Sumo kuUnited States Constitution inopfuura zvikuru mashoko okusuma kurugwaro rwapamutemo. Inomira sechiratidzo chehwaro chorudado noruzivo rworudzi, ziviso yakajeka asi huru yemipimo nekariro izvo zvinorondedzera kuedza kweAmerica mukuzvitonga. Kwamazana maviri amakore, mashoko azvo ave achidzokororwa navana vechikoro, achikumbirwa navatungamiriri, uye anodudzwa mumirangariro yedare, achibatira sechiratidzo cheinoreva kuva muAmerica. Simba rawo harisi mumutemo unomanikidzirwa asi muchiratidzo charo chounyanzvi hunowirirana.

Mavambo Enhau Emavambo

Sumo yakaitwa mukati meConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo ra1787, nguva yekurukurirano huru pamusoro poruvako nedonzo rehurumende itsva yehurumende. Rongedzero yapakuvamba, yakapiwa neDare reTrack raitungamirirwa naGouverneur Morris, yakanga iri chidimbu chemibato yezvamatongerwe enyika yakakurumbira. Morris akabvisa zvishuvo zveboka ravagadziri muchinhu chimwe, mutongo wakadzivisa mutauro wakaoma unozivikanwa navose kuzvinyorwa zvapamutemo. Pregation yakanga isina kuitirwa kupa masimba ne “‘avo vanodudzwa munyaya dzinotevera [[FLT] [FLT:] kuseri kwechibvumirano. Yakapindura mubvunzo uyo wakanga wave uchinetsa rudzi rutsva chifo chekuchinja? Chikonzero chesimba chikuru?

Chitsama chamashoko " Isu vanhu" timene takava chisarudzo chechinjo. Madract apakuvamba akanga aronga nyika imwe neimwe nezita, achiratidzira kuvambwa kweboka rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokutsiva "Isu vanhu," Morris akabvisa manyuko omutemo kubva kunyika dzimene. Iyi mitauro yakasimbisa nheyo yedemocracy kuti chiremera chehurumende chinoyerera kubva kubvumirano yavadzorwi. Kupfuura izvozvo, chakaparira pfungwa yapakarepo yokuzivikanwa neboka, kubatanidza vagari vemo ve 13 000 muchinhu chimwe. Raibhurari yeCongress inopa nzvimbo hurusa yenhau [FLK:] panhau inowirirana nePrevom]

"Isu Vanhu" – Core of Democratic vimbing

Mashoko matatu okutanga ePregagery sezvinobvira ndiwo akakurumbira zvikurusa munhau yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Vanoti Bumbiro remitemo (* uye hurumende yarinogadzira) ndezvaro uye zvinowana chiremera chazvo kubva kuvagari vemo, kwete mambo, kwete boka rakaropafadzwa, uye kwete muunganidzwa wehurumende. Iyi nheyo yakanga iri yakatanhamara muna 1787 uye inoramba ichikosha zvikuru nhasi. Kutaura kwokuti "Isu Vanhu" takaturikwa uye kwakatsaurwazve munguva, kuchikura kubva kuganhuriro yakwo yapakuvamba kuvaridziri vezvinhu vechirume kubatanidza vaAmerica vose pasinei zvapo nedzinza, vatano, kana kuti chivhoti. Kurwisa kuziva kuti muchiono chinooneka chakadzokorokorodza zvikuru nhasi.

Kunyora kwesumo kunosimbisawo kuti rudzi ichisiko chamaune. Vanhu havasati vari vadzorwiwo zvavo vehurumende; ivo vanyori vayo. Iyi pfungwa inosimbisa pfungwa yokuva muridzi nomutoro pakati pavagari vemo. Apo vanhu vanodzokorora Pregagery, havasi kungonokora mashoko rugwaro chete. Vari kusimbisazve basa ravo mubasa rinopfuurira mugadziriro yehurumende. National Constitution Center inopa kuputsika kwechikamu chetsinga yenhau dzakaita kuti dzive.

Zvinangwa Zvitanhatu Zvebumbiro Romutemo

Pashure pokunge mashoko okutanga ataurwa, mashoko okutanga anotaura zvinangwa zvitanhatu zvakasiyana - siyana zvakagadzirirwa Bumbiro Remitemo kuti rizadzise.

Vambai Zvakanaka Zvikuru

Nharidzano yokutanga yakakurukura utera hwapakarepo hweNhevedzano dzeConfederation, idzo dzakanga dzaparira kubatanidzwa kwehurumende dzinokombamira kurwisano yomukati uye dzisingakwanisi kuita seboka. "Chikurusa chitsama chamashoko" chinoreva; vagadziri havasati vataura kuti Bumbiro remitemo raizoparira mubatanidzwa usina mhaka, asi kuti kwaizovandudzika pagadziriro yakashata yakatangira. Chitsama ichi chinosimbisa pfungwa yokuti rudzi ibasa riri kufambira mberi, nguva dzose rinoedza kuwirirana kuri nani nokubatira pamwe.

Tanga Ruramisiro

Kukumbirwa ku "Ruramisiro" kwakaratidzira kusagutsikana kukuru nenhau dzemitemo pasi peZvikamu. Vatongi vaida mutongi anokwanisa kupedza gakava pakati pehurumende nokuvimbisa kushandiswa kwakafanana kwomutemo. Iyi vavariro inewo ukoshi hwetsika: ruramisiro haisati iri bedzi pamusoro pematare, asi pamusoro peruramisiro, chiyero, uye mutemo. Simbiso yeruramisiro yakaitwa nevanosimudzira kodzero dzavagari vemo, kubva kuvarwisi kusvikira kusangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Kunetsa Mudzimba

Shays's Regation ya1786-87 yakanga iri chisakiso chine simba nokuda kweConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo. Kusakwanisa kwehurumende kugumisa kumukira kwakaratidzira utera hweMienzaniso. "Revisai zororo remhuri" zvinoreva kuchengeta rugare nenhevedzano mukati memiganhu yenyika. Nepo ichi chikamu chinowanzobatanidzwa nesimba rehurumende kudzvinyirira kumukira, chinorevawo mutoro kuparira migariro umo vagari vemo vanogona kurarama vasingatyi mhirizhonga kana kuti masimba masimba.

Govera Kuzvidzwa Kunoitwa Vose

Ruchengeteko rwenyika yakanga iri imwe itiro hanya huru. Rudzi rutsva rwakatarisana netyisidziro dzinobva kumasimba eEurope, marudzi eAborigine America, uye kusagadzikana kwomukati. "Chibvumikiso nokuda kwedziviriro yavose" (kushandisa chinyoreso chekare cheBritain "kudzoreka) chinobvumira hurumende yehurumende kuchengeta mauto akashongedzerwa uye kuita matanho kudzivirira nyika. Chitsama ichi chakataurwa mukurukurirano pamusoro pendyiko dzehondo, mibatanidzwa yehondo, uye ukurukudzo yemasimba ehondo ehurumende.

Kusimudzira Kubudirira Kworuzhinji

Chitsama chamashoko "Kuzivisa Nhamba inowirirana" chave chiri chimwe chetsananguro inokakavadza zvikurusa mubumbiro remitemo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti chinopa simba rakafara kuti hurumende iite miitiro inobetsera vanhu, kubva kugadziriro dzemipimo kusvikira kugadziriro dzenzanga kugadziriro dzenzanga. Vamwe, zvikurukuru vavaki vane rumano, vanoidudzira sechinoganhuriro pakubhadharwa nokushandiswa. Pasinei zvapo nekurukurirano yapamutemo, kutaura kwacho kunotora chinzvimbo chenzanga cheBumbiro remitemo: hurumende haisati iriwo mushandisi anoshanda asi mushandisi anoshingaira kuvandudza upenyu hwavanhu vayo.

Chengetedza Zvikomborero Zvorusununguko Kwatiri Nekusvika Patakanga Tava Kusvika

Nharidzano yokupedzisira inotarisa zvose zviri zviviri shure uye mberi. "Dzivisai zvikomborero zveNdekudzo" inobvuma kuti rusununguko rwakakurirwa muChinjo runofanira kudzivirirwa ndokupfuudzwa kuzvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi ("Foresti Yedu"). Ichi chitsama chamashoko chinooneka chinoisa musengwa pachizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kuchengetedza rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwaavo vasati vaberekwa. Iro rinozivawo chose chose kuti rusununguko haruna kusimba uye runoda dziviriro inoshingaira.

Sumo Sochiratidzo Chinobatanidza Munguva Dzenjodzi

Munhau yose yeAmerica, kusuma kwave kuri nguva yokukurudzira munguva dzenhamo yenyika. Mukati meHondo yevagari vemo, Purezidhendi Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address yakadzokorora misoro yePregary yemubatanidzwa, rusununguko, uye kuzvitsaurira kumashoko. Mashoko okuti "Isu vanhu" takava nekurumidziro itsva sezvo rudzi rwakarwa kuti rusarudze kana vanhu vakazvitsaurira kurusununguko vaigona kutsungirira kwenguva refu. Muzana ramakore rechi20, sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rakakumbira kutanga kuraira kuti zvipikirwa zveruramisiro negarikamitewo-mo vagari vemo vose. Dr. Martin Luther Jr. kazhinji kazhinji kacho anonongedzera kurugwaro rwokuvamba, kudana rudzi kuti rurarame mukuwirirana nerevorevo yechokwadi.

Pashure pokurwisa kwaSeptember 11, 2001, mashoko okutanga akatorwa mashoko akawanda mukero dzavose nemitambo kuti vasimbise kubatana kwenyika yose uye kugadziridza. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende nevagari vemo vakatendeukira kumutauro wavo kuti vataure chisarudzo chavo cheboka kuti vachengetedze rusununguko nokudzivirira rudzi. Izvi zvinoramba zvichiitika zvinoratidza kuti basa rePregation serugwaro rwenyika rwune mashoko anobatanidza vanhu vokuAmerica kuti vabatanidze nyika yose mune mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.

Sumo Mudzidzo Nemiitiro Yemiitiro Yetsika

Sumo idzidziso huru yedzidzo yehurumende yeAmerica. Kuvambira mumagiredhi apakuvamba zvikurusa, vadzidzi vanodzidziswa kuibata nomusoro nokuidzokorora, kazhinji kazhinji pamwe chete neShinganiso yeMitemo. Iyi tsika inoroverera zvose zviri zviviri zivo yenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo uye pfungwa yokuva munzanga yenyika. Zvinangwa zvitanhatu zvinogovera gadziriro yakapfava asi ine simba yokukurukura madonzo ehurumende. Vadzidzisi vanoshandisa Sumo kutanga kurukurirano pamusoro pezvinoitika zvazvino uno, vachibvunza vadzidzi kuti mitemo yazvino uno inowirirana sei kana kuti inokundikana sei nezvishuvo zvavagadziri vemiitiro.

Kupfuura kirasi, Sumo inooneka mumhemberero dzapamutemo, mhiko dzechisiko, uye zvinyorwa zvehurumende. Vagari vatsva vanopika ruvimbiko kunheyo dzeBumbiro remitemo, uye mitambo yakawanda yokuberekwa nayo inobatanidza kuverengwa kwePregnational. Inodzokororwawo pakutsaurirwa kwapurezidhendi, kero-state, uye zvinoitika zvourudzi. Uku kuita kwavose kunodzokororwa kunosimbisa nzvimbo yavo sechiratidzo chezivikanwo yorudzi. United States Citizenship neImmigration Services zvinogovera zvinhu zvokupindutsira izvo zvinobatanidza Preggeries yavagari vatsva].

Mugariro Wapamutemo: Haisi Yakarurama Asi Inokurudzira

Mumutemo, Presage inova nenzvimbo yechienzi. Dare guru rakaramba richidavira kuti Sunday pachayo haisati ichipa masimba api naapi kana kuti maruramiro. Kunorangarirwa kuva kusingaruramisirwi(kureva kuti hakuna chisakiso chechiito chinogona kusimudzirwa pamutauro wacho bedzi. Munhau yechiratidzo [[FLT: 0]] Marbury v. Madison[[FLT] [1] [1803] [1]), Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akacherekedza kuti Pregator aisagona kushandiswa kukudza revo yeBumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvapa gare gare gare gare, [[FLT:] Jacobson v. Massachusetts[FFFF:] [FFG] [3] [0], akasimbisazve kuti kutaura kwedonzo rePreglysourceswo hakudzoromes.

Kunyange zvakadaro, Sudugary yakashandiswa navatongi namapikiriti sechishandiso chedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Inobetsera kuvhenekera mudzimu nevavariro iri seri kwemashoko akati. MuUnited States v. Curtiss-Wright Rhweba ngaphandle Corp.[FL:1] [193] (6), Mutongi George Sutherland akadudza pesvedzero inowirirana nenhau dzapurezidhendi kuti atsigire zvikuru simba redzimwe nyika, achipikisa kuti uchangamire (* uye mano okuitisa ukama hwenze) ku "Isu Vanhu." Nepo kushandiswa kwakadaro kuchiitira nharo pakati penyanzvi dzepamutemo, vanoratidzira pesvedzero yePregatoria inoenderera mberi kunyange mudare.

Kufuridzirwa uye Kufurirwa Nenyika Yose

Muuyo wesumo unotambanuka kure kupfuura miganhu yeAmerica. Nyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru idzo dzinobuda muutongi hwehurumende dzinotonga kana kuti dzinodzora, dzakakwereta mutauro wadzo nechirongwa. Mabumbiro emitemo eIndia, Ireland, neSouth Africa ose ane mashoko okusuma anodzokorora kuti "Isu Vanhu" uye nharidzano dzakafanana dzeruramisiro, rusununguko, uye garikano. Universal Declaration of Human Rights inovamba nokutaura kuti "Apos rekuzivikanwa kwechiremera chomuzvarirwo..." asi kupfupikisa kwayo madonzo kunoratidzira chirongwa chakafanana.

Sumo yakanyandurawo masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose. Munguva dzechinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika, vashingairi vakakwevera pamutauro wavo kuti varayire hurumende kuti dzizvidavirire kuvanhu. Chitsama chemashoko chokuti "Isu Vanhu" takaoneka pazviratidzo zvokuramba, muhurukuro, uye kunyange pazvinyorwa zvehurumende zveChibatanwa chaMarudzi. Iyi resonation inopupurira kufadza kwesero yemipimo yakajekeswa muna 1787. Chitangidzo hachisi chiratidzo bedzi cheAmerica chenyika inosarudzwa nedemocracy (hw) ichiratidzo chediocracy (h) iri kwose kwose.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Pazvinangwa Zvemberi

Nepo Sumo yeSangano ichiri chiratidzo chine simba, mirangariro yaro yakakwirira inoedzwa nguva dzose nezvinoitika zvezvamatongerwe enyika nenzanga. Nhau dzakadai sekusaenzana kwemari, kusaruramisira kwedzinza, kurongeka kwetsika, uye tyisidziro kumasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinopanikira kuzvipira kworudzi ku "Chirongwa cheRuramisiro" uye "Kukwidziridza Hurumende." kurukurirano pamusoro pemiitiro yokubuda munyika dzinodenha chiono chizere che "Isu Vanhu". Kushatiswa pamusoro pomugariro wesimba rehurumende nerevo yorusununguko dzinopfuurira kuva nehasha.

Bva idi chairo rokuti idzi kurukurirano kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru dzinodzokera kumutauro wePregator ufakazi hwebasa radzo rinogara. Rinogovera mashoko anozivikanwa navose okukurukura chinangwa chorudzi. Apo vagari vemo vanopikisa kuti hurumende yakakundikana ku "tsigira zororo remhuri" kana kuti "kuchengeta zvikomborero zvorusununguko," vari kuita kuti rudzi ruzvidavirire zvipikirwa zvarwo zvokutanga. Naizvozvo rusabatira samanyuko orudado bedzi asi somupimo unoyerwa nefambiro mberi. Kunodenha vaAmerica kubvunza kuti: Tiri kurarama kusvikira kumitsetse iyoyo yechiratidzo here?

mhedziso

Sumo yeUnited States Constitution inoramba iri chiratidzo chipenyu chorudado rwenyika nechizivikanwo. Mashoko ayo akaiswa munguva yokusava nechokwadi uye kubvumirana nejekeso() anopfuurira kunzwika nemhaka yokuti anotaura kuzvishuvo zvisingachinjiki: mubatanidzwa, ruramisiro, rugare, chengeteko, garikano, uye rusununguko. Sechiratidzo, anobatanidza zvizvarwa zveAmerica mumhiko inowirirana neiyi mipimo. Sezvinorongedzero, anodana rudzi kuti ruvanduke nguva dzose. Murangariro hausi musara wekare asi chiedza chinotungamira nokuda kwenguva yemberi, chinoyeuchidza vose vanoirava kuti chiremera chehurumende chiri mumaoko avanhu, uye kuti chinangwa chehurumende iyoyo ndecho chokubatira vakanaka. Pakuyeuka, vaAmerica havayeukizve nhau inopfuudzirazve basa ravo.