Kunzwisisa Simba reHurumende Yehurumende yeUnited States

Masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende haasati achingozvidira, (iwo anorondedzerwa nokungwarira neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. uye anoumbwa namazana amakore edudziro yapamutemo, kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye chinodikanwa chavagari vemo.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo hweSimba reFederal

Apo Vavambi vaMadzibaba vakanyoresa Bumbiro reMitemo muna 1787, vakaumba hurumende yehurumende yemasimba akaganhurirwa, inopa. Kusafanana nehurumende dzehurumende, dzinochengeta masimba amapurisa ose kuti aite nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavose, hurumende yehurumende inogona bedzi kushandisa masimba iwayo akapiwa nayo neBumbiro reMitemo. Iwaya mvumo yechiremera inowanwa zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, pamwe chete nomukugadziridzano netsananguro dzedare. Vadzo veBumbiro reMitemo vakadaviswo yaida kudzivirira uku kuiswa simba uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu.

Chivako chesimba rehurumende chinowanzoputswa kuva mapoka matatu: masimba anodzorwa (akanyorwa zvakananga muBumbiro remitemo), [[FLT]]] (akaiswa mumativi ose [makurukota anokosha] [] (akabva muakafanira nakafanira rugwaro), uye [[FLT]] masimba [[[FLT]]] (rudzi irworwo runemitengorirwo). Kunzwisisa aya ndiwo nhano yokutanga mukunzwisisa upamhi neganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende.

Simba Rine Simba: Nhamba Yezvinhu Zvinotevedzana

Masimba akarongwa ndiayo akarongwa zvakananga muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Aya masimba ayo Congress(uye kupfurikidza nokutambanudza hurumende yehurumende(madaro) ingashandisa zvakananga. Mamwe amasimba anokosha zvikurusa anobatanidza:

  • Kuisa nokuunganidza mitero, mabasa, zvikwereti, uye kubvisa zvikwereti ndokugovera dziviriro yavose negarikanowo zvayo yeUnited States
  • Kukwereta mari nechikwereti cheUnited States
  • Kudzora kutengeserana nenyika dzokumwe, pakati pehurumende dzinoverengeka, uye nendudzi dzemaIndia okuAmerica (Chommerce Claus)
  • Kugadza mutemo mumwe womuzvarirwo nemitemo yakafanana pamusoro penhau yemari yakawa
  • Kushandisa mari, kudzora ukoshi hwayo, uye kugadzira mupimo wezviyereso nemwero
  • Kupa chirango chokunyepedzera kusachengeteka kweUnited States nemari
  • Kuronga mahofisi epositi uye migwagwa
  • Kusimudzira kufambira mberi kwesayenzi nounyanzvi hunobatsira nokuwana nguva yakaganhurirwa kuvanyori nevagadziri kodzero yakakwana yezvinyorwa zvavo nezvavakawana (mashoko akanyorwa zvakarurama uye ane urongwa)
  • Dare Repamusorosoro rinopa matare akaderera
  • Kurondedzera nokuranga utsotsi nezvivi zvakaitwa pamakungwa akakwirira nemhosva dzinorwisana nomutemo wamarudzi
  • Kuzivisa hondo, kupa tsamba dzechikwata nechitsidzo, uye kuita mitemo pamusoro pokubata panyika nemvura
  • Kurera uye kutsigira mauto (pasina kupiwa mari nokuda kwokushandisa ikoko kwenguva inopfuura makore maviri)
  • Kugovera nokutarisira boka rengarava
  • Kuitira hurumende mitemo uye kudzora nyika yacho nemauto engarava
  • Kugovera kudana varwi kuti vaite mitemo yeUnion, kudzvinyirira kumukira, uye kutanda kuvhozhokera
  • Kugovera kuronga, kugadzira, uye kuranga varwi, uye kudzora rutivi rwakadaro rwavo sezvingashandiswa mubasa reUnited States
  • Kushandisa mutemo wakakwana panzvimbo yenhare dzeColumbia, magazini, matura, nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu pachiteshi chengarava, uye zvimwe zvivako zvinoshaiwa

Aya masimba anoverengwa anova fandesheni yechiremera chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Commerce Claus yakadudzirwa zvakafara munguva, achibvumira hurumende yehurumende kudzora chinhu chiri chose kubva panzvimbo yezvikamu zvenyika kutengiswa paIndaneti, uye kunyange dziviriro dzekodzero dzevagari vemo muhuvara hunotapura kutengeserana kwenyika. inogonesa hurumende yemubatanidzwa kutsigira mabasa ayo makuru, kubva kudziviriro yenyika kusvikira kuSangano reSangano. [[FLT:]] inovimbisa kutakura posi mirauriro yemazita kugura zvose.

Masimba Akashandiswa: Chiremera Chinochinjika

Hachisi chiito chiri chose chehurumende chiri madikanwa chinogona kufanoonekwa muchinyorwa chakanyorwa muzana ramakore rechi 18. Kuzadza mukaha uyu, Bumbiro remitemo rinobatanidza Nesary naFanact Claus (Chiratidzo I, Chikamu 8, Claus 18), chinopa Masimba Masimba ose “kuita kuti Mitemo yose ive iri madikanwa uye yakafanira kutakura mukuita masimba achangobva kududzwa, uye mamwe Masimba ose anoiswa noMutemo noMutemo weHurumende yeUnited States, kana kuti muBato ripi neripi kana kuti mutariri wayo." Iyi ndiyo manyuko [[FLCFLD:2]] [FLT]]]

Dare rakatanhamara reDare gurusa rakaparira dare Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) rakatanga dzidziso yamasimba anorehwa. Dare rakatonga kuti Dare rakanga rine chiremera chokusika bhangi renyika kunyange zvazvo pasina simba rakadaro rakaoneka muBumbiro reMitemo, nemhaka yokuti bhangi rakanga riri chishandiswa chakakodzera uye chinobetsera chokutakura masimba akarevererwa mutero, kukwereta, uye mari. Mukuru weSarudzo John Marshall akanyora zvakakurumbira, “Mugumo ngauve wapamutemo, ngauve mumiteshi wapamutemo, uye mutoo wose wakakodzera, uyo unochinjirwa zvakajeka kumugumo iwoyo, uyo usati uchirambidzwa, asi unoumbwa netsamba nomudzimu weBumbiro remitemo, ndewebumbiro remitemo.

Mienzaniso yemasimba anotaurwa ari kushanda nhasi inobatanidza:

  • Kutangwa kwe [[FT:0] Revenue Service (IRS) kuunganidza mitero(simba rokutera) rinoverengwa, asi kuita sangano rakaoma kuti ripedze mutero isimba rinorehwa
  • Kuumbwa kwe Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kuti aferefere mhosva dzinodarika mitsetse yenyika kana kuti kubatanidza mutemo wehurumende(kubva kumasimba akaverengwa kuranga utsotsi uye kudzora kutengeserana
  • Mutemo wokufamba nendege mu Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) [1] Nhambo dzendege dzakanga dzisingafungidziriki muna 1787, asi kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika negovera nokuda kwegarikano yose inoruramisa iri sangano
  • Kupfuudzwa kwemitemo yemhoteredzo yakadai seCease Air Act uye Clean Water Act, yakavakirwa muChongedzero chaClaus yeChornism uye simba rokudzora mvura dzinonaya

Masimba anoshandiswa anopa hurumende yehurumende mukana wokuita chimwe chinhu kuzvinetso zvitsva — ruzivo rwokudzidza nezvezvinhu zvitsva, ugandanga hwenyika yose, hosha yakapararira — pasina kuda kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwomutemo mutsva uri wose kana kuti sangano.

Masimba Okuberekwa Nawo: Kuzvitonga Kwawo Pachako

Kupfuura kududzwa nakurehwa kwamasimba, hurumende yehurumende inewo masimba anozivikanwa kuti .]

Mienzaniso mikuru yemasimba omuzvarirwo inobatanidza:

  • Kudzora kutora nokubereka (pano Chikamu I chinoronga kuva wezvakasikwa pakati pamasimba anoverengwa, simba rakaberekerwamo rokubvisa kana kuti kubvuma zvisati zviri zvizvarwa ikodzero yakakwirira zvikuru
  • Kudzivirira rudzi pa tyisidziro dzokunze]
  • Kuitisa nhau dzokunze[(kubatanidza kuziva hurumende dzokumwe, kuwiriranisa zvibvumirano (netendero yeDare), uye kutanga mabasa okunyoresa
  • Kuwana ndima (sokupfurikidza neLouisiana Purchase, iyo yakanga isina kubvumirwa zvakajeka asi yakaruramiswa sokushandiswa kwokuita bvumirano nesimba roumambo rokuberekwa naro)

Masimba okuberekwa nawo anowanzova pakati peane nharo zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti haana kudzikamiswa mumagwaro.

Chiremera Chinogoveranwa: Simba Riripo

Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichishandisa chiremera chinokosha, haishandisi simba muchinhu chisina chinhu. Gadziriro ye ye [FLT] centaral [ simba rinokamura pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. masimba azvino uno ndiwo anogoveranwa nemitezo yose iri miviri yehurumende. Zviremera zvose zvehurumende nehurumende zvinogona kushanda panhau idzi, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende uri mukurusasaidzo pasi peSupremacy Clausle (Actle VI) apo rwisano dzinomuka.

Masimba anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza:

  • [ [bhose vari vaviri hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende vanogona kuisa mitero, kunyange zvazvo hurumende yehurumende ichidikanirwa mubumbiro remitemo kugovana mitero yakananga pakati pehurumende nechiverengero chavagari vemo (mitero inoripirwa yakaitwa pamutemo neMendedzero ye 16)
  • Kuvaka migwagwa negadziriro (-8] mari yehurumende yehurumende iri pakati pemigwagwa mikuru yenyika namabhiriji, nepo nyika dzichichengeta migwagwa yomunzvimbomo nemigwagwa mizhinji mukati memiganhu yayo
  • Kuzivisa matare akaderera -- gadziriro yedare remubatanidzwa inobatanidza matare oruwa nematare edunhu okukwirira, nepo hurumende imwe neimwe ine gadziriro yayo imene yedare
  • Mitemo yokudzosa [ [bhosey masangano ehurumende (se FBI neDEA) uye hurumende nemapurisa omunzvimbomo anodzikamisa mitemo, pane dzimwe nguva nemitemo inodzorwa
  • Mabhangi namasangano ]
  • Mari yokuchekera [ [zvose zviri zviviri Treasurence yeU.S. nehurumende dzehurumende dzinoronga chikwereti
  • Mvura negarikano (8] nepo hurumende yehurumende inotungamirira Medicare neSocial Security, nyika dzinoshandisa Medicaid (nemari yomubatanidzwa) uye dzine purogiramu dzadzo dzoutano dzavanhu vose

Ichi chiremera chakagoveranwa chinobvumira dzikamo: hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inogona kugadza mipimo yenyika ndokugovera mari, nepo masangano anogona kuwirirana nemipimo yomunzvimbomo. Kuparadzaniswa kwesimba idziviriro huru mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri uye inovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba inogamuchira vagari vemo pamwero inoverengeka.

Ganhuriro Pasimba Rehurumende

Kudzivirira rusununguko ndokudzivisa kunyengera, Bumbiro reMitemo neBhishopu Rekodzero rinoisa muganhu une revo [ pasimba rehurumende. Iyi miganhu inokosha zvakafanana nokupiwa kwechiremera imene.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo, kwakasimbiswa muna 1791, kwakajeka kunorambidza chiito chehurumende. First Amendment inorambidza kuti mitemo iite kuti rusununguko rwokuvhara rwokutaura, rwokubudisa, rwechitendero, rwechirongwa, kana kuti rwokukumbira. Gamende yeChina inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Findment inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira uye inorambidza kuzvirambidza. Relethmeterment inorambidza utsinye nechirango. Idzi kodzero dzinoshanda zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende (Republic of Leadernementation of requence; gare gare gare gare pedzi Pendement yakadzivirira Hurumende dzakawanda kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza).

Kuparadzana Kwesimba uye Kuchinja uye Kudzikamisa

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa hurumende yehurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu((Chornative), mukuru mukuru (Purent), uye (matare) anotonga (matare) (akasiyana - siyana) (apo imwe neimwe ine masimba uye mano okunzvera vamwe. Congress inoita mitemo, asi Purezidhendi anogona kuvaisa; Purezidhendi anogona kugadza vatongi navakuru vakuru, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa; matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kudzorwa kupfurikidza nehwirudzurudzuro yedare (yakagadzwa mu Marybrief v. Madison[FL:1], 1803). Iyi gadziriro inodzivisa upi noupi wemapazuro.

Kushandira Pamwe Nouchangamire Hwehurumende

Hurumende ye10 yeFimendime inoramba ichienda kunyika (kana kuti kuvanhu) masimba ose asingagoverwi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika. Iyi nheyo youchangamire inoreva kuti nhau dzakawanda dzakadai sedzidzo, roorano, uye mapurisa omunzvimbomo (anoramba zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kumanikidza miraudzo yehurumende (se zvainzi Dare Rapamusorosoro mu [[FLT:]]. United States [FLT] v], 1997.

Kusarudza Kwakananga

Chikamu I, Chikamu 9 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoronga ganhuriro dzakananga pasimba rehurumende: hapana kubviswa kwehabeas corpus (kunze muzvinoitika zvokupandukira kana kuti kuvhozhokera), hakuna mapepa emitemo yapashure, hakuna mutero pazvinotumirwa kunze kwenyika ipi neipi, hapana chinodikanwa kuzviteshi zvengarava zvehurumende imwe kupfuura zveimwe, uye hakuna mari inotorwa kuverendwa muHofisi yemari pasina kunyoreswa kwapamutemo. Izvozvi zvinorambidza zvinoratidzira kusavimba kweMuvambi wechiremera chisingadzorwi.

Basa Rehurumende Yenyika Yose Muupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Kunzwisisa mabasa aya kunobatsira vagari vemunyika kunzwisisa kuti hurumende iri kure sei uye kuti inoita kuti vanhu vekuAmerica vazvidavirire.

Dzidzo

Hurumende yehurumende haitarisiri zvikoro (izvo zviri zvikoro zvehurumende nemubato womunzvimbomo) asi zvinogovera mari yakatanhamara ndokuisa nzvimbo yokutanga yorudzi. Kupa Nhungamiro yeDzidzo inotungamirira mapurogiramu akadai seTitle I anopa zvikoro zvemari yakaderera uye Ambuyamuro yeDzidzidzo dzavose, iyo inovimbisa dzidzo yapachena yapachena yapachena nokuda kwavadzidzi vane urema. Federal Purency aid programs , kubatanidza Pell Grants nechikwereti chavadzidzi, betsera mamiriyoni kubhadhara nokuda kwekoreji. Mukuwedzera, hurumende inogadza mipimo kupfurikidza neAGungano iri yose yeFiligi yoUPress Revectory Act (ESA).

Kurapwa

Kupfurikidza na Medicare (yavakura navaremara vakati) uye Madhicaid (nokuda vanhu vanotambira mari shoma, vanotsigirwa pamwe chete nehurumende), hurumende inopa mutengo weutano kumamiriyoni evaAmerica. [[FLT:][FLT]]] Act kusvika kuinishuwa chakavanzika kuIndasiti kupfurikidza nemisika, uye dziviriro dzinotangwa nokuda kwemigariro inotangira. Masangano ehurumende anogoveranwa akafanana ne [FLT] , , , , , , , anotoita kuti adzorerwe mamiriro okurapa.[FLT]

Zvekufambisa Nezvirongwa

Hurumende yehurumende inoisa mari yakawanda mugadziriro yezvokufambisa yenyika. Fateral Highway Administration inotarisira Interstate Highway System, nepo Féteral Transtit Administration[[[FLT]]] inogovera mari nokuda kwemabhazi nenjanji. [FLT:] FULD]F]FRAL Administration Avication [ inodzora kuchengeteka kwendege, uye [FLT:] National Highgatection Ad Tracrate Administration Administration[FGUR] . Hurumende yeMitemove inodzora nokudzo inodzorwa kwezvirongwa zvebhizimisi.

Mhoteredzo Nesimba

[[FLT:] Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) inosimbisa mitemo inoganhura mhepo nemhepo inoshatiswa, inodzora tsvina ine ngozi, uye inodzora makemikari. Hurumende yeNational neAtmospheric Administration (NOA)[FLT]] inoona mamiriro okunze nemamiriro okunze, nepo mari yokunzvera simba rinomutsidzira uye inodzora zvombo zvenyukireya. Mitemo yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo inotapura chinhu chose kubva mumafuta emotokari kusvikira kumvura.

Kuchengeteka Kwemari

Programu dzakafanana ne Sacurial Security (kuzvidzora, urema, uye betsero dzavapukunyuki) uye STP] Suption Interition Information Program (SNAP) inogovera chengeteko yemari nezvokudya zvinovaka muviri. [[[FLT:]] Faceral Reserve system System[ inoisa mutezo wemari kudzora kukwira nokusimudzira basa guru.

mhedziso

Masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende ari ose ari maviri makuru uye anomanikidzirwa. Masimba akaganhurirwa, anorehwa, uye anogarwa nhaka anopa Washington chiremera chokuita pamusoro penhau dzoukoshi hworudzi () kubva pakuumba mari nokuzivisa hondo kutungamirira zvitima nokugovera utano. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Bill of Rights, kuparadzana kwamasimba, unani, uye kurambidza kwakananga kwemitemo kunovimbisa kuti simba iri harivi rakakwana. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa izvo hurumende yehurumende inogona kuita uye isingagoni kuita, vagari vemo vanogona kupinda zviri nani mumiitiro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegambiri, vatsigiriki nokuda kwefariro dzavo, uye vanotungamirira ndudzi dzavo kuzvidavirira. Sezvinoitawo kududzirwa nokushandiswa kwamasimba aya, uye kunoitwa nenheyo yavo kunoramba kuri U.S.

nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera [ U.S. chinyorwa cheBumbiro reMitemo chakanyorwa [, kunzvera [ .[FLT]STION 101 zviwanikwa zvinobva kumatare ehurumende[, kana kuti hwirudzura [ magwaro okuvamba paNational Archives].[FLT]]