Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ipfungwa yehwaro muudzori hwedemocracy hwazvino uno, inoumba ukama pakati pehurumende navagari vayo. Pakati payo, iyi nheyo inoparadzanisa mitoro yehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana - siyana (zvikurukuru `], kudzivirira chinhu chimwe nechimwe pakuwana chiremera chisingadzorwi. Nokuti vagari vemo, kunzwisisa ichi hakusi muitiro wedzidzowo zvako wedzidzo; chinopesvedzera zvakananga kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoshanda, uye inodudzirwa muupenyu hwezuva riri rose. Nyaya iyi inonzvera icho [[FLT:] chinoreva maruramiro avagari vemo [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]] [FLT]]] [[FLT]] [5]]] [kudzivirira chinhu chipi nechipi chipi nechipi chokuwana chigadziro.

Mavambo Nenheyo Dzemitemo Dzokuparadzana Kwemasimba

Murangariro wazvino uno wokuparadzana kwamasimba wakabatanidzwa zvikuru nomuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika weFrance Montesquieu, uyo akaunyora mubasa rake ra1748] Mudzimu weMitemo [. Zvisinei, midzi yawo inosanodzokera shure kuGirisi yakare neRoma, uko masangano ehurumende akavhengana akaedza kudzikamisa madzimambo, chikuru, uye masangano edemocracy. Montesquieus akarangarira kuti rusununguko rwaigona bedzi kuchengetwa apo chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye masimba okutonga zvaishandiswa nemitumbi yakaparadzana. Iyi pfungwa yakapesvedzera zvikuru kuva vapamhindi veGirisi neRoma muna 1787, avo vakabatanidza gadziriro yehurumende yakakamukananiswa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri.

Nheyo huru yakananga: hakuna bazu rinofanira kukwanisa kuita mabasa erimwe risina tarisiro. Somuenzaniso, apo vapai vamasangano vanonyora mitemo, vadzori vanoshandisa, uye mutongi anodudzira pamutemo wavo. Uku kuronga kunoparira gadziriro ye nedzinoyera , apo bazi rimwe nerimwe rine mano okuganhura kana kuti kuhwirudzura mabasa avamwe. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, ikoku kunoreva kuti kodzero dzavo dzinodzivirirwa nezvikamu zvakawanda zvoutariri, kuchideredza ngozi yechiito chehurumende chisakafanira.

Mapazi Matatu Anorondedzerwa

  • [ `Ipamberi' reBazu:[[FT:1] Kakawanda] paramende, musangano, kana kuti gungano rakasarudzwa navanhu. Ine mutoro wokunyora, kuitisana nharo, uye kupfuudza mitemo. Mumiitiro mizhinjisa, munamate wedare rinodzorawo bhajeti uye rine chiremera pamusoro pomukuru.
  • Bazu rePurezimendi: Rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi, mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti mambo, iri bazi rinomanikidzira nokutungamirira mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare remitemo. Inobatanidza madhipatimendi ehurumende, masangano, uye vashandi vehurumende vanoita udzori hwezuva nezuva.
  • [[FUT:0] Bazu redare reMitambo: Rakaumbwa ramatare navatongi, iri bazi rinotsanangura mitemo nokubvisa gakava, kubatanidza rwisano pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende. Kazhinji kazhinji rine simba rokuhwirudzura kuputsa mitemo inoputsa bumbiro remitemo.

Kunyange zvazvo mapazi aya akaparadzana, anotsamirana. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru angapa mutemo weveto, mutongi anogona kugadza vakuru vakuru, uye vatongi vanogona kutonga kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru hazvina kubvumirwa. Uku kubatanidzwa ndiko kunoita kuti gadziriro ive nesimba uye inokwanisa kugadziridza zvinetso zvitsva.

Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kuchikosha Kuvagari Vomunyika

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba hakusi pfungwa yepamutemo; kune migumisiro inooneka, yezuva nezuva kuvanhu vamwe navamwe.Hedzi nzira dzinoverengeka dzinokosha dzarinotapura nadzo vagari vemo:

Dziviriro Pakudzvinyirirwa Nokushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira Kwesimba

Nhau yakazara nemienzaniso yehurumende idzo dzine simba guru mubazu rimwe kana kuti mutongi, zvichitungamirira kukudzvinyirirwa, uori, uye kuputswa kwamaruramiro avanhu. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kumunhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kuisa kuda kwaro pasina kudzivisa. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, ikoku kunoreva kuti vane mikana mizhinji yokudenha kunyengera. Kana kuedza kwevakuru kuderedza rusununguko rwehurumende, vagari vemo vanogona kukumbira chibvumirano kuti vape mitemo inodzivirira kana kuti vatsvake zvigaro mumatare. Uku kuzviisa pasi kwesimba idziviriro inoshanda pakudzora udzvinyiriri.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Zvinoshandiswa nebazi rimwe nerimwe kuti rione kuti rinofanira kuitei uye kuti risaita zvimwe.

  • [[[NHAU]] [FLT] inonzvera mukuru mukuru: Kupfurikidza nokuramba kusimbisa kugadzwa, mapurogiramu anodzima, kana kuti kutanga kunzvera.
  • [[[FOL:0] Kunzvera chibvumirano chomutemo: kupfurikidza nokupa mari yezvikwereti kana kuti kudana marusando chaiwo.
  • Nzvero dzose dziri mbiri: kupfurikidza nokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende.

Kuvagari vemo, izvi zvinoreva kuti hapana mutemo unogona kuitwa kana kuti kumanikidzwa pasina kuongorora kwakawanda. Mutemo unoda kurwisa boka duku zvisina kururama ungaparadzwa nematare, kana kuti murayiro wevakuru vakuru unopfuura vane simba ungadziviswa nedare remitemo.

Kubatanidzwa Kunokurudzira Nokuzvidavirira

Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti simba rehurumende rakakamurwa, vanogona kupinda nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mugadziriro. Vanoziva kuti ndiani wokuonana pamusoro pechinetso: muiti wemitemo kuti akarakadze mutemo mutsva, sangano rinotungamirira rokusimbisa mitemo iripo, kana kuti dare rokudenha chiito chakaipa. Uku kujeka kunokurudzira kuzvidavirira. Somuenzaniso, kana sangano rehurumende rikaramba kubudisa zvinyorwa zvavose, vagari vemo vanogona kukumbira kuti vapinde, vachitsamira pamitemo yokuona zviri pachena. Nenzira yakafanana, kuvhota mumavhota kuchabvumira vagari vemo kuchinja nhungamiro yokuita mutemo, nepo kuvhotera muvhotera vakuru vanovagonesa kuita kuti vapedze kuisa zvinhu zvinokosha.

Uyezve, kuparadzana kwemasimba kunokurudzira nzanga yakasununguka yenhau neyavanhu kuti zvishande sevanhu vanongwarira.Vatori venhau vanogona kushuma pamusoro pezviito zvokutungamirira pasina kutya kutsiva, vachiziva kuti matare anodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura uye kuti masangano anogona kutungamirira nyaya. Uku kutarisira kunokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakanaka.

Kutapura Kunoita Kuparadzana Kwesimba Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Simba renheyo iyi rinowanzova risingaoneki kusvikira kurwisana kwamuka, asi rinoumba kukurukurirana kwenguva dzose nehurumende.Pazasi pane nzvimbo dzakananga umo vagari vemo vanowana kuparadzana kwemasimba:

Kudzivirirwa Kwevatengi Nokudzorwa

Apo unotenga chinhu, unovimba nemitemo yakawanda (inodzorwa), inomanikidzirwa namasangano (anotambudza), uye inodudzirwa nematare (anobetsera). Somuenzaniso, Food and Drug Administration yeU.S. (inoderedza) inomanikidza mipimo yekotsekano yakagadzwa neCongress (inoshatisa). Kana sangano racho rikakundikana kuita chiito, mapoka efariro yavose anogona kukwidza mudare (rinongedzero) kumanikidza vatsigiri. Iyi gadziriro inokamuranisa inovimbisa kuti mabhizimisi anozvidavirira kuzviremera zvakawanda, anodzivirira vatengi kubva muunyengeri, shatiso, uye kushambadzira kwenhema.

Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Nechinoitika Chakafanira

Munhau dzoutsotsi, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunodenha. Musangano wehurumende unorondedzera mhaka nezvirango, mukuru mukuru (purisa, vachuchisi) anonzvera nokupomera mhaka, uye mutongi anogona kuvimbisa mhaka dzakarurama. Mugari wemo anopomerwa mhaka anogona kudenha kunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kana kuti kureurura kwamanikidzirwa mudare, achiraira vatongi kunzvera mufambiro wavakuru. Pasina iri boka, bazi rimwe raigona zvose zviri zviviri kupa mhaka nerutongeso, kuchitungamirira kukupfigirwa kworumano. Chibvumikiso choururamisiro chouori uye kodzero yokutonga kwakarurama imiuyo yakananga.

Kushambadza uye Kusarudza

Kutarisirwa kwedare kunobatanidza mapazu ose matatu. Mitemo inogadza mitemo yokuvhota, vakuru vakuru vehurumende (sezvirwere, magavhuna ehurumende kana kuti vanyori vehurumende) vanotarisira nzvimbo dzokuvhota nemhesvura, uye matare anopedza nharo pamusoro pemitemo yemuvhoti, gerrymanindering, kana kuti nhamba. Somuenzaniso, mukati mekusarudza kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende 2020 veU.S., kukwikwidza kwakawanda kwakaiswa mudare rehurumende nematare ehurumende kuti kudenhe chinjo dzokuvhotera dzinoitwa nevakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. matare akashanda somutongi wokupedzisira, achivimbisa kuti sarudzo rupfuurire mukuwirirana nemipimo yemitemo. Vagari vezvokubudirira vanobetserwa nokuziva kuti hapana bazu rebazu rimwe chete rehurumende vasingagoni kuvhota.

Kutarisira Utano Nemasangano Enzanga

Kugadzirwa nokutarisirwa kwepurogiramu dzakadai seMedicare, Medicaid, kana kuti inishuwarenzi yenzanga kunobatanidza mapazu ose. Mitemo yakafanira ndokugadza mipimo inoshanda; masangano anotungamirira anoshandisa betsero nezvinotaurwa; matare anoisa nharo pamusoro pokuramba kufukidzwa kana kuti rusaruro. Kuparadzana kwevagari vemo kunogovera mutoo wokukwirira zvisarudzo zvakaipa. Somuenzaniso, murwere anoramba muitiro wezvokurapa anogona kuisa mhaka yokuti sangano racho rinoisa mutemo mukurwisana, kumanikidza matare kutsanangura chinangwa chemitemo.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Kuparadzaniswa Kwemasimba Kunoshanda

Mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika inoratidzira kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoshanda sei uye nei kuchikosha:

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Muiyi nhau yakatanhamara yeDare guru reUnited States, bazu rinotonga rakashandisa simba raro rokunzvera kuputsa rusaruraganda muzvikoro zvavose. Dare rakaramba kuti "dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana", yakatsigirwa nechisarudzo chapakuvamba ( Preset v. Ferguson) uye raimanikidzirwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende, vachiputsa dziviriro yaMongaminiti Clause yeInbond Amendment. Chisarudzo ichi chakaratidzira basa rejasiti sechekero pazvose zviri zviviri chibvumirano chemitemo nemabasa makuru. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kwakareva kuti kunyange mitemo yakadzika midziro yakakomba zvikuru youtsotsi hwehurumende, yaigona kuputswa kupfurikidza nematare.

Ramgate (1972 - 1974)

Nhau yeWatergate yakaratidza kuti utarisiri hwemitemo hunogona sei kunzvera vadzorwi vadzorwi. Pashure pokuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee, Congress yakatonga kuti yakafumura ufakazi hwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, kubatanidza kufukidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kwedare reNixon. House Judicary Committee yakavhotate kumonisa Purezidhendi ari mumwe nomumwe Nixon, zvichitungamirira kukurega kwake. Mhaka iyi inosimbisa ukoshi hwebazu remitemo yeWicism yeProgistism nemasimba ehurumende mukuzvidavirira mutungamiriri wehurumende.

Pepa Rezano Rinosarudzwa Mutongo (1988-1999)

Pashure peWatergate, Congress yakagadza mutemo unoita zano razvimirira rokuongorora zvinopomerwa zvomufambiro usina kunaka pabazi guru. Mutemo uyu wakabvumira muchuchisi chaiye kuti ashande kunze kwemurayiro wavakuru vakuru, achivimbisa kuongorora kusina rusaruro kwevakuru vakuru. Mutemo wacho wakapukunyuka zvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo, matare achisimbisa kuti Dare raigona kuisa ganhuriro dzakadaro pamukuru wehurumende. Kuvagari vemo, izvi zvaireva kuti kupomerwa kwouori kwaigona kuongororwa pasina kudzorwa nevakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzaro, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunotarisana nedenho dzinokosha muzana ramakore rechi21:

Kukudzwa Kwechiremera

Munyika dzakawanda, vakuru vakuru vakakudza chiremera chavo kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, mirau, uye masimba ekurumidziro. Somuenzaniso, vapurezidhendi veU.S. kubvira paFranklin D. Roosevelt vakashandisa zvikuru mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru kuti vasaita jasi remitemo. Nepo mirairo yakadaro ichifanira kuongororwa, vanogona kuramba vachiita basa kwemakore, kazhinji kazhinji vachikwikwidziridza hondo dzepamutemo. Iyi "kuuraya kwapamutevedzeri" (inowanzonzi "inowanzonzi "ipereciement") inokanganisa dzikamo yesimba, inoita chisarudzo chokuisa pfungwa pabazu rimwe. Vagari vangawana kuti vamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa vane pesvedzero shoma pamusoro pemitemo inotapura upenyu hwavo, seyokubuda munyika kana kuti mhoteredzo.

Kuchinja Dzvene Nokuvhara

Kana rimwe boka rikadzora mubatanidzwa wedare uye rimwe richidzora mutungamiriri wehurumende, kurasikirwa nezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kudzivisa mutemo unodikanwa. Kubhajeta kungasashanda zvakanaka, kurongeka kungapera, uye nhau huru dzingasagadziriswa. Muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, zvakadai sehurumende yeU.S. kuvharwa, vagari vemo vanotambura nemabasa anononotswa, mari inodzorwa, uye kusagadzikana kwezvemari. Dricklock haisati ichingokwanisa kuderedza ruvimbo rwavanhu mugadziriro ino. Vagari vemo vangafunga kuti kuparadza masimba kunoshanda zvishoma sedziviriro uye sechipingamupinyi kudzora kunobudirira.

Kutonga Nokuganhurirwa

Vatsoropodzi pamativi ose ari maviri vanotaura kuti pane dzimwe nguva vatongi vanodarika basa ravo rokududzira. Kuita pamutemo zvinobudirira kubva pabhenji. Ikoku kunonzi "chiito chedare remitemo" uye kunogona kutungamirira kukutonga kunopesana nevavariro yedare. Nenzira yakapesana, "kudzora kwemitemo" kungasiya mitemo isina kutsiga. Vagari vemo, iyi kurukurirano inoreva kuti matare, ayo anoitirwa kusatora rutivi, anogona kuva anodzorwa. Zvigaro zvikuru zvedare kudare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reHurumende zvino zvinokataidzororo) inokwikwidza zvikuru, inosimudzira itiro yokuti kuzvitonga kudzvinyiriro.

Kuchinja Kwetsika Munyika Yose Nokudzora

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda munyika yose, kuparadzana kwamasimba kuri mutyisidziro kubva mukukwira kwehurumende inodzvinyirira, umo vakuru vakuru vanosekesa matare anobetsera vatongi, vanonetesa matare ehurumende, uye vanodzvinyirira nzanga yavagari vemo. Munyika dzakadai seHungary, Poland, uye Turkey, chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzine simba rakamanikidzirwa mumukuru, dzichideredza mano avagari vemo okudenha zviito zvehurumende kupfurikidza nematare akazvimirira.

Izvo Vagari Vayo Vanogona Kuita Kutsigira Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Vakuru vakuru vehurumende nevanhu vose vanofanira kushandira pamwe kuti varambe vaine simba.

  • [[FOLT:0] Gara wakazviziva: Nzwisisa mabasa ebazu rimwe nerimwe ndokutevera mashoko pamusoro pokuti vanoshandisa sei masimba avo. Zivo ndiyo dziviriro yokutanga pakubatwa zvisina kufanira.
  • Particate mu Zvisarudzo: Sarurira kwete bedzi vada kufunda asiwo zvikuva zvebato zvinoremekedza miganhu yesangano. Tsigira vatungamiriri vanozvipira kutsigira cheki nechiyero.
  • Kubatanidzwa muChivilic Society: kana kuti masangano anotsigira kuzvimirira kwokutonga, kuoneka kwomutemo, uye kuzvidavirira kwevakuru vakuru. Mapoka akadai seAmerican Civil Liberties Union kana kuti Brennan Center yeRuramisiro anotarisira nokushingaira kusadzikama kwesimba.
  • Shandisa Madare: Kana unodavira kuti kodzero dzako dzakapunzwa nechiito chehurumende, rangarira chiito chapamutemo. Zviwanwa zvapamutemo zvakawanda zvehurumende zvinopa masangano ehurumende eprobono.
  • Kubatanidza Vamiriri Vako:[[FLT: 1] Kunyora, kuridza runhare, kana kuti kusangana navaiti vemitemo kuti vataure funganyo pamusoro pemigadziro yavakuru vakuru kana kuti yokutonga. Dzvinyiriro inobva kumativi akasiana inogona kuumba zvokutanga zvemitemo.
  • Kukurukura ukoshi hweparadzano yamasimba munzanga yenyu, zvikoro, uye nzvimbo dzebasa. Vagari vakaziviswa icherekedzo yokupedzisira pahurumende.

mhedziso

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunopfuura kusinwa kwomutemo; mutoo wokurarama unodzivirira vagari vemo pakuiswa kwechiremera. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa hurumende kuva mitemo, vadzori, uye mapazu okutonga, iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu mumwe anogona kuita asina kunzvera, uye kuti vanhu vane nzira dzakawanda dzokudenha nadzo kusaruramisira. Kubva pakudzivirira kwevatengi kusvikira kururamisiro youtsotsi, kubva kuzvoutano hweutano, miuyo inotekeshera muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zvisinei, iyi tsika haisati iri yokuzvitsigira. Inoda vagari vagari vanongwarira vanonzwisisa basa ravo mukutsigira muganhu, kuita chiito kupfurikidza nokuvhotera, dzidzo, uye, apo kudikanwa, kuiswa mungozi kunzvimbo yesimba renyika yose. Sezvichinjo dzinopfuurira kukuva kukuva huru yesimba renyika yose. Muchinjo inochengetedza rusununguko rwokuvandikano inotsungirira uchenjeri, inodzorwa nesimba rinofanira kuchengetwa nesimba ripi.