Sumo kuUnited States Constitution inopfuura zvikuru kuzarurwa kwemhemberero. Iko kubatanidzwa kwedonzo, ziviso yedonzo rakabatana, uye mavambo ouzivi pakavakirwa America udzori. Nhanho dzayo nhanhatu dzakarongwa. Nhungamiro dzacho dzinorongwa nenhevedzano, ruramisiro, nyaradzo, dziviriro, garikano, uye rusununguko (hwunotarisirwa kuita kwete bedzi izvo hurumende inofanira kuita asiwo izvo vanhu vanofanira kutsigira. Kunzwisisa Pregation kunokosha kunzwisiswa kwoukama hwekodzero dzehurumende nemabasa.

Sumo Sechikamu Chemanyoro Choupenyu Hwomupikirwa

Yakasimbiswa muna 1787 uye yakashanda muna 1789, Bumbiro reMitemo rakatsiva Zvikamu zvisina simba zvikuru zveConfederation. VaFramers vakanzwisisa kuti ndazawo zvayo yamasimba ehurumende haisati yaizonyandura chinzwano kana kuti chivimbo. Vaida kutaura kwemipimo inogoverwa. Pregeget, yakanyorwa naGouverneur Morris, inovamba nechikamu chine simba " Iwe Vanhu chitsama chirevo chakataura noune kuti chiremera chehurumende itsva chakabva kuvagari vemo, kwete kumitezo kana kuti mirongi.

Kupfurikidza nokuisa vanhu panzvimbo yapakati, Preget inotanga chibvumirano chenzanga: vagari vemo vanopa chiremera kuhurumende, uye mukudzorera, hurumende inosungirwa kuronda zvakanaka zvavose. iyi chibvumirano chinovakirwa maruramiro ari ose anodudzwa muBill of Rights uye basa riri rose rakarongwa munyaya dzapashure dzeBumbiro remitemo. Pregedge haisati ichipa maruramiro, asi inogovera gadziriro yetsika yokududzira nokushandisa maruramiro iwayo.

Vavambi: Isu Vanhu saChangamire

Chitsama chamashoko chokuzarura chakasarudzwa nokungwarira. PaConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo, chinyorwa chapakuvamba chakavamba namazita ehurumende. Shanduro yokupedzisira, " Isu vanhu veUnited States," takaratidzira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakanga riri mubatanidzwa worudzi rwose, kwete chibvumirano pakati pehurumende dzinotonga. Ikoku kwakanga kune revo huru nokuda kwougari hwemo: vanhu vakanga vari vadzorwi vehurumende imwe yorudzi, uye ruvimbiko rwavo rwakanga rwuri kuUnion imene.

James Madison, achinyora mu [[Federa:0] Murongi Nha. 46, akacherekedza kuti hurumende yehurumende yaizoshanda zvakananga kuvagari vemo, kwete kupfurikidza nehurumende. Gadziriro nokudaro inofananidzira hurumende inosvika vanhu vamwe navamwe (* asi iyo inodawo kutora rutivi kwavo rwokushingaira kuti vashande. Uyu ndiwo mutoro wokutanga wehurumende: kuziva kuti uchangamire hunogara muvanhu, uye hurumende iyoyo inofanira kuzvidavirira.

Zvinangwa Zvitanhatu: Kodzero Dzisina Kugadzikana Nemabasa Adzo

Chimwe nechimwe chezvinangwa zvitanhatu zvakarongwa muGadziro yacho chinoparira basa rinowirirana nokuda kwavagari vemo.

Goal Government Obligation Citizen Responsibility
Form a more perfect union Strengthen national cohesion, resolve conflicts peacefully Participate in civic dialogue, respect diverse perspectives, reject factionalism
Establish justice Enforce laws fairly, maintain independent courts Obey laws, serve on juries, support equitable legal reform
Insure domestic tranquility Prevent internal disorder, maintain peace in communities Follow civil norms, report crime, resolve disputes without violence
Provide for the common defense Maintain armed forces, protect borders Pay taxes for defense, consider military or civilian service, support veterans
Promote the general welfare Create conditions for economic and social well-being Pay taxes, contribute to community, advocate for public goods
Secure the blessings of liberty Protect constitutional freedoms against infringement Exercise rights responsibly, defend the rights of others, oppose tyranny

Kubatana uku ndiko kunonyanya kuratidza kuti vanhu vokuAmerica ndeverudzi rwavo. Kodzero hadzipiwi nehurumende; dzinowanikwa nokuda kwevanhu kuita mabasa.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kuchinja Kwemaumbo Echisoko Nemabasa Ekodzero Dzevanhu

Sumo yadudzwa mumhaka dzenhau dzinooneka dzeDare Gurusa, kunyange zvazvo isingawanzova manyuko akananga ekodzero. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akacherekedza mu Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) kuti mhedziso dzeBumbiro reMitemo remitemo (sekusuma) dzinofanira kuzivisa Chitendero chinoreva chingashandisa. Iyi nheyo yemitemo (jererudzo inotangira inoratidzira ukuru hwesimba rinodudzwa nehurumende.)

Mumutauro wePregary weruramisiro norusununguko zvakakumbirwa navareveri vekodzero dzavagari vemo uye gare gare. Kuvimbisa kweKineth Amendment kwokudzivirira kwakaenzana kunogona kuonekwa sewedzero yekuzvipira kwePregail kururamisiro nokuda kwavose. Nenzira yakafanana, New Deal zera rakaona "garikano yenzanga" yaishandiswa kururamisa gadziriro dzekotsekano yenzanga, kubva kuSocial Security kusvikira kuMedicare.

Kubva Parugwaro Kuenda Pachiito: Kuchinja Kunoita Basa Rekutanga Mazuva Ano

Sumo haisati ichironga mabasa chaiwoiwo — ayo ari basa remirau nemutumbi mukuru weBumbiro reMitemo. Bva nheyo dzayo dzinotungamirira mufambiro wavagari vemo navakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, " ruramisiro yakaumbwa" inoreva musengwa wokudzivisa rusaruro uye kutsigira tsika yapamutemo inobata munhu ari wose zvakaenzana. " Kusimbisa chinzwano chemhuri" inokarakadza kuti vagari vemo vanofanira kurega zviito zvinonyandura mhirizhoshodzo uye vanofanira kushanda kuti vataure zvisakiso zvikuru zverwisano, zvakadai sourombo nekusaenzana.

Masangano azvino uno eruramisiro yedzinza, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye maruramiro okuvhota anowanzodudza Sumo senheyo yetsika. Apo vanorwira nzanga vanoraira kuti hurumende "iudze garikano yose zvayo," vari kukumbira chisakiso chefariro cheBumbiro remitemo. Pregeing inova chishandiso chokuita kuti hurumende izvidavirire kuchipikirwa chayo chakagadzwa.

Kuparara Kwekodzero Dzevanhu: Kukanganisa Kunoita Kutanga

Kunyange zvazvo Sumo isingapi maruramiro zvakajeka, inoparira maruramiro okuvaka umo maruramiro anogona kukura. Rusununguko rwokutanga rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro zvinowana maruramiro azvo muchiono chaPregary of the derdering of ages. Pasina kuzvipira kurusununguko, rusununguko irworwo harusati rungava nehwaro.

"Makomborero erusununguko" adudzirwa zvikuru. Dare Rapamusoro-soro, mu Kent v. Dulles (1958), rakadudza kutanga kutsigira kodzero dzokufamba kunze kwenyika sorutivi rworusununguko. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kusuma kwave kuchitaurwa munharo pamusoro pekodzero dzakavanzika, rusununguko rwemifungo, uye miganhu yehurumende. Kunzwisisa Pregtion kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva kuti kodzero dzavo hadzisi dzimwe chete asi rutivi rwekubatanidzwa kwenzangariro.

Kodzero Dzine Miganhu: Mutoro Wokurovedza Muviri

Sumo imwe cheteyo inochengetedza rusununguko inorevawo kuti rusununguko harugoni kuva rwakakwana. Mutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes akanyora zvakakurumbira kuti First Amendment haidziviriri munhu pakudanidzira zvenhema kuti "moto" muimba yemitambo ine vanhu vakawanda. Nharidzano yePregagery yorugare rwemhuri inoda kuti kodzero dzidzikamiswe pachengeteko yavose. Iyi irondedzero inokosha yehurumende yakaganhurirwa: hapana kodzero huru zvokuti kushandisa kwayo kunogona kuparadza migariro yenzanga yakasununguka.

Vagari vane mutoro wokushandisa maruramiro avo munzira dzisingaderedzi maruramiro avamwe kana kuti dzikamo yenzanga.Izvi zvinobatanidza kuramba kutaura kworuvengo kunonyandura masimba masimba, kupinda mukuramba kune rugare, uye kuremekedza mutemo kunyange apo mitemo isingafarirwi. Chiono chesumo che "mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru" idanidzo kuvagari vemo vanoshingaira / kwete kusiana.

Kutanga Kwedzidzo Yechipukanana uye Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Kutanga ndeimwe yamagwaro anodzokororwa kazhinji kazhinji zvikurusa muzvikoro zveAmerica.Inooneka mumitambo yomusikirwo, pamadziro edare, uye muhurukuro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Bva kushandiswa kwayo kunoshanda kazhinji kazhinji kunoramba kusinganzwisisiki. nzwisiso huru yenharidzano dzayo nhanhatu inogona kuchinja dzidzo yehurumende kubva mukudzokororwa nomusoro kuva nhungamiro yechiito chezuva nezuva.

Kudzidzisa Sumo Sechinyorwa Chipenyu

Vadzidzisi vari kushandisa zvikuru Sumo kudzidzisa kufunga kwokutsoropodza pamusoro pekodzero nemabasa. Somuenzaniso, vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera zvinoitika zvazvino uno kupfurikidza neresitiri yenharidzano imwe neimwe: Ko mutemo unokarakadzwa ungangova "ruramisiro" here? Kuramba ku "kuvimbisa rugare rwemhuri"? Muitiro wemitero unobatanidza sei garikano yose"? Mibvunzo yakadaro inobatanidza chinyorwa chokutanga kunharo dzapanguva ino.

Masangano akafanana ne National Archives inogovera zviwanikwa zvokunzvera mashoko enhau eGangeri. Nenzira yakafanana, Constitution Center yeNyika [ inopa zvishandiso zvinopfuudza izvo zvinobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti Pregegea inowirirana sei nenhau dzakati dzebumbiro remitemo. Zviwanikwa izvi zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kutama kupfuura kuva mugari wemo.

Miitiro Yechipuputiki Yakafuridzirwa Nemashoko Okutanga

  • Kuzvipira musarudzo iri yose, yomunzvimbomo neyomubatanidzwa. Chikumbiro chePreging ku "umba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru" chinoda vagari vemo kusarudza vatungamiriri vachafambisira mberi ruramisiro negarikanowo zvayo.
  • Gara uchiziva pamusoro penhau dzavose. Muvhoti anozivikanwa unokosha nokuda kwe "kubatanidza garikano yavose". Verenga manyuko akawanda enhau, kusimbisa maidi, uye kuita nemirangariro yakasiana.
  • Partipate mubasa renzanga. Zvingave nokuzvipira pabhangi rezvokudya, kushanda padare romunharaunda, kana kuti kuraidza pwere, zviito zvakadaro zvinoparira rugare rwomusha nezvakanakawo zvawo.
  • [[[FOLT:0] Teererai mutemo. Teerera mitemo, bhadhara mitero, uye kubatira padare remhosva parinodanwa. Izvozvi zvinotsigira ruramisiro" uye zvinangwa zvemhuri.
  • [ dzorai maruramiro avamwe. Taurai pachena pamusoro porusaruro nekusaruramisira. Zvikomborero zvorusununguko" zvinongochengeteka bedzi apo vagari vose vanofarikanya zvakaenzana.

Denho Nokutsoropodza Kupedzisa Kwesumo

Hapana gwaro rakakwana, uye Sumo yave iri yemabudiro. Mashoko " Isu vanhu pakuvamba takabvisa vakadzi, vaAfrica vakapinzwa muuranda, uye MaIndia okuAmerica, pakati pedzimwe. Kubvumirana kweBumbiro remitemo pamusoro pouranda kwakasiyana zvikuru nomutauro wakakwirira weruramisiro norusununguko. Uku kunyanduka kwakanyandura mazana amakore okurwisa kuziva mipimo yePregation nokuda kwevokuAmerica vose.

Bva donzo rePregary rinoibvumira kubatira segwaro benyu. Mitemo ye15, 19, uye Mitemo yechimakumi maviri nerechiRungu yakawedzera kupfuvura yaichimbobviswa. Chivil Rights Act ya1964 neVoting Rights Act ya1965 yakanga iri kuedza kuita kuti chipikirwa chePregagedge chive chaicho. Kurwira kodzero dzakaenzana pasi pomutemo kunopfuurira basa rokuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru.

Kuzivisa "Mugariro Wenyika Yose" Clause

Chitsama chamashoko " chinoreva garikano yose" chave chiri chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano pamusoro poukuru noukuru hwehurumende. Vamwe vanoramba kuchibvumidza nokuda kwechiito chikuru chemubatanidzwa, kubatanidza mapurogiramu enzanga. Vamwe vanoomerera kuti chinofanira kuraviwa zvishoma, chakaganhurirwa kumasimba anodudzwa. Iyi kurukurirano haisati iri bedzi dzidzo; inoumba muitiro pamusoro poutano, dzidzo, zvinhu, uye chinjo yemamiriro okunze.

Vagari vanonzwisisa mashoko okutanga vanogona kukurukura nyaya idzi zvinobudirira: purogiramu yakarongwa inonyatsotsigira kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vose here, kana kuti inobatsira boka rakati pane vamwe?

Kubatanidza Sumo Yeboka Recovic Razvino Uno

Somuenzaniso, sangano reruramisiro remamiriro okunze rinoti kuchengetedza mhoteredzo kunokosha kuti pave negarikano uye kuti zvizvarwa zvichange zvawana zvikomborero.

Nenzira yakafanana, vatsigiri veruramisiro yokuchinja ruramisiro vanosimbisa kusaenzana kwegadziriro mugadziriro mumapurisa, mutongeso, uye muusungwa izvo zvinosekesa chiono chePregary. nhamburiko dzavo dzinotsvaka kururamisa kundikano dzenhau dzakasiya nzanga dzakawanda dzisina kuiswa mu “kubetsera rusununguko. ”

Masangano ekodzero dzevoter, akadai se Brennan Center for Justice, dudza kutanga kutaura kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inofanira kubvisa mhinganidzo kubhokisi rebhora. Chiito chokuvhota ndicho zadziko yebasa rokutora mubato wokuzvitonga.

Pesvedzero Yamarudzi Ose Yemavambo

Mamiriro ezvinhu aDzororo - ranga (kutaurwa kwemadonzo ateverwa nendaza yenharidzano) yakapesvedzera mamwe mabumbiro emitemo akawanda. Marudzi kubva India kusvikira kuGermany akagamuchira mavambo anoratidzira mipimo inogoverana nezvishuvo zvavanhu vavo. Uku kudzokororwa kwenyika yose kunosimbisa simba rinogara kwenguva refu romutauro nemirangariro zvePregary.

Vagari vomuUnited States vanogona kudada nenhaka iyi, asi vanozivawo kuti kusuma hakusi chinhu chakavanzika.

Matanho Anoshanda: Kutsiva Sumo Youpenyu Hwechibage

Kubatanidza zvinangwa zvomusoro muupenyu hwezuva nezuva hakudi mwero womutemo.

  • Rava Sugudu nguva dzose. Kuidudza pamisangano yenzanga, kuungana kwechikoro, kana kuti kunyange zvokudya zvemhuri zvinogona kusimbisa mipimo yayo.
  • Shandisa sumo segadziriro yokuita chisarudzo. Pakuyera mutengi kana kuti muitiro, bvunza: Ikoku kunosimudzira ruramisiro here? Kunowedzera rugare rwemhuri here? Kunochengetedza rusununguko nokuda kwavose here?
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutanga muhurukuro yavagari vemo. Kukumbira kwesumo kuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru kunoreva kuti kusabvumirana kunogona kuva kunobudirira. Teerera mirangariro inoshora, itirana nharo noruremekedzo, uye tsvaka mativi anowirirana.
  • Dzidzo yehurumende. Zvipindurira kudzidzisa mavambo muzvikoro, maraibhurari, kana kuti nzvimbo dzenzanga. Masangano akafanana ne Nhevedzo yeCCOP formation inopa purogiramu dzinoita kuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzive dzinosvika kumazera ose.
  • Vambai kuzvidavirira. Kushambadza hakusi kwavagari vemo chete. Vakuru vakuru navashandi voruzhinji vanosungwawo nevavariro dzakwo. Nyorera vamiririri, pinda dare, uye shandisa midziyo yapamutemo yakafanana neRusununguko rweRutiviso kuti vave nechokwadi chezviito zvehurumende mutsinhirano nezvipikirwa zvePregegeing.

Kupedzisa: Sumo Sedanidzo Inopfuurira Yechiito

Kutanga hakusati kuri mashoko omuzasi enhau, uye chipikirwa chipenyu chokuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuvandudza. nharidzano dzacho nhanhatu hadzingoerekani dzawanwa; dzinoda kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kuvagari vemo vose.

Apo vaAmerica vanonzwisisa Sumo sehwaro hwekodzero dzavo dzomunharaunda nemitoro, vanova vadzorwi vanopfuura vadzorwi vasingashandisi mutemo. Vanova vaiti vemubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru. Mashoko ePreggery ($]" Isu vanhu"[[FLT]]]] [_________] [hati ikokero; ikokero. Mutoro wokupindura kuti kokero iri kuna vagari vemo vose vanoda rusununguko neruramisiro nokuda kwavose.