Sumo: Vapoteri uye Vatsvaki veAsylum muIndia

India yave iri nzvimbo yavapoteri nevatsvaki vavapoteri vanotiza chitambudzo, rwisano, uye kusagadzikana munyika dziri pedyo nekure. Nyika yacho ine zviuru zvevapoteri vanomanikidzwa kubva kuTibet, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, uye nguva pfupi yapfuura, kubva munzvimbo dzakadai seIraq neSiriya. Maererano neUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), India inovakira mazana ezviuru zvevapoteri nevatsvaki venzvimbo yokuchengetera, kunyange zvazvo nhamba chaidzo dzakaoma kuziva kushayikwa kwegadziriro yokunyoresa yapamutemo yemapoka akawanda. Kunzwisisa kodzero dzepamutemo dzevanhu ava hakusi bedzi nhau yeitiro hanya yomutsa asi inotokosa kudzivirira kudzivirira, ruremekedzo, ruremekedzo, uye kukwanisa kupinda munzanga dzeIndia.

Kusiyana nenyika dzakawanda, India haina mutemo wevapoteri wakakwana. Panzvimbo pezvo, gadziriro yepamutemo inodzora vapoteri muIndia igadziriro dzakaganhurirwa dzebumbiro remitemo, mutemo wetsika wamarudzi ose, mitemo yetsika, uye zvirongwa zvokutarisira. Iyi gadziriro yakakamukana inoparira zvose zviri zviviri mikana nekusazivana nokuda kweavo vanotsvaka dziviriro. Nyaya inopa kupfupikiswa kwekodzero dzepamutemo dzevapoteri nevatsvaki venzvimbo yokuvanda muIndia, inoongorora zvinetso zvavanotarisana nazvo, uye inoramba ichiedza kusimbisa nzvimbo yavo.

Vapoteri Vanodzora Vari Munzvimbo Dzinoitirwa Zvepamutemo muIndia

Gadziriro huru yapamutemo yedziviriro yavapoteri munyika yose i Kokorodzano yeSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose ne 1967] Tract [. India haisi chiratidzo kuchimwe chinhu. Pasinei zvapo neiyi dziviriro, India yakanamatira mutsika huru ye inorevorat ment [[ — kurambidza kudzokera mupoteri kunharaunda uko vanotarisana netyisidziro yakakomba kuupenyu kana kuti rusununguko. Iyi nheyo inorangarirwa zvikuru sorutivi rwomutemo wamarudzi ose uye inobatira pazvibvumirano zvose, pasineiwiriranwa.

Nzira yeIndia inopesvedzerwa nemisengwa yayo yebumbiro remitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rinovimbisa maruramiro makuru ku “vanhu vose,” kwete bedzi vagari vemo. Zvikamu 14 (kurudyi kuuenzani), 21 (kurudyi kuupenyu nerusununguko rwomunhu), uye 22 (kudzivirirwa pakusungwa nokusungwa kwakazvidira) zvakadudzirwa neDare Rapamusoro kuti zvitambanudzire kuvapoteri navatsvaki venzvimbo yokuvanda. Somuenzaniso, mumhaka yemazarira [[FLT: 0] National Rights Human Commission v. State of Arunacal Pradesh[[FLT:] [196]), Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti maruramiro oupenyu pasi peChikamu 21 chavanhu vose, kubatanidza vapoteri.

Mukusavapo kwomutemo wakatsaurirwa, kutsunga kwevapoteri kunoitwa namasangano akasiyana - siyana emapoka akasiyana - siyana. UNHCR inoitisa vatsvaki veutizi veRSD vasiri vanobva kunyika dzinotarisirwa zvakananga nehurumende yeIndia (zvakadai seTibetan neSri Lankans). Ministry of Home Affairs inotarisira nhau dzevapoteri, uye Revorders Act, 1946, uye Regional of Porternern Act, 1939, zvinowanzoshandiswa kudzora kupinda, kugara, uye kufamba kwevokumwe vanhu vose vokumwe nyika, kubatanidza vapoteri, kubatanidza kugadzira mapepa epamutemo.

Marudzi Evapoteri Nokurapa Kwavo Kwakasiyana

Mugariro wapamutemo nowakakodzera wevapoteri unosiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pamavambo enyika yavo uye mamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika.

Vapoteri veTibet

VaTibetan vakasvika muIndia pashure porupanduko rwa1959 vari pakati penzanga dzakakurumbira zvikurusa dzevapoteri. Vanopiwa “Mapepa okunyoresa” nehurumende yeIndia uye vanobvumirwa kushanda, mabhizimisi avo, uye mabasa avose. Zvisinei, havapiwi kuva vagari vemo veIndia pasina donzo, uye mugariro wavo wapamutemo unoramba wakasimba, zvikurukuru pashure pe 2019 Citizenshipship Amendment Act (CA) inovabvisa pachena mumuitiro wokukurumidza wokuzvigadzira wemusikirwo wavatami vanobva kunyika dzakavakidzani.

Vapoteri veTamil vokuSri Lanka

VaTamil veSri Lankan vanotiza hondo yavagari vemo vave vachisvika chifo chama 1980. Vamwe vanogara mumisasa yehurumende inorungwa muTamil Nadu, umo vanogamuchira migove, tarisiro youtano, uye dzidzo. Vamwe vanogara kunze kwemisasa munharaunda dzomumaguta. Mamiriro avo anodzorwa nemirairo yehurumende uye haasati achitsigirwa nemitemo. Vazhinji vanongoshaiwa magwaro okuzivisa ayo anogonesa kufamba kwakasununguka kana kuti basa repamutemo.

Myanmar (Burmese) Vapoteri

Myanmar vapoteri, zvikurukuru vanobva munzanga dzaRohinga naChin, vanotarisana nedenho dzakakomba. Apo UNHCR inobata RSD yavo, hurumende yeIndia yakaita chimiro choutsinye kuRohinga, ichivaidza savatami vasiri vapamutemo uye vanoedza kudzingwa. Muna 2017, hurumende yakazivisa gadziriro yokudzinga Rohinga rose, ichimutsa denho dzapamutemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro harisati rapa chisarudzo chokupedzisira pamusoro pokudzingwa kwapamutemo kwevatapwa kwakadaro pasi penheyo yokusashanda kwehurumende.

Afghan, Somali, uye Vamwe Vapoteri

Vapoteri veAfghan — vose vari vaviri vaHindu/Sikh vashomanene navanotsvaka utiziro vaMuslim — vanonyoreswa zvikurukuru neUNHCR. Vanotarisana nezvinetso kuwana mavhiza enguva refu nezvibvumikiso zvebasa. Vapoteri vanobva kuSomalia, Iraq, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzerwisano vanotsamira nenzira yakafanana pazvinyorwa zveUNHCR, izvo kazhinji kazhinji zvisingacherekedzwi nezviremera zveIndia nokuda kwokuwana mabasa ehurumende.

Kodzero Dzevapoteri Nevatsvaki Vomutemo weIndia

Nepo dzisina kubatanidzwa kuva mutemo mumwe, maruramiro anoverengeka anowanika kuvatsvaki vepoteri navapoteri muIndia, anobva muvimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo nezvirevo zvokutonga.

Kururama Kukusatenderwa

Nheyo yokusatora mari ndiyo faundesheni yedziviriro. Matare eIndia akasimbisa asimbisazve kuti hurumende haigoni kudzorera munhu kunyika umo vanotarisana nengozi chaiyoiyo yechitambudzo, chitambudzo, kana kuti rufu. Mu Kyaram v. Union yeIndia (2088), Delhi High Court yakaramba iri mudzori wemhuri yeRohingya, ichidudza ngozi yokuparadza rudzi muMyanmar.

Kuwana Upenyu Nerusununguko (Gadziriro Yakanaka Ya21)

Vapoteri vane maruramiro oupenyu norusununguko rwomunhu oga. Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okurarama nechiremera, icho chinobatanidza kupiwa zvokudya, pokugara, uye kutarisirwa kwezvokurapa. Mu K.A. Mathaliagan v. The Superintendent, Central Jail, Tiruchirapli, dare raidavira kuti kunyange mutami asiri pamutemo haagoni kunyimwa maruramiro oupenyu.

Kodzero Yokuenzana (Article 14)

Zvisinei, maererano neizvi, kubatwa zvisina kufanira kunoitika, zvakadai sokubviswa kwaRohinga muzvirongwa zvoutano hwevanhu vose kana kuti kurambwa kwebasa kunobvumira vapoteri vomumaguta.

Kodzero Yokushanda

Vamwe vanofanira kuvimba norupo rwavashandirwi kana kuti kushanda munzvimbo isina kurongwa, kazhinji kazhinji pasina dziviriro yapamutemo.

Kuwana Dzidzo Nokutarisira Utano

Chikamu 21A (kurudyi rwedzidzo) chinoshanda kuvagari vemo bedzi. Zvisinei, vana vazhinji vapoteri vanopinda zvikoro zvehurumende kupfurikidza nenhungamiro. Utano hunowanika kuzvipatara zvavose, asi kushaikwa kwemagwaro okuzivisa kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira kuramba kurapwa. Vapoteri vane makadhi eUNHCR vangagamuchira tsigiro kubva kuNGOS, asi mabasa akagadzirirwa ehurumende haawirirani.

Kodzero Yokubetserwa Mumutemo

Vapoteri vane maruramiro okumirira pamutemo, zvikurukuru muusungwa kana kuti kudzingwa. Zviverengero zvinoverengeka, zvakadai se Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu weMubatanidzwa weTSpecial uye Amnesty International India[, zvinogovera yamuro yepamutemo. Zvisinei, kusvika kururamisiro kunoramba kuchiganhurirwa kumiganhuro yomutauro nokushaiwa kuziva.

Matambudziko Akasangana Navapoteri muIndia

Pasinei nokudzivirirwa kwebumbiro remitemo, vapoteri vokuIndia vanosangana nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvinokanganisa kuchengeteka kwavo uye kugadzikana kwavo.

Kushaikwa Kwechimiro Chepamutemo

Vapoteri vazhinjisa havana mugariro wapamutemo wapamutemo unogamuchirwa nehurumende yeIndia. Vanorarama pamvumo dzechinguvana, makadhi eUNHCR, kana kuti pasina mapepa. Ikoku kunoparira mugariro wokugara zvechigarire, umo chinjo ipi neipi mumutemo wehurumende inogona kutungamirira kukusungwa kwavazhinji kana kuti kudzingwa. Kushaikwa kwegadziriro yapamutemo inovaitawo vanyajambwa vokubatwa zvisina kufanira navashandirwi, varidzi vedzimba, uye kunyange kuchengetwa kwomutemo.

Kuzvipira uye Kushanda Kwazvo

Vatsvaki veAsylmum, zvikurukuru Rohingya naAfghans, vanowanzochengetwa mumajeri kana kuti nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa vatami vanopinda munyika. Hurumende yeIndia yakavaka misasa inoverengeka, yakaenzanisirwa panzvimbo dzokuchengetera vasungwa dzeAssam, sezvinofungidzirwa nokuda kwe “vokumwe vasingadiwi.” Migariro yemifungo yakaipa, uye vasungwa vazhinji havagoni kuwana zano rapamutemo kana kuti mashoko pamusoro pamaruramiro avo.

Kuwana Mukana Ushoma Wokunyora

Pasina zivikanwo yakafanira, vapoteri havagoni kuvhura maakaundi ebhangi, foni dzenhare, kana kuti nzvimbo yerendi. Mapepa eUNHCR-assis anogamuchirwa nguva dzose nezviremera zveIndia. Somuenzaniso, kadhi reAadhaar (idiometic medial) rakasungirwa kuufakazi hwevagari vemo kana kuti hugaro hwenguva refu, uhwo vapoteri vazhinjisa vanoshaiwa.

Rusarura uye Xenophobia

Vapoteri, zvikurukuru Rohingya, vanotarisana norusaruro rwakapararira nokutaura kworuvengo.vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika nezvinobudisa nhau kazhinji kazhinji vanovaratidzira setyisidziro kana kuti mutoro wokuvapo kwavanhu.

Matanho Akasiyana - siyana

Vakadzi nevasikana vapoteri vanosangana nengozi dzakakura dzechisimba chepabonde uye chevarume nevakadzi.Vaduku vane misoro yevakadzi, uye vapoteri vanosangana nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokanganisa utano hwavo, sezvo mutemo usingavadziviriri.

Nhamburiko Dzemarudzi Ose Dzokuvandudza Kodzero Dzevapoteri

Masangano anoverengeka ari kushanda kuzadza mukaha wedziviriro wakasiyiwa nokushayikwa kwomutemo worudzi.

INCR India inogovera kunyoresa, RSD, uye betsero kuvapoteri vanowira pasi pomurairo wayo. Inoshanda mumahofisi 11 muIndia yose uye inopa betsero yemari, tarisiro dzoutano, uye tsigiro yedzidzo. Zvisinei, simba rayo rakaganhurirwa, uye vapoteri vazhinji, zvikurukuru vanobva Sri Lanka, havafukidzwi neUNHCR.

Masangano asiri ehurumende akadai se BOSCO , Jehosuit Basanzi revapoteri (JRS), [[FLT]] .Refuge Rights India[, uye 'Actid [[[FLT]] Actived, rovedzo yemibato, uye nzanga. [[FGUT:] Mutemo weUT] wakaita zvisakiso zvapamhinji panhau dzevapoteri uye dzinodzo-pfunga.

Kwave kune danidzo dzinodzokororwa kubva munzanga yevagari vemo kuti India aite Act yevapoteri neAsylmu Act. Zvikwereti zvedraft, zvakadai se Mutemo wevapoteri weNhambo 2015 wakarongwa neMarayer’s Collegiate, zvakaiswa kuhurumende asi zvinoramba zviripo.

Zviitiko Zvenguva Yapfuura Nemaonero Enguva Yemberi

Kutemwa kwemitemo kwevapoteri muIndia kwave kuchifambira mberi zvikuru mumakore achangopfuura.

Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 2019 yakabvumira kukurumidza kugadziridzwa kwevatami vanobva kuPanistan, Afghanistan, neBangladesh, asi yakabvisa zvakajeka vaMuslim vose nevapoteri vose vakabva Myanmar, Sri Lanka, nedzimwe nyika. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti CAA inoputsa nheyo yokusasarura nokusarura pazvikonzero zvorudzidziso. Mutemo wakashorwa muDare rapamusorosoro, uye basa rayo rinoramba richipfuudzirwa.

Register of Citizens [NRC] muAssam, iyo ine chinangwa chokuzivisa vatami vasiri vapamutemo, yakaparira rutyo rwakapararira pakati pavapoteri, zvikurukuru vaMuslim navaHindu vanotaura chiBengali vanobva Bangladesh. Chikarakadzo chehurumende chokushandisa NRC munyika yose pamusoro pekubviswa nokuchengetwa kwevapoteri kunobvira.

Pamberi pedare, Dare Gurusa mu Mohammad Saleem v. Union yeIndia (2021) yaidavira kuti hurumende haigoni kubudisa munhu kunze kwokutevera muitiro wakafanira uye kuyera ngozi yechitambudzo. Zvisinei, dare harisati rapa chisarudzo chakakwana pamusoro pomutemo wemitemo yehurumende yokudzinga Rohingya.

Muna 2022, Ministry of Home Affairs yakazivisa Mureza weOperating Procedire (SOP) nokuda kwokubata nevokumwe vomunyika , kubatanidza vatsvaki utiziro. Nepo SOP ichivavarira kuronga miitiro inodzokororwa, yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokubvumira kuchengetwa kusingagumi uye kusagovera mubatanidzwa wapamutemo nokuda kwokutsunga mugariro wevapoteri.

Kutarira mberi, kudikanwa kwegadziriro yapamutemo yakazvitsaurira kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Kushayikwa kwomutemo wevapoteri kunosiya India senhano nemirairo yamarudzi ose uye kunoparira kusazviwanira mberi kwevose vari vaviri vapoteri nehurumende. Nyanzvi navatsigiri vakakarakadza kusvika kwakaenzana [ kwakadzikamiswa [[FLT] kunoremekedza kuchengeteka kweIndia apo kunotsigira kodzero dzavanhu. Masangano makuru omutemo womunguva yemberi anofanira kubatanidza: muitiro weRSD, mugariro wapamutemo wakasimba nokuda kwevapo kwavapo vapoteri, gadziriro yebasa inobvumira kubatira vanhu, uye dziviriro kumijeko.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzepamutemo dzevapoteri nevatsvaki venzvimbo yokupotera muIndia kunokosha kuti vave nechokwadi chokudzivirirwa kwavo nechiremera. Nepo India ine tsika yakasimba yebumbiro remitemo inopa vanhu vose kodzero dzinokosha, kushayikwa kwomutemo wemhuri kunoreva kusava nedziviriro. Vapoteri vanorarama mumugariro wokusava nechokwadi, vachivimba nokushandisa simba uye kupindira kwedare nokuda kwokurarama kwavo kukuru. Zvinetso zvavanotarisana nazvo — kubva pakusarurwa kuenda kukuchidziridzwa — zvinosimbisa kudiwa kwokukurumidza kwokuchinja kwapamutemo. Kusimbisa kodzero dzevapoteri haisi nhau yokungova nomusengwa wapamutemo chete asi kuratidzwa kwokuva nehanya kwenguva refu kweIndia. Sezvo kudzoka kwepasi pose kunoramba kuripo, India ine mukana wokutungamirira kupfurikidza nomuenzaniso uye kugamuchira pamutemo kufambirwo yetsika dzavanhu.

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