Purezidhendi weUnited States anoshandisa chiremera chechienzi, achibatira somusoro wehurumende, mutungamiriri mukuru, uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende yehurumende. Uku kuiswa kwesimba kunorongwa nevavariro, kwakarongedzerwa kugonesa chiito chakasimba munguva dzenjodzi uye kugovera utungamiriri hwenyika. Bva vapfumi vamwe chetevo vakapa masimba aya vaitya zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende. Vakavaka mutevedzero yemitemo yemitemo yetsika inopesana nedanho dzedandero yedandemutande (8gal, zvamatongerwe, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye sangano kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti simba rapurezidhendi rinoramba riripo kuti rizvitsigire mutoro. Kunzwisisa simba iri kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda hurumende yeAmerica kana kuti anopinda muupenyu hwehurumende. Nyaya inonzvera mavambo yomutemo, unyanzvi hunoidzorwa, utungamiriri hunodzorwa kupfurikidza nokutonga simba rapurezidhendi, uye kupfuurira pakati pomutongedzero mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Hwesimba raPurezidhendi

Constitution yeU.S., muChikamu II, inoisa simba guru kuna Purezidhendi mumwe. Nepo Chikamu I (Conret) chine udzame zvikuru, Chikamu II chinopa chiremera chakafara, pane dzimwe nguva chisina kujeka. Masimba makuru anodudza zvakajeka anobatanidza:

  • [ Dare rapamubatanidzwa reUto, Navy, uye varwi vehurumende apo vakadanwa mubasa rehurumende.
  • Mikoto inoregerera nokukanganwira [ nokuda kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, kunze kwemhaka dzekusatenderwa.
  • Ita zvibvumirano [, zvakagoverwa zvikamu zviviri nezvitatu zveDare zvinobvumirana.
  • Sarudza ndokugadza [ nhume, Vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vane zano reDare nemvumo.
  • pamutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, uchidzorwa nevhoti mbiri-chitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • tsvaka murangariro wakanyorwa wavakuru vakuru mumadhipatimendi makuru.
  • [[[FOL:0] Congress nedzokutsiva panhambo dzinoshamisa.
  • Chenjerera kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka [1] chitsama chemashoko chakadudzirwa sechinopa chiremera chomuzvarirwo chokuva maneja.

Kupfuura aya masimba akajeka, purezidhendi akatotaura kwenguva refu masimba akatanhamara . chirevo hachina kurongwa zvakananga asi chirangarirwa kuva chiri madikanwa kupedza hofisi. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusasasa mu muRepeg [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [1890] [18] chakaziva musengwa wapurezidhendi wokudzivirira vakuru vehurumende uye kutsigira fariro dzenyika, kunyange pasina mutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, Mutongi Robert Jackson anobvumirana nakakurumbira mu Jetrythlet; Tube. v. [FLT] Achapy] anotanga basa rechiito rechiitoirgin, kana kuti simba raromesesa rinobvumirwa.

rondedzero yedare rinotonga , dudziro yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru neinomutsa nharo, inoreva kuti Purezidhendi ane udzori hwakakwana pabazu guru, kubatanidza simba rokubvisa mukuru mukuru upi noupi ari pasi padai. Vatsigiri vanoipikisa iri madikanwa nokuda kwokuzvidavirira, nepo vatsoropodzi vachiinyevera kuti iseke masangano anozvimirira uye utariri hwesangano. Iyi kurukurirano yakawedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, zvikurukuru mukati mekudzorwa kweTrump naBiden, uye inopfuurira kuumba mirayiridzo pamusoro pemirayiro yemirayiro yehurumende nesangano. Nokuda kwokuravazve, ANTB] ANTIONTION.[FFF:3]

Basa Rekuongorora uye Rokudzikamisa

Vagadziri vakabatanidza noune kuparadzana kwemasimba negadziriro yokunzverana. James Madison akanyora muFederalist No. 51 kuti “kuzvidira kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisane negwinyiro.” Naizvozvo, simba rapurezidhendi rinomanikidzirwa ne:

Kuongorora Kwemasangano

  • ` Congress inogona kubvisa purezidhendi mukuva mukuru wehurumende nembiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri.
  • Kusimbisa nezano: Dare rinofanira kusimbisa zvibvumirano zvikuru nezvibvumirano zverafénce.
  • Simba rokushandura:[[FLT: 1] Congress rinodzora chikwama; pasina mari, nhano dzavakuru vakuru dzinomirira.
  • Kudzidzisa: Imba inogona kushambadzira Purezidhendi nokuda kwe “kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye zvikanganiso,” nomuedzo nokubviswa.
  • Kunzvera nokunzvera: Matare anogona kuisa magwaro epena ndokumanikidza chipupuriro chinobva kuvakuru vakuru vebazu.
  • [ Kukunda nomutemo:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kupfuudza mitemo inomanikidzira zvakananga chisarudzo chapurezidhendi, kudzorwa nokukukurira.

Nzvero Dzokutonga

  • [[FLT: 0] Tsvakurudzo yedare reMitemo: matare eFederal anogona kukurira zviito zvoupurezidhendi zvinoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo kana kuti kupfuura chiremera chomutemo.
  • : Dare rinogona kumisa zviratidzo zvevakuru vakuru kana kuti miitiro iri kumirira kugadziriswa.
  • [ Kuiswa kwemitemo: Dare rinotema revo nenzvimbo yemirau iyo purezidhendi anofanira “kuita nokutendeka."

Zvinzvero Zvezvamatongerwe Enyika Nezvamasanga

  • Sarudzo yenguva dzose makore mana oga oga inoita kuti pave nokuzvidavirira kukuru.
  • Kuongorora zvinobudisa nhau uye kuongorora nhau kunogona kufumura kubatwa zvisina kufanira uye kuumba pfungwa dzevanhu.
  • Mapoka efariro, masangano okudzora, uye masangano enzanga anosimudzira chishoro kana kuti tsigiro.
  • Hurumende dzinogona kudenha mirau yehurumende mudare (seizvo zvinoonwa nedenho dzokuita kuti vatami vaende).
  • [[[NHAU] Chisaririra [[FLT]](a muchina wokutsikirira wapachena(matanho) sembwa inorinda, sezvinobatanidzwa muFirst Amendment dziviriro.

Kugadzirwa kweiyi cheki kunovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora. Muenzaniso wapanguva imwe cheteyo unocherekedzwa ndiwo Conregional Review Act[, inobvumira Congress kushandura mirau yebazu yehurumende mukati mewindo rakaganhurirwa. Mapurezidhendi akatarisanawo nokukundwa kwedare panhau dzinovambira pakurambidza kufamba kusvikira kukanganwiro yavadzidzi, kuenzanisira basa rakasimba rejudia.

Maitiro Okutungamirira kwaPuerceria

Kuti simba rapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji rinotsamira sei pamaitiro outungamiriri, ayo anotapurawo ukama neCongress, dare rinotonga, uye vanhu.

Kutungamirira Kwokuchinja

Iyi nzira inosimbisa kutaurirana, kuita, uye kuva nemhindu yemiuyo. Mapurezidhendi anoshandisa mutoo webhizimisi anobata zvamatongerwe enyika senhevedzano yetsinhano dzezvitsinhano, zviwanikwa nokuda kwekuvimbika. Lyndon B. Johnson akashandisa zvakakurumbira udzori hwake hwemibatanidzwa kuti apfuure mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mutoo waVarack Obama wapakuvamba wekuvandudza utano waibatanidza kukurukurirana kukuru navatsigiri veminamato yebhizimisi neCongress. Simba routungamiriri hwemari riri murutsigiriki rwayo; utera hwaro kuti inogona kushaiwa chiono chinogombedzera nokuda kwechinjo huru.

Kuchinja Kunotungamirira

Mapurezidhendi echinjo anotsvaka kubvisa vagari vemo venyika, vanonyandura kuti vagamuchire zvirongwa zvitsva. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deac yakarondedzerazve basa rehurumende yehurumende, nepo chinjo yetsika yaRonald Reagan yakagadziridzazve gadziriro yezvemari nenzvimbo inodzorwa. Hutungamiriri hwokuchinja hunotsamira zvikuru pasimba risingadaviswi, kunyandura kwavose, uye nhau inogombedzera. Inowanzoparira chishoro chikuru asi inosiya masangano.

Kutungamirira Kwoudzvinyiriri Kana Kuti Kusingadzorwi

Vamwe purezidhendi vanoita kuti zvisarudzo zvive pakati uye vanotsamira zvikuru pamirairo yavakuru vakuru, zviziviso, uye zviito zvokutarisira, vachideredza kubvunzana neCongress kana kuti kunyange mitezo yedare. Hurukuro youmambo hwaRichard Nixon (yakatanhamara kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwekudzosa, kubhomba kwapachivande, uye kusikwa kwe “pulcuumber"" [ii] wedzera ngozi dzeichitayera. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Donald Trump anoshandisa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mirayiro yevakuru pakutamira munyika, kutengeserana, uye murairo, pamwe chete nedenho dzekubatanidza simba rePuniongate, zvakamutsidzirazve nharo pamusoro pesimba risingawi. Iyi nzira inopa kumhanya nokukurumidza asi inoparira kukundwa kwapamutemo, uye kuparadzwa kwetsika kwetsika dzapamutemo.

Mutariri Kana Kuti Mutungamiriri Ane Simba

Vamwe vapurezidhendi vanorangarira basa ravo somutariri weBumbiro reMitemo nefariro dzenyika, kushandisa simba nokungwarira uye nokuzviisa kune mamwe mapazu. George Washington akagadza muenzaniso kupfurikidza nokubvunza vakuru vemadhipatimendi uye kupa zano reDare pazvibvumirano. Utungamiriri hwemaoko hwakavanzika hwewight Eisenhower hwakabatanidza kuzvidzora kwavose nenhungamiro yedzedzedzedzedzedzero. Iyi nzira inogona kuvaka chivimbo chesangano asi ingaratidzika kuva isingadzoreki munguva dzenjodzi.

Mutungamiriri Wevatungamiriri

Mapurezidhendi anopa simba guru zvikuru mukambani yavo navashandi kuti vatungamirire pakuitwa kwemiitiro.Ronald Reagan, somuenzaniso, akavimba namukuru mukuru akasimba wevashandi nehurumende yedare.

Gadziriro yenhungamiro haina kugadzirirwa; mapurezidhendi akawanda anobatanidza mitoo inotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza. Kunzwisisa aya mapoka kunobetsera vagari vemo nenyanzvi kusanzvera bedzi izvo mapurezidhendi anoita, asi nzira [[[FLT: 1] yaanodzora.

Michina Inozvidavirira

Kuzvidavirira kwaPurezidhendi kunoshanda kupfurikidza nezvose zviri zviviri miitiro yebumbiro remitemo yakarongwa nedzvinyiriro dzamatongerwe enyika.

Kurayira

Kuongorora kunoshamisa zvikurusa kunoitwa nedare rezvamatongerwe enyika rinogona kubvisa purezidhendi. Imba inovamba nhano kupfurikidza nokupfuudza nyaya dzekusainwa; Dare ipapo rinotonga, nevhoti yetatu mbiri dzinodikanwa nokuda kwokupfimbwa. Mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi akasaidzirwa: Andrew Johnson (1868, asunungurwa), Bill Clinton (1998, asunungurwa), uye Donald Trump (mutenzi, 2019 na 2021, ose ari maviri akasunungurwa). Richard Nixon akarega pamberi pechingabvira nokutendiswa. Rusununguro runorondedzera “utsotsi hukuru nezvakaipa"), achisiya mupimo kurutongeso rwezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira isina kujeka. Nyanzvi dzinoramba kana kusiri dzinoda kuputsa kuputsa simba routsotsi kana kuti kufukidza zvakakomba. [Fornion Asnertioctive]

Kutarisira Nokuongorora Kwedare

Matare ari mumakamuri ose ari maviri anogara achitonga kuti aongorore zviito zvevakuru vakuru. Dare reIndare reToversal and Government Reformation, Dare reDare reDare reVatongi, uye Dare reSanihenari reMakurukota ndezvimwe zvezvinoita kuti vasaramba vapureyi nokutaura kuti vane ropafadzo yehurumende, asi matare anogona kumanikidza kuti vadzokere. Kuongorora kweIran neConatra, uye Dare re6 raJanuary kuongorora kumwe nokumwe kuongorora kunoratidza kuti dare ringaongorora sei kusazvibata kwapurezidhendi.

Vaongorori Varwi

Mitengo mitanhatu-nhatu yemitemo inobatira semhodzi dzinorinda mukati mamasangano ehurumende, kunzvera mapurogiramu nokunzvera pomero dzetsvina, kunyengera, kushata, uye kusazvibata. MaIG anozvimirira asi anogadzwa napurezidhendi, achiparira kusawirirana. Mapurezidhendi akabvisa maIG pasina combo (IG) muitiro unotsigirwa mu FEC v. NTEU asi anoshorwa namapoka akanaka ehurumende.

Kuongorora Mazano Chaiwo

Kana Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro riine kusawirirana, zano chairo ringagadzwa kuti riongorore zvingangoitika kuva purezidhendi. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikuru wazvino uno ndewekuongorora kwaRobert Mueller muRussia mukudzongonyedza kwakasarudzwa muna 2016 uye kukanganisa kungangoitika naPurezidhendi Trump. Zvikarakadzo chaizvo zvinoshanda nemwero wakati wokuzvimirira, asi mishumo yavo yokupedzisira inopiwa kuDOJ redactions uye zvisarudzo zvokuvara.

Mafungiro Evanhu Nemapepanhau

Mapurezidhendi anodzora nokuziva nguva dzose kwemiraudzo inotenderwa navanhu. Tsitsiro huru inogona kudzivisa chishoro chesangano; tendero yakaderera inogamuchira kurwisa uye inogona kuisa miganhu yemitemo yemiitiro yemitemo. Madhemonia anodzorwa nemirauriro yavose, zvose zviri zviviri kupfurikidza nokushuma kwegamuchidzanwa uye kupfurikidza namapepa emirangariro. Munhambo yetsika, zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvinobvumira purezidhendi kukurukura zvakananga navanhu vose /(* kupfuudzawo vachengeti vemagedhi regamuchidzanwa (*) asi zvinovanoratidzirawo kutsoropotezo nekubvisa.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nokuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga

Mapati evoga, anotaura, uye Congress zvinogona kukwidza mhaka kudenha zviito zvapurezidhendi. Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakatonga mukurwisana napurezidhendi panhau huru, kubatanidza mhaka yesimbi ([FLT: 0]]] pwere [), Trump kurambidza kufamba (muchimbichimbichimbi asi pashure pokuchinja kukuru), uye purogiramu yechikoro yekanganwiro (chinokwereteswa BICEN v. Nebraska). Iyi mhaka inosimbisa kuti Purezidhendi haasati ari pamusoro pomutemo.

Kuongorora Simba Rapurezidhendi Zvichiitwa

Mienzaniso yenhau inojekesa kusagadzikana kuri pakati poutungamiriri nokuzvidavirira.

Abraham Lincoln Nehondo Yavagari Vemo

Atarisana nokuparadzana, Lincoln akaita zviito zvechienzi: kumisa habeas corpus, kufutunura hondo pasina tendero yedare, uye kubudisa Dare. Akaruramisa izvi sezvinodikanwa kuchengetedza Union. Pashure pako Congress yakatendera zvisarudzo zvake zvakawanda, uye matare aidzorwa. Kushandisa simba kwaLincoln kunowanzodudzwa somuenzaniso woutungamiriri hwekurumidziro, asi kwakamutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pemiganhu yechiremera chemitemo mukati menjodzi.

Franklin Roosevelt’s New Accounting

FDR yakakudza simba ravakuru vakuru zvinoshamisa kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, kuumbwa kwamasangano matsva akadai seNational Recovery Administration, uye chikarakadzo chake che “dare rekupa dare”. Dare rapamusoro pakutanga rakatanga mapurogiramu makuru asi pakupedzisira rakachinja kosi mu West Coast Hotel v. Parrish[ [1937]. Utungamiriri hweFDR hwakashandura dendercity kuva mutyairi mukuru wemitemo yemhuri, huchigadza muenzaniso uchiripo nanhasi.

Richard Nixon naWatergate

Kushandisa simba zvisina kufanira kwaNixon (kubatanidza kuitwa kwegadziriro yokubvisa pachivande, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kweFBI neCIA, uye kudzongonyedzwa kweruramisiro (kwakaparira kurega kwake). Iyi mhaka yakaratidzira kushanda kwoutarisiri hwedare, nzvero yenhau, uye kuzvidavirira kwavanhu. Kwakagumawo nokuchinja kwakadai seEthics in Government Act uye kusikwa kwezano razvimirira (pashure rakabvumirwa kupera).

Ronald Reagan naIran-Cotra

Nhau yacho yakazivisa ngozi dzokushanda kweVachena Vomumba vasingadzorwi ndokutungamirira kuzvitendero zvavakuru vakuru vanoverengeka.

Zvinoitwa Nevarack Obama Pakutama

Kutadza kupfuudza chinjo huru yokubuda kwevagari vemo kupfurikidza neCongress, Obama Defered Action for Childhooppers (DACA) uye Deferered Action for Parents of America (DAPA) kupfurikidza nemurairo wevakuru vakuru. DACA yakatsigirwa murutivi neDare rapamusorosoro (2020), asi DAPA yakadziviswa. Nhau iyi inoratidza kuti purezidhendi angashandisa sei chisarudzo chokutarisira kuronda zvinangwa zvemitemo apo mutemo unomiswa, ichinyandura gakavariro pamusoro pemiganhuro yechiremera chavakuru vakuru.

Zvinotengwa naDonald Trump

Trump akashorwa kaviri: kutanga nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nemhinganidzo zveCongress pamusoro pedzvinyiriro paUkraine yokunzvera mukwikwidzani wezvamatongerwe enyika, uye yechipiri nokuda kwokunyandurwa kwokumukira pashure pedenho yaJanuary 6 Capitol. Nguva dzose dziri mbiri Dare rakamusunungura, asi zvinoitika zvakasimbisa mapoka makuru pamusoro pechinoumba mufambiro usingatendi. Kushandisa kwaTrump kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru (g., kurambidzwa kwekudzorwa kwemiganhu) kwakaparirawo kugovera kuoneka kwoukoshi hunokosha.

Mirayiro YaJoe Biden Yaitungamirira uye Mudzidzi Loans

Kuedza kwake kubvisa chikwereti chevadzidzi kupfurikidza neHEROES Act kupfurikidza neHEROES Act yakaparadzwa neDare Rapamusoro; mirayiro yake yenhomba nokuda kwavashandirwi vakawanda yakavharwa zvishoma. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti kunyange zviito zvevakuru vakuru zvinosanorangarirwa zvinofanira kuwana chiremera mumutemo kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo.

Kutapura Kwomurangariro Wavose

Murangariro wavose unoshanda sechikamu chezuva nezuva choururami hwapurezidhendi. Mapurezidhendi ane chiverengero chikuru chetendero anogona kutsigira zviri nyore zvikuru kuronga kurongwa kwesangano, kuodza mwoyo chishoro, uye zvirongwa zvokushandisa.

Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Kufunga Kwevanhu

  • Media faming: Nzira iyo nhau dzinofukidza nayo kutaura kwapurezidhendi, budiriro, uye zvisakafanira zvinopesvedzera zvikuru kunzwisisa kwavanhu. Mamiriro enhau anogona kuparira zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana.
  • Migariro yezvemari:[[FLT: 1] Mwero yemari, urovha, uye kukwira kwemitengo zvinotapura zvakananga tendero. Mapurezidhendi anowanzowana mbiri nokuda kwenguva dzakanaka uye mhaka nokuda kwezvakaipa, pasinei zvapo nokudzora chaiko.
  • Rubudiriro rwemiitiro yeKnotsve: Hondo nenjodzi dzamarudzi ose zvinogona kuparira “muuyo wapakati napakati weflag”, kunowedzera tendero yechinguvana. Rwisano dzehondo dzakatsigiwa, zvisinei, pakupedzisira dzinoparadza tsigiro.
  • [[FLT: 0] Masangano emitemo nokuramba:[[FLT: 1] Masangano akadai seBlack Lives Matter, Tea Party, uye Vakadzi vaMarch vakadzvinyirira purezidhendi kugamuchira kana kuti kuchinja miitiro, kazhinji kazhinji nemiuyo yakasarudzwa zvakananga.
  • Mhosva dzomunhu oga nokuderera kwetsika:[[FLT: 1] Kutaurwa kwouori, mufambiro usina kunaka wevatano, kana kuti rwisano dzefariro kunogona kukuvadza mufananidzo wapurezidhendi, sezvinoonwa neBrill Clinton’s Eception uye kunzvera kwaTrump kwakawanda.

Mukuwirirana ne Pew Research Center, miraudzo yetendero yapurezidhendi yakava inopesana zvikuru mumativi ebato, netsigiro shomanene yavavhoti vanozvimirira. Uku kubatana kunogona kuderedza kuzvidavirira kwakasarudzwa uko vatsigiri vePramers vakafungwa, sezvo vanoramba vakavimbika kunyange mukutarisana nomufambiro wakashata wakakomba. Kunzwisisa izvi masimba anokosha mukuyera kana gadziriro yazvino ino yakadzorwa zvakakwana nesimba rapurezidhendi.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikama Kusingaperi

Chirevo chokuva mutungamiriri chinzvimbo chezvinobvira zvikuru nokuda kwezvakanaka(nenjodzi). Kuronga kweBumbiro reMitemo kunopa noune simba rakafara apo kunzvera kwokuita kunoda purezidhendi kutsvaka batira pamwe, kuremekedza miganhu yapamutemo, uye kunangana nemigumisiro nokuda kwokusangwarira. Uku kudzikamiswa hakungoerekani; kunoda kungwarira kubva kuCongress, matare, pepanhau, uye kuvhota. Apo kunzvera kupi nokupi kunonetesa. Kana kuderera, ngozi yapurezidhendi wehurumende inokura inowedzera. Nhau inoratidza kuti vapurezidhesi vanobudirira zvikurusa ndivo avo vanoshandisa chiremera chavo nenzira inowirirana, vanoziva miganhuro yechiito chinopfuura chimwe, uye kudzora neziso kuzvose zviri zviviri zvokuva nemhosva. Sezvimo inotarisana nedenho itsva kukuva tyisidziro kumugariro wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yenyika yenyika yose.