Muna 1978, vavhoti veCalifornia vakaita chimwe chinhu chechinjo: vakafuratira chose chose mubatanidzwa wemitero yavo yenzvimbo ndokuderedza mitero kupfurikidza nemwero wemitero yavagari vemo yainzi Proposition 13. Ichi chiito chimwe chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu chakachinja kwete bedzi gadziriro yemitero yeCalifornia asi chakamutsa kumukira kwomutero munyika yose uko kwakaumbazve zvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica kwamakumi amakore. Kwakaratidzira kuti vagari vemo vemo vorurimi vanoshandisa maturusi ehemu, nhano, uye kuyeuka kuti vaigona kudzora vatendi vezvamatongerwe enyika vane unyanzvi uye muitiro mukuru wehurumende.

Iyi miitiro mitatu yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga , uye kukwanisa kuputsa mitemo kupfurikidza ne reteramens, kutanga mitsva kupfurikidza ne mibato yehurumende inoyera[, uye kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru mu [[FLT:] kupfurikidza na [[FLT]] . [==inomirira mamwe maturusi ane simba zvikurusa achiri pasi pedemocracy muAmerican democracy. Nepo United States ichishanda zvikurukuru sedemocracy, iyi miitiro yedemocracy inobvumira vagari vemokanzvisarudziro kumira muaidzo inokundikana kuratidzira kuda kwapachena. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mashandiro angangova anongova sei zivo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo; simba rinogona kuchinjawo masangano, kunyange mamiriro ezvinhu enyika.

Kunyange zvazvo zvichibvira, vaAmerica vazhinjisa vane nzwisiso isina kujeka yeizvi zvishandiso zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Musianoi uri pakati pedanho rekurangarira nokutanga?

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwehurumende Yakananga muAmerica

Nhambo Inofambira Mberi

Gadziriro yazvino uno ye inooneka muNguva inofambira mberi (1890s-1920) sezvo vachinji vakatsvaka kuputsa kudzorwa kwemichina yezvamatongerwe enyika nefariro dzamasangano pahurumende. Vaifambira mberi vakadavira kuti hurumende inomirira hurumende yakashatiswa nefariro chaidzoidzo uye kuti vagariwo zvavo vaida miitiro yokudzivisa mitemo inobvumiraniswa.

South Dakota yakava nyika yokutanga kugamuchira kutanga nokutora terenderum muna 1898, ichiteverwa nokukurumidza neUtah, Oregon, Montana, uye Oklahoma. Pakasvika 1918, inenge hafu yenyika dzose yakanga yagamuchira chimiro chakati chedemocracy yakananga. Oregon yakava rabhoritari yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga[, navagari vemo vaishandisa aya maturusi kazhinji kazhinji zvokuti hurumende yakawana zita ramadunhurirwa rokuti "Oregon System" pakati pa19902 na1910, Oregon akasarudza pamatanho 32 evagari vemondine, kuvamba zviteko zvakapararira munyika yose.

Mutambo wokuyeuka wakazooneka gare gare asi kubva mumashoko akafanana. Los Angeles yakagamuchira gadziriro yokutanga yeyeuko muna 1903, uye Oregon yakava nyika yokutanga kurangarira nyika yose muna 1908. aya maturusi akagadzirirwa zvakajeka kurwisa uori (hwunopa vagari vemo simba rokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakanga vatengwa nedzimba dzezvitima, makambani emigodhi, kana kuti vadzori vezvamatongerwe enyika.

fashoni yakavakirwa pahurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga [[FLT: 1] yakabva mumanyuko akasiyana- siyana: Switzerland inosarudzwa navanhu, masangano eAmerica epublist, uye kutenda kunofambira mberi muuchenjeri hwevagari vemo. Vachinji veU'Ren vakafanana naWilliam S. Oregon naJohn Randolph Haynes muCalifornia vakava vaevhangeri nokuda kwehurumende yakananga, vachitaura kuti vagari vemo vakanga vakavimbika zvikuru kupfuura vezvamatongerwe enyika vapaboshingi vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuwedzera uye Kudzokera Shure

Ma1910 akaona kukura kunokurumidza kwegadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, nyika dzakawanda dzichigamuchira zvose zvinoshandiswa panguva imwe cheteyo. Rukundo runopfuurira musarudzo dzehurumende rwakaparira mikana yokuvandudza pamutemo, uye zeidge yakada uchangamire hwakakurumbira[ kudzora kwakatanhamara. Masangano avakadzi anowanzobatanidzwa netsigiri dzakananga dzedemocracy, achiona izvi senzira dzokuvandudza nadzo kunyange pamberi pokuwana maruramiro okuvhota.

Zvisinei, magetsi echipameso akabuda nokukurumidza. Masimba edare, achivhunduswa nezvikarakadzo zvekunyanyisa zvinooneka pamarobhoti, zvakagadzirira kuganhurira utongi hwedemokrati hwakananga. Zvinoverengeka zvinotaura kuti pakutanga zvakagamuchira gadziriro idzi gare gare dzakabviswa kana kuti dzakaganhurirwa zvakakomba. Basa reDare rakabvumikisa kuva rinokosha[ [papo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji] kutsigira miitiro yakananga yedemocracy, matare akagadza ganhuriro dzakasimbisa kusaputsa maruramiro ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende kana kuti kodzero yomunhu oga.

Kuderera Kweupfumi kwakaita kuti hurumende yegutsaruzhinji ishande chaizvo sezvo vanhu vaitsvaka zvishandiso zvokugadzirisa dambudziko remari kana matare aita seasisina basa.

Hondo Yenyika II neHondo Yemashoko zvakaderedza kufarira hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu zvakananga, sezvo vanhu vainyanya kusimbisa kubatana kwenyika uye masangano anomiririra hurumende yeruzhinji.

Kuchinja Kwazvino Uno

Ma 1970 akapupurira kudzorerwa kwapakarepo kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga, kuvamba neProcestration yeCalifornia 13 uye kupararira munyika yose. Uku kutangazve kwakaratidzira zvikonzero zvakawanda: chivimbo mushure meWatergate, mirangariro misha yemitero, uye masangano matsva enzanga anotsvaka chinjo. Masangano enzanga, ganhuriro dzemitero, uye ganhuriro yeshoko rinoyera muromo vose vakawana kuti democracy yakananga ingagona kudzivisa kurwisana nemitemo yehurumende.

Muitiro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno uno unosiana nenzira inocherechedzwa namavambo ayo ENhambo inofambira mberi. Nepo vatsigiri vapakuvamba vachiisa muchiono vagari vemo vanoregerera panhau dzavose, [[FLT: 0] muitiro weNhevedzo yazvino uno unobatanidza nhimbe dzebasa rebasa rebasa [ nedzinobhadharwa, kuvhota, uye kuzivisa kweterevhizheni. Chakavamba sedemocracy democracy yakapinda mune imwe nzvimbo nokuda kwefariro dzakarongedzerwa kukwidzana.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwachinja kushanda kwehurumende inosarudzwa zvakananga. Kuungana kwemashoko paIndaneti, kunyange kuchine muganhu wapamutemo, kunovimbisa kuderedza ndyiko nokuwedzera kubatanidzwa. Masangano anofambidzana nenzanga anoita kuti zviite kukurumidza kuunganidza zvirongwa zvemabharakitire. Maturusi anobvumira dzidzo iri nani yevavhoti pamusoro pezvirongwa zvakaoma. Asi ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoitawo kuti vashande nokushandisa mari isina kururama uye kupesvedzera kusingashandisirwi.

Mareferendom: Simba Ravanhu

Kushanda Kwakaita Zvomenemene

A reteram iri zvikurukuru pamusoro pehwirudzuro yechiito chehurumende(icho chinobvumira vavhoti kutendera kana kuti kuramba mitemo inopfuudzwa nevanopa mitemo. Iri simba rinoshanda sechekero pahurumende inomirira, kuvimbisa kuti chinjo huru dzemiitiro yakakurumbira dzinoratidzira kuda kuda kwapanzvimbo pokungoda mitemo.

Gadziriro yenongedzero inotanga kazhinji kazhinji apo mutengi wemitemo anotanga kupa mutemo. Muzvinhu zvine gadziriro dzematerum, vagari vemo vane hwindo rakaganhurirwa , kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 90(kuunganidza siginicha dzinoraira kuti mutemo upiwe kuvavhoti. si siginodhi dzinosiyana zvikuru[[:: kubva 2% yavavhoti vanovhota vakaiswa muvhotirororo yokupedzisira muMassachusetts kusvikira ku 10% in Arkansatian. Dzimwe nyika dzinoverenga zvinodikanwa zvakavakirwa pahhhh inonyoreswa panzvimbo yokuvhota, zvichiita chikumba kukwirira kutopfuure.

Kana kusaina kwakakwana kwangosimbiswa, mutemo unowanzomiswa kusvikira pasarudzo. Iri simba rinorebesa rinoita kuti dhesmendium ive nesimba zvikuru (kunyange tyisidziro yeastendendum inogona kupesvedzera mufambiro wemitemo. Vagadziri vemitemo vangachinja zvikarakadzo kudzivisa zvinetso zvemasangano kana kuti kurega chose chose matanho anomutsa nharo.

Tsvakatation rendendiums inoshanda nenzira yakasiana, inonyandura mugarire apo vabati vanokarakadza murairo vanokarakadza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro-mitemo kana kuti zvitsauko zvakati. Hurumende iri yose kunze kwaDelaware inoda mvumo yezvigadziriso zvebumbiro remitemo, ichiita kuti urwu rudzi runozivikanwa navose. Masangano mazhinji anorairawo kuronga nokuda kwenhau dzechisungo chinokosha, wedzero dzemitero, kana kuti zvimwe zvisarudzo zvikuru.

Kushandiswa Zvakanaka uye Kunoshanda

Kurongwa kwesimba reheaderendum kunobatanidza kuverenga kwokungwarira. Vashori vemitemo vanofanira kukurumidza kunzvera kana vanogona kuunganidza siginicha ndokuwina pabhokisi rebholoti. Ikoku kunoda chivako chakabatana[, kuisa mari, uye kukura kwamashoko. Betsero dzapetwa dzakarongwa nefariro dzenguva nenheyo dziripo dzinoshanda pamidziro youswa.

Nhamba dzezvirungamira zvinobudirira nokuda kwemadherendi dzinosiyana zvikuru. Madatendimendi ezvigadziriso zvebumbiro-mitemo anopfuvura inenge 75% yenguva yacho, zvichikarakadza kuti masangano emitemo anowanzokarakadza kugadziriswa nokutsigirwa kwakafara. Kukumbira kunzi kutsinhana kunoitwa nevagari vomunyika kumanikidza vhoti pamabasa emitemo. Nhamba dzinochinja - chinja, uye mwero yokubudirira inotenderera mu40-45%.

referencerum's tapuro yokudzivisa [ ingava pesvedzero yayo inokosha zvikurusa. Varegi vazivi kuti mitemo inomutsa nharo ingatarisana nedenho, kazhinji kazhinji inobvumiranisa zvisina kufanira nenzira isingadzoreki. Uyu muuyo wakaoma kuyera asi zvimiro zvikuru zvemitemo munyika namagamuchidzanwa akasimba.

Zvirongwa zvebhizimisi zvinoshandisa maapenteum kurambidza mitemo, nepo masangano evashandi achidenha mutemo unorwisana nebasa. Masangano emhoteredzo anovhota pamabasa okubudirira. Izvi zvinokarakadza kuti masangano anoshandira kuronga zvinhu zvakafanana nemasangano evagari vemo anongozviitikirawo.

Kuongorora Nyaya Nemapepa Anoratidza Mari

Maine'1717 Medicaid petrandum inoratidzira mapasa ehemikoro azvino uno. Pashure pokunge imba yomutemo yaramba yarambazve kukura pasinei zvapo netsigiro yavose, vatsigiri vakaisa panzvimbo inotendwa kupfurikidza nokutanga kwevagari vemo. Voters yakatenderwa kukura 59-41%, kukunda kupesana kwemitemo. Zvisinei, Gavhuna Paul LeGault akaramba kugadzirwa, kuratidzira kuti kukunda kunopangidzira kusavimbisa kuchinja kwomuitiro wekubudirira kunovimbisa kuchinja.

Carbon sheletersums yeHurumende yeWashington inoratidza kuti maasetiramendendi anogona sei kuva hondo dzemiitiro dzinodhura. Kutanga 1631 muna 2018 kwakakwezva kupfuura mamirioni $31 mundyiko inoshorwa, zvikurukuru kubva kumakambani eoiri, kuchiiita chiyero chinodhura zvikurusa munhau yehurumende. Kukunda kwacho kwakaratidzira kuti resourcetation ingasarudza sei miuyo yetempum [ pasinei zvapo nomurangariro wokutanga wavose.

Massachusetts 2020 kuvhota kwakarongwa kwakatanhamara kwakazivisa denho yakaoma. Pasinei zvapo netsigiro yokutanga yokunzvera, mwero wakakundikana 55-45% pashure pokunge vashori vataura kuti kwakanga kwakaoma zvikuru. Ikoku kwakasimbisa kuti budiriro inoda sei kuti mitoo yakanaka ingori isina kutsarukana asi kurukurirano yakajeka, yakajeka kuvhotera kutarisana namarobhoti marefu.

Kutanga: Vagari vomuNyika Sevaiti Vemitemo

Kutanga Kutsanangurwa

Muitiro unomirira chimiro chinoshanda zvikurusa chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga, kuchibvumira vagari vemo kuronga nokugadza mitemo pasina kubatanidzwa kwemitemo. Iri simba rokutanga mutemo rinosiyanisa hurumende yenyika yeAmerica negadziriro dzakawanda dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose.

Mitezo makumi maviri nemina inobvumira chimiro chakati chokutanga, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro dzakananga dzinosiyana zvikuru. Muitiro unowanzovamba nokugadziridza mutemo unokarakadzwa kana kuti gadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo. Iyi nhano yokunyora inobvumikisa kuva inokosha(*) nhano dzakanyorwa nenzira yapamutemo dzinogona kuparira nyongano yapamutemo kunyange kana vavhoti vakazvitendera. Mitengo yakawanda inoda kana kuti inokurudzira [[FLT:] chibvumirano chemitemo [ kuvimbisa mutauro wapamutemo wakafanira.

Kuunganidzwa kwesaini kunomirira mhinganidzo yakakwirira zvikurusa. Zvinodikanwa zvinovambira pa 3% yavavhoti vanoisirwa muvhoti dzokupedzisira muMassachusetts kusvikira ku 15% muWyoming. Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro remitemo kunoda chaizvoizvo kusaina kwakawanda kupfuura nhano dzemitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoisa zvinodikanwa zvokuparadzira nyika, kuisa siginicha kubva kumaruwa akawanda kana kuti maruwa ezvibvumirano kuti kusimbise tsigiro yenyika yose.

nguva yokusaina inosiana kubva pamazuva 64 muMassachusetts kusvikira kunguva isina kuganhurirwa muOregon. Misi mipfupi inoda nhamburiko dzakasanopfuudzwa dzinogona kupinza vaunganidzi vane unyanzvi, nepo nhambo refu dzichigonesa nhimbe dzouswa kuti dzibudirire kupfurikidza nenhamburiko dzokuzvipira. Dzimwe nyika dzinorambidza kubhadhara siginicha, kuedza kuchengeta varadzi vouswa.

Kutanga kwakananga

Nhanho dzinotanga [ dzinoenda zvakananga kuvhota yaingokwaniriswa, kupfuvura mutezo wedare chose chose. Iyi nzira inokumbira kutsigira nechivimbo mukutsigira kwavose uye kusava nechokwadi nokubvumirana kwemitemo. Nhano dzakananga dzinochengeta bvumirano asi dzinorega mikana yemikana yokuvandudza noruzivo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yemitemo.

[ Nhanho dzakananga dzokutanga kuenda kudare remitemo, iro rinogona kuita chikarakadzo, kuchigadziridza, kana kuti kuramba. Kana mutezo wemitemo ukatadza kuita nenzira inogutsa, mwero unobva kubhuku. Muitiro uyu unobatanidza zvinobatanidzwa neunyanzvi hwemitemo, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji uchinonotsa kuratidzira kusingadzivisiki.

Dzimwe nyika dzinopa zvose zvadzingasarudza, kubvumira vatsigiri vedanho kuti vasarudze nzira yavo. Dzimwe dzinorayira kusvika kana kuti imwe. Nheyo pakati pezvakananga nezvisingatsauswi [ inoratidzira rondedzero dzakasiana---shandukira dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu(http: "/////cheposeaposel ageographiat inoda kugadziriswa kwemitemo kana kuti kana dare remitemo richadzika mvura nenzira isingadzivisiki zvikarakadzo zvakakurumbira.

Nhimbe Dzokutanga Dzazvino Uno

Nhimbe dzokutanga dzedanho dzakafanana zvikuru nezvisarudzo. nyanzvi dzemishandirapamwe yemiitiro yemibato dzinoshandisa nzira, vaongorori vemashoko, uye vapi vemishumo inobudisa mashoko vanobudisa mashoko okushambadzira. Kuitwa kwenhano dzebasa kwakakwidziridza ndyiko huru zvikuru.] Nhimbe dzinobudirira dzenyika dzinogara dzichidyira mamiriyoni emadhora.

Kuunganidza masaini kwazova basa rayo imene. Mafemu enyanzvi anovimbisa kusaina mitengo yakatarwa, zvikurukuru $55 pasiginicha zvichitsamira pachinetso nenguva. Nepo uku kutengesa kuchivimbisa kuwana mazakwatirano nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakanaka, vatsoropodzi vanoipikisa kuti inoshatisa mamiriro ouswa hwezvirongwa zvevagari vemo.

nzvimbo yemari muzvirongwa zvinotanga gakava rinopfuurira. Nepo ganhuriro dzemari dzenhimbe dzinoshanda kuvhota, matare anowanzorega kupedza ganhuriro pamatanho okuvhota sekuputswa kwokutaura kwakasununguka. Ikoku kunoparira migariro umo vapi kana kuti masangano anogona kupedza zvitsama zvisina muganhu zvichitsigira kana kuti zvirongwa zvinoshora.

Vatsoropodzi vakabuda senzira yokuzvidzivirira nayo. Pavakanangana nezvirongwa zvisingadikanwi, vashori pane dzimwe nguva vanokarakadza matanho anokwikwidzana akarongedzerwa kuvhiringidza vavhoti kana kuti kugovera dzimwe nzira dzinogamuchirika zvikuru. Nhano dzinokwikwidzana pamiraudzo yeitsvo muna 2020 dzakaenzanisira iyi nzira, nemipimo inotsigirwa nefariro dzoutano dzakasiana.

Vakatanga Kuchinja America Vachiratidza Kuti Vaiva Vapasi

Commentarorth 13 (1978) ichiri nhano yevagari vemo inopesvedzera zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokuganhurira wedzero dzemitero yezvinhu uye kuraira mitero mikuru nokuda kwokufamba mutero, yakaumbazve mari yeCalifornia uye yakanyandura kumukira kwomutero munyika yose. Rubudiriro rwayo rwakaratidzira kuti vagari vemo vaigona kubvisa zvisarudzo zvemitemo pamiitiro mikuru yetsika.

Mutapi weTrax Bill wekodzero (TABOR) muna 1992 akatowedzera, achida kuti muvhoti atendererwe nokuda kwewedzero yose yemitero uye kuganhura wedzero yemari yehurumende. Gadziriro dzeTorodo dzakadzorwa nehurumende yeColorado kwamakumi matatu amakore, dzichiratidza kuti ingagona sei kuparira chinjo dzevhu dzinoramba kwenguva refu [[[FLT: 1] kudzivisa gadziridzo yemitemo.

Sangano rokuita kuti mbanje ive yapamutemo yaita budiriro dzayo hurusa kupfurikidza nokutanga. Pashure pokunge masangano okutonga abvumikisa kuva asingadi kuita chiito, vatsigiri vakatendeukira kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Colorado neWashington's 2012 nhano dzinoita kuti nhandara ive pamutemo dzakaputsa chirambidzo chehurumende ndokutanga kudzokorokera munyika yose kwematanho akafanana.

Kuenzana kwevakaroorana kunotaura nyaya yakaoma yekuchinja kwenzanga kupfurikidza nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Pakutanga, vashori veroorano yevatano nevatano vakairambidza munyika dzakawanda. Gare gare, vatsigiri vakashandisa chishandiso chimwe chetecho kufambisira mberi roorano. Uku kufambira mberi kwakaratidza kuti maruramiro avagari vemo anogona sei zvose zviri zviviri kudzongonyedza nokufambisira mberi maruramiro avagari vemo [, kuchitsamira pamhindumuriro yavanhu.

Yeuka: Kuzvidavirira Chaiko

Kunzwisisa Kuyeuka Michina

[ [ inomirira simba rakananga rinoshamisa zvikurusa rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu (8) mano okubvisa vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vasati vapererwa nemitemo yavo. Nepo kurondwa kuchida kusazvibata kwapamutemo, kuyeuka kunogona kukonzerwa nokusagutsikana kwakapfava kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchivaita mutoo wokuzvidavirira wokupedzisira wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Zvikamu gumi nezvipfumbamwe zvinobvumira kurangarirwa kwavakuru vakuru venyika yose, nepo vakawanda vachibvumidza ndangariro dzomunzvimbomo. Zvisakiso zveyeuko zvinosiana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda zvikonzero zvakati zvakafanana nomufambiro wakaipa kana kuti kusakwaniriswa, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira kuyeuka nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi(kana kuti pasina chikonzero chose chose. " Kuyeuka kwezvamatongerwe enyika"[ mukupesana na [[FLT:]]] hwiro rwokuyeuka""[ musiyaniso]

Muitiro wokuyeuka unobatanidza zvikurukuru matanho maviri: zvikwaniriso nasarudzo. Chokutanga, vatsigiri vanofanira kuunganidza siginicha(zvinowanzoda 15- 25% yamavhoti akaisirwa muvhoti yokupedzisira yehurumende. Ichi chikumbaridzo chakakwirira kupfuura zvirongwa kana kuti macondendations chinoratidzira mamiriro ezvinhu anodzongonyedza. Nhambo yokuunganidzwa kwesiginicha inovambira pa 60 kusvikira ku180, nenhambo pfupi inodzivirira vakuru vakuru vakuru kukuvara kusati kupfuurira kuyeuka tyisidziro.

Kana zvangokwaniriswa, yeuka zvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana. Dzimwe nyika dzinoita vhoti panguva imwe cheteyo pakubviswa nokutsiviwa, nepo dzimwe dzichiita sarudzo dzakasiana. Kusvika kweCalifornia (kurangarira) padanga rokuyeuka panguva imwe cheteyo apo kutsiva kunobudisa miuyo apo mukuru mukuru mukuru anogamuchira 49% anorasikirwa nokugamuchira 20%.

Zvematongerwe Enyika uye Kuyeuka

Kudzokorora kuedza kunopfuura zvikuru kunobudirira kuyeuka[, nokukundikana zvikurusa kuunganidza siginicha dzakaringanira kana kuti kurasikirwa pabhoti. Mwero mukuru uyu wokukundikana unoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri chitambudzo cheyeuko nokushandiswa kwazvo sezvirambidzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pokubvisa nhamburiko dzakakomba.

Nguva inooneka kuva inokosha munhimbe dzokuyeuka. Kutanga kukurumidza mumashoko kunobvumira nguva yakawanda yokusaina asi kungaratidzika kuva nguva isati yakwana. Kumirira chinyadzi kana kuti zvisarudzo zvakashata zvinogovera zvikonzero zviri nani asi zvinosiya nguva shoma pamberi pesarudzo dzenguva dzose. Nzvimbo inotapira inowanzowira mumashoko [ nguva inokwana kukura asi ichiri yakafanira kupiwa nguva yasara.

Kuyeuka kwakabva pachinangwa chakwo chokutanga chokurwisa uori kuva zvishandiso zvehondo dzinoparadza. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika zvino anoshandisa anoyeuka kudzorwa kwedzimba dzemitemo kana kuti kuranga vakuru vakuru nokuda kwevhoti dzisingafarirwi. Uku kudzokororwa kwezvombo kwakatungamirira dzimwe nyika kuganhurira kushandiswa kwadzo kana kuti kuwedzera zvinodikanwa zvokusaina.

mari inoyeuka[ (zvose zviri zviviri zvemari nezvamatongerwe enyika) zvinoparira gakava rinokosha. Sarudzo chaidzo dzinoparira mamirioni anobhadhara mitero apo kuparira kusagadzikana kwehurumende. Kunyange kundikano dzinokundikana kuderedza vakuru vakuru vanoshushiwa ndokutsausa pakudzora. Ndyiko dzinotungamirira vazhinji kurangarira sezvitsama zvokupedzisira panzvimbo pezvishandiso zvokuzvidavirira zvenguva dzose.

Yeuko Dzakakurumbira Netapuro Yadzo

kuyeuka kwaGavhuna weNorth Dakota Lynn Frazier kwakanga kuri kuyeuka kwokutanga kunobudirira, kwakasundwa nechishoro kugadziriro yake yesangano resocialist Nonpartisan. Iyi yeuko yapakuvamba yakaratidzira bviro yezvishandiso zvehondo dzepfungwa kupfuura rwisano dzakapfava.

Kuyeuka kwaGavhuna Gray Davis kwa 2003 kwakashandura zvamatongerwe enyika. Kubviswa kwaDavis pasinei zvapo nokutongwa kweuori panguva yenjodzi yesimba neperevedzo yemari (kuratidza kuti kukurumbira kwoga kwaigona kuparira kubudirira kuyeuka[. Arnold Schwarzenger's derbeity-heacel yakaratidzira kuti vapamberi vaigona kuyeuka sei kukunda.

Wisconsin ya 2011 inoyeuka nhamburiko dzinotevera mutemo waGavhuna Scott Walker wokudzivisa hondo wakava nhandare yehondo yenyika yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nepo Walker akapukunyuka sarudzo yake inoyeudzira 2012, vatenzi vanoverengeka venyika vakarangarirwa nenzira inobudirira, vachiratidza kukwanisa kwemitemo pamwe chete nokuzvidavirira kwevakuru vakuru.

2021 California anoyeuka kuedza mukurwisana naGavin Newsom, kuchikundikana nomuganhu wakafanana kurusarudzo rwake rwapakuvamba, kwakaenzanisirwa kuyeuka miganhu. Pasinei zvapo namamirioni $300 anopedzerwa nokufukidzwa kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau, ndangariro yakakundikana kukurira masvomhu makuru echinjo yebhuruu, ichikarakadza basa rakanakisisa pakuyambuka mitsetse yedanga.

Zvikamu zveHurumende zvinochinja-kamuka

Mativi Enzvimbo Netsika Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuwanika nokushandiswa kwamaturusi edemokrase zvakananga kunotevera mitoo yetsika neyouzivi hwenhau . Nyika dzokuMadokero, nenhaka yadzo inofambira mberi yeNhambo nemirara inoyera, dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvose zvitatu zvizere. Masangano eMinistersterese anoratidza kugamuchirwa kwakavhengana, kazhinji kazhinji achibvumira nhano asi dzisingayeuki. Masangano okuMabvazuva neMadokero anowanzoganhurira kana kurambidza hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuratidzira magamuchidzanwa akasiana - siana ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Uku kuparadzirwa kwenyika hakuiti netsaona. Madokero enyika, ari kukura mukati meNguva inofambira mberi, akabatanidza dhimoni rakananga muzvinyorwa zvawo zvokuvamba. Ugaro hwavo hwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi hwakareva michina yezvamatongerwe enyika yakadzika mipfupi kuti idzivise kuchinja. pfungwa yedavidzo yevagari vemo yesimba [ yakawirirana nouzivi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga.

Tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika inopesvedzera zvikuru nzira iyo nyika dzinoshandisa nayo zvishandiso zvinowanika. Oregon inoshandisa nhano kazhinji kazhinji asi zvikasawanzoyeukwa. Arizona inoshandisa nomutoo wamasimba mabasa ose matatu. California chivako chamabasa okugadzira zvinhu [ inoita zviyero zvakawanda pasarudzo imwe neimwe, nepo inova pedyo Nevada inoona zvishoma zvikuru pasinei zvapo negadziriro dzakafanana.

Urban-transpal inokamuranisa kushanda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nharaunda dzomumataundi, dzine vagari vemo vakawanda namapoka akarongwa, dzinounganidza zviri nyore zvikuru siginicha. Vavhoti voruwa, zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji vanotema miuyo, vachiparira kusawirirana pakati pekuvamba kwezviito uye kwadzinosarudza.

Mabumbiro emitemo anogadza gadziriro dzakati mbere dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Dzimwe nyika dzinoisa ganhuriro dzinodzorwa pamusoro penhau , dzichirambidza nhano pamisoro yakati yakadai semapiredhi, magariro, kana kuti kokorodzano dzebumbiro remitemo. Dzimwe dzinobvumira nhano panhau ipi neipi, kuchitungamirira kuzvipimo zvechinhu chiri chose kubva kusimba renyukireya kusvikira kuzuva rinochengeta nguva.

Mutemo mumwe unozviisa pasi, unoda nhano dzokukurukura musoro mumwe bedzi, unovavarira kudzivisa kupeta asi unoparira denho. Matare anofanira kusarudza kana chinjo huru dzichiputsa zvinodikanwa zvinotungamirirwa chimwe, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoparadza nhano dzakaoma pamusoro pemibato yemibato panzvimbo pechinhu.

Tsvakurudzo yezvigadziko zvechimuko [ inosiana zvikuru nehurumende. Mamwe matare anoedza nenzira youtsi nokuda kwokuteererwa kwebumbiro remitemo, nepo mamwe achinonoka kuvhota. Uku kutora kana kuti kudzora kunotapura zvikuru mwero yebudiriro yokutanga uye gadziriro dzokutsigira.

Masimba anoshandura mutemo anosiana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinorambidza mitemo kubva kumifungo inotenderwa nomuvhoti inovhota pasina mvumo yakatevera. Dzimwe dzinobvumira chinjo dzomutemo pashure penhambo dzakamirira kana kuti nenzvimbo huru. Iyi mirau inotema kana rukundo rwokutanga rwoga ruri rwechigarire kana kuti rwechinguvana.

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano uye Kuchinja Kwemadhigirii

Tapuro Yezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Pahurumende Yakananga

Kuchinja kwemichina kwachinja kwachinja zvikuru [ kuti democracy inoshanda sei zvakananga, kunyange zvazvo zvirongwa zvapamutemo zvisina kuchengetwa. Kuungana kwapaIndaneti, nepo zvichibvira, kunotarisana neganhuriro dzapamutemo munyika zhinjisa dzinoda kusainwa kwomuviri. Murakatira unomanikidzirwa pokugara kwenguva duku, asi chinjo yechigarire inoramba iri isingabviri.

Nhimbe dzenzanga dzakachinja kurongwa nokutumira mashoko. Nhimbe dzema Grassroot dzinogona kufamba vhairasi usiku humwe, tsigiro yokuvaka pasina zvivako zvegamuchidzanwa. Zvisinei, iyi nhanho inogonesa kupararira kukuru kwenhema [ pamusoro pezvitanho zvokuvhota, kuchinetesa nhamburiko dzedzidzo dzechivhoti.

Kushambadza kwemadhigirii kunobvumira kutevedzerwa kuduku kusingaenzaniswi kwavavhoti, asiwo kunomutsa funganyo pamusoro pokushandisa mari zvisina kufanira uye pesvedzero ine tsvina. Kukwanisa kuratidza mashoko akasiyana - siyana kuvavhoti vakasiyana - siyana pamashoko anodenha mirangariro yegamuchidzanwa yokufunga kwevanhu pamarovha.

Kuvhota kwapamberi pa sezvinofungidzirwa kungagona kugonesa vatano yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yenguva dzose, asi funganyo dzechengeteko netsika zvinokamuranisa zvinodzivisa kuitwa. Kuedza kwoudzori hweEstonia kunopa mienzaniso, asi kuva mutezo wehurumende nechengeteko zveAmerica zvinonetsa kuoma kurera.

Mari, Kupesvedzera, uye Kuperera Kwoutongi

nzvimbo yemari muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga [[FLT: 1] yazova inomutsa nharo nenzira inowedzera pamusoro pokuwedzera kwokushandisa mari. Nhimbe dzokutanga 2020 dzeCalifornia dzinopedzwa kupfuura mamirioni $785 akabatanidzwa, kuchipfupikisa madzinza akawanda ehurumende. Uku kupedza zvombo betsero dzamabhizimisi uye sezvingabvira dzinoshatisa mipimo yedemocracy.

Kana mibatanidzwa yeNew York blolliones ichitsigira miganhu yeMontana kana kuti California, iyo inotonga utongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iyi miganhu inoparira denho yegamuchidzanwa youchangamire hwehurumende.

Kutanga kuongorora kwakavanzika semasangano evagari vemo kunoderedza chivimbo chavanhu. Apo kunoratidzika kuva midzi yeuswa kunenge chaizvoizvo kuvhiya kunotsigirwa nemaindasitiri anotsvaka kusunungurwa, vavhoti vanorwisa kuziva nhano dzechokwadi dzevagari vemo mukupesana nokushandiswa kwemakambani.

Mari yakasviba inoyerera kusvikira ku 501(c)(4) inovhara manyuko okushandisa mari nokuda kwenhimbe dzakawanda. Vadzori vangasaziva kuti ndiani ari seri kwokutanga kutozosvikira pashure pesarudzo, kana kuti pane imwe nguva. Uku kushata kunosekesa kuita chisarudzo chedemokrati kwakaziviswa uye kunogonesa pesvedzero yebhizimisi inoba.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokushanda Nesimba

Mipimo yazvino uno yerongedzero inowanzobatanidza nhau dzounyanzvi hukuru zvikuru kupfuura unyanzvi hwavavhoti vazhinjisa. Apo nhano dzinotaura mitero yakaoma, gadziriro, kana kuti mibvunzo yesayenzi, dzinogona kuvhotera zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa? Uku kugona kudenha mavambo makuru ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ouchenjeri hwevagari vemo.

Mutauro weBallot, unowanzonyorwa mumashoko epamutemo, unogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vavhoti vazhinji havanzwisisi zvavari kuvhota, panzvimbo pezvo vachivimba nezvitendero zvokuvhota. Mukaha uyu wenzwisiso pakati pevavariro nenzwisiso unoderedza kuva pamutemo kwedemokrati.

kureba nenhamba yezviyero zvemarobhoti mune dzimwe nyika dzinokurira vavhoti. Marobhoti eCalifornia pane dzimwe nguva anobatanidza zvitsauko zvakawanda zvehurumende nezvomunzvimbomo, chimwe nechimwe chine rondedzero refu. Kuneta kunotungamirira kuderera kubva, uko vavhoti vazhinji vanorega zvipimo zvedemocracy chose chose, vachideredza kutora rutivi kwedemokrati.

Ruvara rwamashoko pamusoro pezvipimo zverocks runosiana nenzira youngwaru. Nepo nhungamiro dzavavhoti dzichigovera rondedzero dzapamutemo, vavhoti vazhinjisa vanotsamira pakushambadzira, uko kungatsausa kana kuti kudzora. Denho yokugovera mashoko akarurama, anowanika pamusoro pezvitanho zvakaoma haisati yagadziriswa.

Kuita Kuti Dhinari Yakananga Ishande Zviri Nani

Kuchinja Nokuchinja

Zvinjo dzakasiana---41 dzinogona kupedza denho dzazvino uno dzedemokrasi nepo dzichichengeta betsero dzadzo. Kuvhota kwakakomba [[FLT: 1] pamberi pasarudzo kungagona kugovera vavhoti mashoko ari nani kupfurikidza nekurukurirano dzakarongwa nenyanzvi navagari vemo biyavo. Vagaritive’s Initive Review vanopa muenzaniso mumwe, kugadzira nzvimbo dzinonzvera nokugovera nhungamiro yevota.

Kuvandudza kusaina kungaita kuti pavezve netsandanyama paunenge uchiri kukwanisa kuwana. Kubvumira paIndaneti kuungana newadi rechokwadi kungagona kuderedza ndyiko nokuwedzera kubatanidzwa. Kana kuri kudaro, kupa mari yavose kana kuti zvinhu zvokusaina zvingagona kuderedza minda yokutamba pakati pemabhisitiki nemabasa ebhizimisi.

Campaign revolution yakananga kumipimo ingagona kukurukura kudyika kwemari. Kusarudza kunobatanidza mari inodzorwa. Kubatanidza ganhuriro dzavose (kana kuri pamutemo), kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa. Vamwe vanokarakadza kubata nhimbe dzemwero dzakafanana nenhimbe dzezvirongwa zvokudzosera.

Kupfavisa mutauro nemharidzo kunogona kuvandudza kunzwisisa muvhoti. Zvinodiwa zvomutauro wepopo nepokutumira zvinhu, mafoni akarongwa, uye zvinobatsira kuona zvinogona kubatsira vavhoti kunzwisisa matanho akaoma. Dzimwe nyika dzinoedza kuongorora mirayiridzo yevavhoti vevhidhiyo kana kuti maturusi okushandisa paIndaneti.

Kudzivirira Kuperera Kwoutongi

Kudzivirira democracy yakananga pakushandiswa kwoudzvinyiriri kunoda mitoo mizhinji. zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa [ zvinogona kuzivisa manyuko emari munguva chaiyoiyo, kwete pashure pesarudzo. Mabhuku akanyorwa namanani anogona kutevera nhimbe yepaIndaneti. Kurambidza kwokunze kungagona kudzivisa kudzongonyedza kwenyika dzakawanda.

Kuongorora chokwadi nechokwadi zvinogona kurwisa mashoko asina kururama pamusoro pematanho ezvitayera. Masangano ee Independent anogona kuongorora rondedzero dzeruramiso. Masangano enhau anogona kuisa nzvimbo yezvitatiko zvemabhaisikopo. Makambani ezviteshi zvemagariro enhau anogona kudzora kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pezviito.

Kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kunosimbisa pari pamusoro pomuvhoti kuchada dzikamo yokungwarira. Kuhwirudzura kwapamberi pekusarudza kungagona kuziva zvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo mativi asati apedza mamirioni. Kuhwirudzura purogiramu yePfukuro kunofanira kuva kwakakodzera asi kwakakwana. Matare anoda mipimo yakajeka yokusarudza zvitanho zvinotenderwa.

Kudzivirira kodzero dzevoruzhinji kubva muudzvinyiriri hwakawanda kupfurikidza nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunoramba kwakaoma.

Mugumisiro: Chii Chiri Kutanga Kuitwazve, Uye Chinoyeuka?

Kunzwisisa mipimo, nhano, uye kuyeuka kunoreva kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri bviro yavo huru yedemokrase nekodzero yavo yokushandisa. Izvi zvishandiso zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvinopa vagari vemo simba risina muenzaniso rokuumba mitemo, kushandura zvisarudzo zvemitemo, uye kubvisa vakuru vakuru vasingateereri. Zvinobatira semavharo echengeteko anokosha apo hurumende inomirira inokundikana kuratidzira kuda kwakakurumbira, kuchiparira chinjo ine rugare kupfurikidza namabhora panzvimbo pemabhara.

Nhau yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica inozivisa zvose zviri zviviri budiriro dzinonyandura nokundikano dzenyevero. Vagari vakashandisa aya maturusi kuwana chinjo idzo matare okugadza pamutemo aisazoita(kubva kuhasha kwavakadzi kukuita kuti marijuana ive pamutemo. Vakaashandisawo kuisa rusaruraganda, kudzivirira fariro chaidzoidzo, uye kuparira kusashanda zvakanaka kwehurumende. Ichi chinyorwa chakavhengana chinoratidzira kuoma kukuru kwehurumende yakakurumbira nekodzero shomanene, pakati pouchenjeri hwevagari vemo nekutonga kwenyongori.

Zvinetso zvepanguva ino — pesvedzero yemari, kudzongonyedzwa kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuoma kunowedzera , kugadziridza kwakananga kufambikano yedemocracy. Apo masangano edemocracy ane bhirioni anogona kutenga kusvika nokukunda, apo zvinobudisa nhau zvinoparadzira mashoko asina kururama nokukurumidza kupfuura zvokwadi, apo matanho okuda unyanzvi hwavavhoti vazhinjisa vanoshaikwa, anogona kubatira donzo raworipiyonari rinoganirwa chinangwa charo? Idzi denho dzinoraira kugadziridzwa nokuchinjwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kuvagari vemo vamwe navamwe, aya maturusi anoramba ane simba rokutora rutivi kupfuura kuvhota. Kunzwisisa nzira yokushandisa nayo zvikamu, nhano, uye kuyeuka (NW) kana kuti kudzivirira kusashandiswa kwavo zvisina kufanira(izivo inokosha yavagari vemo. Kana kuunganidza siginicha, kukwikwidza, kana kuti kungovhota bedzi kuziviswa pazvibvumirano zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga vanoumba nguva yavo yemberi zvakananga.

Nzira iri mberi inoda kudzikamisa chipikirwa chakananga chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nokuyera kwapachokwadi kweganhuriro dzayo. Chinyorwa chiri chose hachisati chiri chikodzeri chezvivhoti kuti hungu kana kuti kana kuti kwete. Chisarudzo chiri chose chakakurumbira chakachenjera kana kuti chakarurama. Hachisi mugari ari wose anoratidzira murangariro wapachokwadi wemifungo. Kuziva izvi nepo zvichichengeta mabasa anokosha edemocracy anodenha zvose zviri zviviri vagari vemo namasangano.

Pakupedzisira, maturusi ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu akananga haasati ari akanaka nenzira yomuzvarirwo kana kuti akaipa — iwo ari akanaka kana kuti ane utsinye savagari vemo vanoashandisa. Paanoshandiswa nokufunga navagari vemo vakaziviswa nokuda kwebetsero yapachena yechokwadi, anogona kuwana chinjo dzinokatyamadza ndokuita kuti simba rizvidavirire. Apo anodzorwa nenzira yokuzvidza nezvido chaizvo kana kuti zvido zvemhomho, anogona kusekesa hurumende inomirira kana kuti kodzero dzevanhu. Musiyano wacho hausi mumidziyo yavo vamene asi mumadiro anosarudza vagari vemo kuzvishandisa.

Sezvo democracy yeAmerica inotarisana nedenho itsva(-kunangana nedenho, kusavimbana, kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinopa zvose zviri zviviri mikana nengozi. Ingagona kugonesa kutangwa kwevagari vemo apo masangano anotonga anenge aita maruvara, kana kuti ingagona kukudza mapoka kupfurikidza namavhoti ose okuhwina panhau dzinokakavara. Angagona kudzorera kutenda muhurumende yomunhu oga, kana kuti angagona kubatwa nezvido zvimwe chetezvo zvinoshatisa demokramendi inomirira.

Nguva yemberi yemahendimendi, nhano, uye kuyeuka inotsamira pakunzwisisa nokubatanidzwa navo nenzira ine mufungo. Ikoku kunoreva kunzvera zvitanho zvokurongedza nokusaina, kutora rutivi mukuunganidza nenzira inofungwa, uye kusvika kuyeuka zvakanaka. Kunoreva kutsigira chinjo dzinovandudza panzvimbo pokuganhurira kutora rutivi kwevagari vemo. Zvikurukuru, kunoreva kuziva kuti democracy haisati iri mutsivi wehurumende inomirira asi chishandiso chokushandisa nenzira yokuchenjera apo vamiriri vanotadza kumirira.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa nokubatanidzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, kuziva izvi zvokushandisa kutora rutivi chaiko kunokosha. Vanomirira democracy painoita mitemo yayo yakananga zvikurusa(84) inodzokororwa, uye vanoita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire pasina varevereri. Iri simba rakananga rine mutoro wakananga: kushandisa izvi midziyo nokuchenjera, kuremekedza zvose zviri zviviri kutonga kwavazhinji nekodzero shoma, uye kutsvaka zvakanaka zvavose panzvimbo pezvinenge zviri zvoga. Mukunzwisisa nokushandisa masimba aya nenzira ine chiremera, vagari vemo vanoita kudana kwakakwirira zvikurusa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu: kuzvitonga vamene.

Mamwe Matura

Nokuda kwavagari vemo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pematurusi edemokrasi akananga munyika dzavo, Conferenceal of State Legislatures (NCSL) inogovera mashoko akakwana ehurumende pamavambo, meterlum, uye hwirudzura gadziriro. Ballottedia[[ inopa kutemwaradza kwakakwana kwematanho azvino uno nenhau, inobetsera kunzvera nokunzwisisa zviito zvavo zvekunangana paZuva roudzo.

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