuudzira Kukura Kwehurumende

Mugadziriro dzehurumende dzakawanda zvikurusa dzehurumende yehurumende, hurumende inoshanda pamitemo mikuru mitatu yehurumende: mitemo yehurumende (kana kuti yenyika), hurumende, uye nzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo. Mwero wehurumende unobata nhau dzinotapura nyika yose, zvakadai somuitiro wokumwe, dziviriro yorudzi, uye mari. Hurumende dzinotarisira nhau dziri munzvimbo, kubatanidza dzidzo, zvokufambisa, uye utano hwavanhu. Hurumende dzemo nechedu . . "Madountations", matura, uye maruwa chaiwo (matunhu), uye maruwa chaiwo (* kunyanyotsamira pamitengo yenzanga inoshushatsatirwa, kudzivirira, uye mabasa emapurisa. Kuparadzirwa kwakarurama kwamasimba anosiana nenyika nenyika. Somuenzaniso, United States inoshanda pasi pegadziriro yehurumende inochengeta uchangamire hukuru, nepokufanana nehurumende yeUnited Kingdom Union inoresaidzorongedzero huru. Iyi inosimbisa zvisarudzo zvemuteshina yehurumende yomunzvimbomo yomunzvimbomo, mwero wakakodzera zvikuru.

Hurumende Yenyika

Hurumende yehurumende ndiyo mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wehurumende mugadziriro yehurumende. Masimba ayo anorongwa mubumbiro remitemo kana kuti chinyorwa chenheyo chakafanana. MuUnited States, Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoronga masimba chaiwo akapiwa kuCongress, kubatanidza chiremera chokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuzivisa hondo, uye mari yemari. Masimba ehurumende anodudzirwazve mumitengo yeCheademist Court (g., MCulloch v. Maryland anotanga masimba anorehwa). Hurumende yehurumende inotambanukira kusvikira kumarudzi ose 50, nharaunda, uye masangano ehurumende, uye ane mutoro nokuda kwemipimo yenyika kana kuti idzokere.

Simba reHurumende Inotonga Nyika

  • Kudzora mativi enyika nokutengeserana kwamarudzi ose - Ikoku kunobatanidza kutengeserana pakati penyika, kutengeserana namarudzi okumwe, uye murairo wezvokutumira zvinhu, kurukurirano nemitengi, uye misika yemari. Commerce Classia ave manyuko makuru echiremera chehurumende.
  • Kuronga dziviriro yenyika nenhau dzokumwe [ - Hurumende yehurumende inochengeta mauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo, inotaurirana zvibvumirano, inogadza nhume, uye inomirira rudzi mumasangano amarudzi ose akadai seChibatanwa chaMarudzi.
  • Kuzivisa mitemo yokutama nokugadzira zvinhu [ - Hurumende yehurumende bedzi inogona kugadza mitemo nokuda kwaavo vangapinda munyika, kuva vagari vomunyika, kana kuti kudzingwa munyika. Mitezo ingabatira pamwe asi haigoni kuvamba hurumende dzayo vamene dzokutama.
  • Kunyoresa mari nokudzora mari – The Mint yeU.S. inogadzira mari, Bureau of Engraving neKudhinda mari yepepa, uye Federal Reserve inodzora muitiro wemari.
  • Kuisa kubhuroka, kunyoresa, uye mitemo yekodzero yepamutemo - mitemo yehurumende yeUNIT muidzi nharaunda inodzivisa basa rakamanikana remirau yenyika yaizodzivisa kutengeserana kwenyika.

Mabasa eHurumende Inotonga Nyika

  • Kutarisira chengeteko yenyika – Kupfurikidza neBato reDefense, Homeland Security, uye masangano ouchenjeri, hurumende yehurumende inodzivirira tyisidziro dzokumwe nedzemumba.
  • Kubatira mitemo nemirau zvehurumende – masangano eFederal (mutoo, EPA, FDA, OSHA) kugadzira ndokumanikidzira mitemo inoshandiswa neDare.
  • Kuzivisa mabasa avose akadai seSocial Security – Hurumende yehurumende ine gadziriro huru kubatanidza Social Security, Medicare, uye betsero dzavarwi vehurumende, idzo dzinoda kutarisirwa kwenyika.
  • Kubatanidza kukurukurirana kwenyika dzokumwe - Dhipatimendi reHurumende rinotarisira zvibvumirano, zvibvumirano, uye ukama hwamasangano, nepo purezidhendi achibatira somumiriri mukuru.
  • Kuchengeta gadziriro yedare rehurumende – matare eFederal anodudzira mitemo yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo, kupedza gakava dzinobatanidza mitsetse yehurumende kana kuti dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende.

Maakaundi okushandisa anodokusvika dzimbahwe rimwe reU.S.DP, anoratidzira mwero wemitoro yaro. Nokuda kwoudzame hukuru pamusoro penzira iyo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinogovera nayo masimba ehurumende, shanyira [[FLT: 0] Cunstion Anoteved[

Hurumende yeHurumende

Hurumende muUnited States nemimwe gadziriro dzehurumende dzinoshanda muchiremera chebumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene, iro ringapa masimba okuwedzera kupfuura ayo akachengetwa kuhurumende neTenth Amendment. Hurumende dzine chiremera chakafara pamusoro penhau dzisingagoverwi nenzira yakajeka kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kubatanidza masimba amapurisa (8) mano okudzora utano, chengeteko, uye tsika dzavanhu. Dzinoshandawo semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuedza mitemo iyo gare gare ingagamuchirwa pamwero wenyika.

Masimba eHurumende

  • [ Kutungamirira gadziriro dzedzidzo – United States yakagadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvomudzidzisi, uye mipimo yokupedza kufunda. Maruwa omunzvimbomo anoshandisa iyi mitemo, asi anotaura kudzorwa kwemari nokuedza.
  • Nhevedzo dzehurumende - United States dzinovaka nokuchengeta migwagwa mikuru, mabhiriji, zviteshi zvengarava, uye gadziriro dzezvokufambisa, kazhinji kazhinji nemipiro yehurumende asi pasi pohuvaki hwehurumende.
  • Kuona utano hwavanhu nekotsekano - madhipatimendi outano eHurumende anobvumira zvipatara, maresitorendi, uye kudzora kuongororwa kwehosha. Mapurisa ehurumende anomanikidzira mitemo yemotokari nokunzvera mhaka.
  • Kuzivisa mitemo nemirau yehurumende [[[FL:1] - United States inoita mitemo paruramisiro youtsotsi, zvinhu, zvibvumirano, mutemo wemhuri, uye kudzorwa kwebasa. Zvinoitawo mipimo yemhoteredzo neyamabasa.
  • Sarudzo dzenzvimbo yehurumende – United States yakagadza miitiro yokuvhota, inokweva maruwa emitemo, uye miuyo yokusarudza nokuda kwemahofisi ehurumende nehurumende (pamberi poutariri hwehurumende).

Mitoro yeHurumende

  • Kushandisa mitemo yehurumende nemiitiro - Vatongi namasangano ehurumende anoita mitemo inopfuudzwa namatare ehurumende, kubva pakuunganidzwa kwomutero kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo.
  • Kuzivisa mabasa avose akadai sechokufambisa nezvoutano – United States anoshandisa mayunivhesiti, anotarisira mapurogiramu eMedicaid, anochengeta mapaki ehurumende, uye anotarisira inishuwarenzi yourovha.
  • Kutarisira mitero yehurumende – Kubhadharwa mitero, mitero yokutengesa, mitero yemakambani, uye mabasa emari yemitero.
  • Kugovera sarudzo – mabhodhi esarudzo eHurumende anonyoresa vavhoti, kuparadzira mavota, uye kutarisira nzvimbo dzokuvhotera. Muna 2020, masangano akagadzira mabhora ane mamirioni 158.
  • Kubatanidza nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo - United States inopa heschara kumaguta nenzvimbo, kuisa miganhu, uye kugovera betsero yemari neyounyanzvi nokuda kwamabasa omunzvimbomo.

Hurumende dzazova dzinoshingaira nenzira inowedzera munharaunda umo chiito chehurumende chakadzivisa. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzakawanda dzakapfuudza mitemo yadzo dzimene yakavanzika, wedzero yemari shomanene, uye mirairo yakachena. National Conference of State Legislatures inopa kupetwa kujeka kukuru kwamasimba ehurumende nemiitiro.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo ndiwo mwero wapedyosa wehurumende kuvanhu. Zvisikwa zvehurumende, kwete masangano anozvitonga, uye masimba azvo anobva mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende, mirau, uye mitemo. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinouya muzvimiro zvinoverengeka: chiverengero, maguta, mataundi, misha, maruwa echikoro, uye maruwa chaiwo emvura (muchib., zviremera zvemvura, maruwa omwoto). Mitoro yavo inova nechokukurumidza zvinodikanwa zvenzanga, kubva kumigwagwa kusvikira kuutsanana.

Simba reHurumende Yomunzvimbomo

  • [[[NHAU:0] Kuronga mitemo yokuvaka nenyika zvinoshandiswa[ – mabhodhi okuronga enzvimbo anosarudza kuti zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa sei (panotangira zvinhu), panzvimbo yebhizimisi, paindasitiri,(_nasvomgiro) uye kubvumira mvumo dzokuvaka.
  • [ inoronga kuchengetwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo namabasa okudzima moto [[FLT: 1] - Mapato amapurisa anomanikidzira mitemo yomunzvimbomo nemitemo yehurumende; madhipatimendi omwoto anogovera mhinduro yekurumidziro nedziviriro yomwoto.
  • [ Kuzivisa dzidzo yavose yomunzvimbomo – mabhodhi ezvikoro anodzora K --12, vatarisiri vanoripirwa, uye kuronga bhajeti mukati menhungamiro dzehurumende.
  • Kuchengeta mapaki avose nenhandaro – hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisira nzvimbo dzokutambira, nzvimbo dzemitambo, nzvimbo dzenzanga, uye maraibhurari.
  • Kubudisa marezenisi okushandisa uye mvumo [ – Mabhizimisi, varidzi vemhuka dzinovaraidza, uye vagadziri vanowanzoda marezenisi omunzvimbomo okushandisa kana kuti kuvaka.

Mabasa eHurumende Yomunzvimbomo

  • [ Kushandisa mirau nemirau zvomunzvimbomo - Mitemo pamusoro poruzha, kupaka, marara, uye kudzorwa kwemhuka inomanikidzirwa pamwero womunzvimbomo.
  • Kuzivisa mabasa anokosha akadai sokutarisirwa kwetsvina - muunganidzwa wetsvina, kugadzirwazve, uye kurapwa kwetsvina zvinowanzobatwa namadhipatimendi amabasa omunzvimbomo.
  • Kugovera sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo – vakuru vakuru vasarudzo dzomunzvimbomo vanotarisira madzinza emanisiparati, zvipimo zvebhuropozi, uye sarudzo chaidzo dzoruwa.
  • [ Kutsvaka nemitezo yenzanga nokuda kwemhinduro [ - horo dzeDown, mabhodhi okunatsiridza, uye nhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose zvinobvumira vagari vemo kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo.
  • Mitero yemari yenzvimbo nebhajeti yomunzvimbomo – Mitero yePropatimes ndiwo manyuko makuru emari nokuda kwehurumende dzomunzvimbomo; zvisarudzo zvemari yemari zvinotapura zvikoro, mapurisa, uye migwagwa.

Mhatsa yehurumende dzomunzvimbomo inoshamisa. Census Bureau yeU.S. inozivisa mapoka ehurumende anopfuura 90 000 yomunzvimbomo, imwe neimwe ine zvinetso zvayo yoga uye mibato. Nokuda kwokunyudza kukuru zvikuru mugadziriro yehurumende yomunzvimbomo nemiitiro yakanakisisa, Chinzwano cheNyika yeCities[ chinogovera zviwanikwa nenzvero.

Kubatana Pakati Penzvimbo Dzehurumende

Hakuna mwero wehurumende inoshanda mukuparadzana. Vanogoverana masimba, pfuma, uye mitoro kupfurikidza negadziriro yakaoma yeukama hwehurumende. Iyi batira pamwe inowanzonongedzerwa kunzi “hurumende inotonga pamutemo” nemhaka yebasa guru rezvipo nemari inogoverwa. Hurumende dzinotsinhirana panhau dzinopesana nemiganhu yemitemo yezvakatipoteredza, zvakadai sedziviriro yengwavaira, uye masangano okufambisa. Zvisinei, ukama hahuwirirani nguva dzose; rwisano pamusoro pesimba, mari, uye kupfumisa zvinhu zvakarovedzeka zvakakurumbira.

Fiscal Frederalism NevaGrant

Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mazana amabhirioni amadhora gore negore kuti igovere uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nezvipo zvinopa mari. Idzi mhindu dzinouya mumarudzi maviri: mari inokwana (nemigariro inodzorwa) uye mari inodzorwa (norumano rukuru). Somuenzaniso, Medicaid imhesvo idis idiviro inoda nyika kuti ipe mari yakafanana. Zvikwereti zvemasangano emari kazhinji kazhinji zvinoisa mari mumadhipati ezvokufambisa kumabasa omunzvimbomo emugwagwa. Mukudzokororoka, mapepanhau anopfuudza mari kumitevereve yezviwanwa nemaguta. Uku kuyerera kwemari kunoparira kutsika nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kutsamira pachikamu chikuru chemari yavo yemari, neyamubatanidzwa yemari, nedzidzo.

Kubatsira Pakutarisira Zvinhu Zvakaoma

Ngwavaira dzakadai semadutu, mirazvo inopisa, uye mirakatira inoda maoko ose. Hurumende yehurumende inotungamirira neFEMA, nyika dzinonyandura masangano adzo okutarisira njodzi, uye vapinduri vomunzvimbomo vokutanga vari pasi. Iyi gadziriro inoumbwa muNational Reformation Framework neStafford Act. During Hurleynerve in 2017, hurumende, zviremera zvomunzvimbomo zvakabatanidza kubuda, kutsvaka, nekokero, uye dzimba dzechinguvana. Nenzira yakafanana, murakata weCHOOD wakaona mari yemubatanidzwa wekuparadzira majereta, mirayiridzo youtano yavose, uye nzvimbo dzokuedza dzomunzvimbomo.

Kutanga Kutungamirira Vamwe uye Kutungamirira Mitemo

  • dzidzo – The United States All Students Fievered Act inogadza nharidzano dzakafara, asi inotaura gadziriro dzokuzvidavirira namaruwa omunzvimbomo anotarisira zvikoro.
  • [[[NHAU]] Murau wetsika – EPA inobudisa mipimo yenyika, asi hurumende dzinogona kushandisa gadziriro dzadzo dzimene dzemhepo (netendero yeEPA) sezvinoita vazhinji muChiteshi cheEair.
  • Mari inoripirwa zvikuru [ - Mutero wegasi wehurumende unotsigira Highway Trust Fund; maruwa nenharaunda dzinowirirana nemari uye dzinosarudza zvirongwa zvokuisa pakutanga.
  • Utano hwePublic – Mukati menjodzi yeopioid, gadziriro dzehurumende dzinotsigirwa nemari dzokurapa, dzinotaura kuti mapurogiramu okuongorora mishonga inobvumirwa nachiremba akatanga, uye madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo akaita nhimbe dzokudzivirira.

Matambudziko Nenhamo Muutongi Hwemitengo Yakawanda

Nepo batira pamwe yehurumende ichikosha, inokurudzirawo kusawirirana. Nhamba yakakwirira yehurumende inokunda mitemo yakaderera yedombo(nzi inzvimbo inowanzoshandukira. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzakapa mitemo inorambidza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kugadza mibayiro mishoma kupfuura mwero wehurumende, dzichitaura kuti mipimo yakafanana inobetsera mabhizimisi. Nenzira inopesana, hurumende yehurumende ingabvisa mitemo yehurumende munharaunda dzakadai semirauriro yokutama kana kuti mhoteredzo, kumutsa kupomera mhaka.

Kushandisa Mikaha Nemikana

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowanzotarisana ne “mirairo isina kutenderwa”. Nhau dzinoiswa nomutemo wehurumende kana kuti wehurumende pasina kuperekedzwa nemari. Muenzaniso chaiwo mabasa edzidzo chaiyo pasi peAtewn Avethours neStudict yeDzidzo (IDEA), iyo Congress yakavimbisa kutsigira pa 40% yendyiko asi yakakundikana nguva dzose. Nenzira yakafanana, maruwa ezvikoro angada kuti agone kusangana nezvikumba zvokuedza pasina kugovera mari yomuraudzo. Iyi mirayiro inogona kudzvinyirira bhajeti remari yomunzvimbomo nezvokutengeserana pakati pemibato.

Kunyanyisa Nokuomesa

Nemwero dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinobatanidzwa munharaunda imwe cheteyo yomuitiro, irefficiencies inogona kumuka. Somuenzaniso, zvose zviri zviviri nzanga nehurumende Environmental Protection Affects zvinodzora mwero wemvura; kunzverwa kwakaenzana namapepa zvinogona kuvhiringidza mabhizimisi. Mururamisiro youtsotsi, vachuchisi vehurumende nehurumende vose vari vaviri vangava nechiremera pautsotsi humwe chetehwo hwokutengesa mirimo, kuchitungamirira ku “uchangamire hwechienzi” hunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pengozi dzakapetwa kaviri.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Misiyano mumapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anodzora mwero yakasiana- siyana yehurumende inogona kutungamirira kurwisano. Hurumende ingaramba kushandisa muitiro wehurumende, kana kuti hurumende yomunzvimbomo inga “zvisingachinji” imene mukurwisana nemitemo yehurumende yokupinda munyika. Uku kurwisana kazhinji kazhinji kunoguma mudare, kuchiparira kusapanikira nechiito chinononotsa. Dare Rapamusoro rakapindira rapindirazve kurondedzera miganhu yehurumende, hurumende, uye simba romunzvimbomo, kuchiparira mubatanidzwa womutemo unovapo nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzehurumende, dzehurumende, dzemo dzinoshanda sei, uye kuti dzinoshanda sei (zvinokosha sei nokuda kwokuva mugari wemo. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une masimba akasiyana nemitoro izvo, pamwe chete, zvinoumba gadziriro yechekedzo nedzinodzikamiswa zvakananga. Uku kudzorwa kunobvumira nzanga kukurukura zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo apo zvichiri kubetserwa nechinzwano chenyika. Asi gadziriro haisati iri isina rwisano: mari, hondo dzokukunda, uye nzvimbo dzinodzorwa dzinoda kuwirirana nokuchinjika. Kupfurikidza nokufunda izvi zvikwaniso, vadzidzi uye vadzidzi vanogona kufambisa zviri nani misiyano yehurumende, vanotsigira nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwefariro dzavo, uye vanopa betsero huru yehurumende inogamuchirwa. Kana uri muvhotera muboka rezvikoro zvechikoro kana kuti kunyora mutezotezo wehurumende yehurumende.