Dare reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa gadziriro yehurumende inoparira nenzira yomuzvarirwo kusawirirana pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende noukuru hwemutemo wehurumende. Dare rePrefence reDemonth rinogovera nyika nedziviriro yakafara kubva kumatare avanhu, asi nhoo iyi inogona kumisa kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Kuwedzera rutivi rweYoung dzidziso, inobva muDare Rapamusoro ra19908, inobatira sechisimbori chakakomba kukuvadziko yogadziro yoga yoga yoga yoga. Inobvumira vanhu voga kukwidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwokudaridzirwa kwomutemo wemubatanidzwa. Kupfuura zana ramakore gare gare gare, iyi dzidziso inoramba iri nheyo yenheyo yemitemo uye gadziriro huru yokuzvidavirira nokuda kwehurumende.

Kudzorwa kweBumbiro reMitemo: Pendeji Yechigumi Nechiviri uye Kubatana kwaChangamire

Kunzwisisa Chitendero [padivity Young Chinoda kunzwisiswa kwevhu rebumbiro remitemo umo yakasimwa. Dare rePloweminth Amendment rakatenderwa muna 1795 kuputsa Shisholm v. Georgia [Idare reChiuru], nhau umo Dare Rapamusoro rakachengeta kuti matare anogona kukwidzwa mudare rehurumende navagari vemo vehurumende. Zvipi nezvikamu zvamagwaro zvinorwisana nehurumende yavagari vemo veimwe nyika kana kuti nyika yokumwe nyika: "Idzoro yeUnited States] Haisati ichizotongorangarirwa kuva nesimba ripi neri ripi neri mumutemo kana kuti kudzosero, kana kuti kurwisana nerimwe Hurumende yeUnited States.

Dare rapamusoro gare gare rakakudza iyi dziviriro nenzira inokosha mu pamwe chete. Iyi rondedzero yakareva kuti nyika haigoni kunzi iwiswe zvakananga, kunyange nokuda kwokupunza Bumbiro remitemo, kutoti hurumende yatenderwa kana kuti Congress yakaparira kudzivirira chisakiso chinoitwa nevevagari vemo pasi pechikamu 5 cheGenetimende. Uku kudzivirira kwakafara kwakaparira chirongwa mumutemo wehurumende. Kana hurumende yakaputsa kodzero dzemitemo, hurumende yacho haigoni kududzwa sedare rinodzorwa, vanhu vose vasina kubvumirwa nemitemo, kana kuti kutoti hurumende yakabvumiranwa zviri pachena kuti ive chiteshiviriro chisakiso chitsarudzo chakare.

Mukaha uyu wakanga uri wechinetso zvikuru mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe napamberi pezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, apo hurumende dzakadzora mwero wenjanji, mitengo yemari, uye mimwe mibato yezvemari. Vanhu vamwe navamwe namasangano vaiwanzotaura kuti iyi miraudzo yenyika yakaputsa Gungano kana kuti Commerce Clausspect. Bva Andemist mergate nedudziro [[FLT:]] . [FLT] yairatidzika kuva inodzivisa kutsvaka dare reyamuro mukurwisana nehurumende imene.

Genesi yeDzidziso: Ex [[FLT] [[1] (108)

Muiyi mirau yapamutemo yakapinza nhau ye Ex Young, 209 U.S. 123 (08). Gakava rakamuka kubva kumutemo weMinnesota uyo wakasimbisa mwero yezvitima yakakwirira zvikuru uye wakaisa zvirango zvakakomba, kubatanidza faindi nokuiswa mutorongo, panjanji dzakakundikana kuwirirana. Zvitima zvakadenha kuva kwemitemo, zvichitaura kuti mwero yacho yakanga iri inopesana uye yaiputsa Amendemukoro ye14.

Mubvunzo wakakomba waiva wokuti njanji dzaizounza denho yavo kupi uye kunaani. Hurumende yeMinnesota yakanga isingatapurwi nesundo pasi pePendement ye115. Zvisinei, njanji dzakaisa chiito mudare rehurumende mukurwisana negweta rehurumende, Edward T. Young, achitsvaka murairo wokumudzivisa kusimbisa mutemo parondedzero yokuti mutemo usiri wourongwa hwapasi papamutemo hauna maturo uye kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoedza kuita kuti mutemo usina mhaka ashande unoshanda pasina chiremera chapamutemo.

Dare Gurusa rakagamuchira uku kurangarira mumurangariro kunoitwa naMutongi Rufus Peckham. Dare rakarangarira kuti sutu inorwisana nomukuru mukuru wehurumende yokuraira kuchengetwa kwomutemo usina kutongwa haisi jambwa mukurwisana nehurumende nokuda kwezvinangwa zvePremende ye145. Justice Peckham yakakurumbira yakarangarira kuti mutemo usina kutongwa nemitemo ndi "wapamutemo nechinhu" uye kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoita mupasi pomutemo akadaro ndiye "kuputsa mutemo wake mukuru kana kuti mumiririri" uye naizvozvo anozviisa pasi pomukwaniriso nokuda kwenhau. Iyi "ngano yeGagal" yakabvumira Dare kuyananisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende noukuru hweBumbiro reMitemo.

Kuvambira pamavambo ayo, dzidziso yakatsoropodzwa seyakaoma nenzira ine mufungo. Seizvo Mutongi John Marshall Harlan akacherekedza mukupesana, mukuru mukuru wehurumende achiri kushanda muruvara rwomutemo wehurumende, uye kuraira mukuru mukuru kudzoresa zvakananga hurumende kusashandisa mutemo wayo amene. Kunyanguvezvo, kupukunyuka kwedzidziso kunoratidzira chinodikanwa chinoshanda: pasina icho, kupunzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwakawanda kwavakuru vakuru venyika kwaizoramba kusingadzorwi, uye matare ehurumende aisazoshaiwa simba rokugombedzera Bumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nechiito chehurumende.

Kubata Mubhedha

Nheyo huru yakagadzwa mu Ex padice Young yakananga: Findment yechigumi nanhamba haipinyi sumo mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende apo kuyamura kutsvakwa imurairo wokudzivisa kuputswa kunopfuurira kana kuti kwomunguva yemberi kwomutemo wehurumende. Uku kuchengeta kwakasimbiswazve ndokujekeswa kasingaverengeki muzana ramakore rapfuura, kuchisimbisa nzvimbo yako sorutivi runokosha rwomutemo weAmerica webumbiro-mitemo.

Kushandisa Kunoita Dzidziso Yacho

Dzidziso yokuwedzera yeYoung inoshanda mugadziriro yakananga yemitemo iyo inosarudza apo kukwirira mhaka mukurwisana nomukuru mukuru wehurumende kunobvumirwa. Kunzwisisa aya mapuraniki anotsoropodza vatongi navatongi zvakafanana.

Musiyano Unokarirwa

Mutevedzero inokosha zvikurusa padzidziso yakauya Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651 (1974). Edelman[, Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti [[[FLT:]] Dare rePamusoro [[FLT]]] reAct [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] Kuregiwa kunofanira kubhadharwa kubva kumari kunofanira kudziviswa nedenderedzwa nedenderedzwa rePrect. Kusiyanisa uku kudzo inodzivisa uchangamire hwemari apo matare anodzikamiswa. Kutya kunofanira kudzikamiswa kukanganisa kukanganisa kukanganisa. Kungoramba kutadza kuratidzira kukanganisa kukanganisa.

Somuenzaniso, kana mukuru mukuru wehurumende akagumisa nenzira isina kururama betsero dzeMedicaid, mupurisa anogona kukwidza kuti ave nebetsero dzinodzorerwa kupfuurira (kunzvera). Zvisinei, mupurisa haagoni kushandisa Expace Young kuwana mari yokudzoresa nokuda kwenhambo apo betsero dzakarambwa nenzira yakaipa (kuparadza kunodzosera kusingaitwi). Kuwana zororo rinonyandura, mupoteri angada kusimbisa kuti hurumende yakakanganisa kudzora kwayo kana kuti kuti Dare rakakuita zvakarurama.

Chinodikanwa Chinopfuurira Chokuputsa

Dzidziso yacho inoda kuputswa kusingachinji kwomutemo wehurumende. Sutu inotsvaka kugadzirisa zvakapfuura, zvakapedzwa, haiwiri mukati [ Ex pacede Young[. Chinodikanwa ichi chinowirirana norudzi rwechigadzikiso chinenge chaitwa chatsvakwa(injtions) yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuvadziko yomunguva yemberi, kwete kuranga zviito zvomunguva yakapfuura.

Nokudaro, mutongo unodenha mutemo wehurumende uyo wakatobviswa kana kuti muitiro wakatobviswa haugoni kutsamira pa Ex parate Young kuunza nhau. Muteotiff anofanira kuzivisa kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende ari kuita (kana kuti ava kuda kuita) mukupunza mutemo wehurumende.

Mudziviriri Akakodzera

Kutonga kunofanira kuunzwa kumukuru mukuru wehurumende ane batano yakati nokuchengetwa kwomutemo unodenhwa. Mukuru mukuru haafaniri kuva mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anotonga zvikuru, asi anofanira kuva nesimba rokusimbisa mutemo panhau. Sutu inorwisana nomukuru mukuru asina chiremera chokudzika mutemo icharambwa sechinosimbwa zvisina kufanira. Uyezve, sutu yacho inofanira kududza mukuru mukuru mukuru munzvimbo yake kana kuti panzvimbo yake yehurumende, kwete hurumende imene.

Miganhu Nezvisingabvumirani Nedzidziso

Nepo Ex - Y Young inogovera musiyano wakafara kuhurumende inodzivisa kuzvitonga, ukuru hwayo hahuna kuganhurirwa. Miganhu inoverengeka inokosha inodzivisa kushandiswa kwayo.

Siminole Frikiti v. Florida: Chirongwa chePurcered Remedial Exchange

Mu ... Florida, 517 U.S.1996], Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti apo Congress yakagadzira gadziriro ine udzame yokusimbisa maruramiro ehurumende, [[FLT:][FLT]] Paratime Young [[FLT]] dzidziso haingashandiswi kubvisa ganhuriro dzeranga iyoyo. Mu [FLT:] SSiminole TransFLT , chibvumirano cheIndia chakagoverano yakananga nokuda kwemagasiti, uye Dare rakagumisa iyi yakanga ine nhevedzano nokuda kwokuputsa. Murangariro womutemo nemhaka yeChibvumirano chakaitwa, [FFFT]]

Kusiiwa uku kwakatetepa. Matare anowanzofunga kuti mutemo wehurumende haubvisi Ex parate Young kutoti Congress yaratidza zvakajeka uye nenzira yakajeka vavariro yokuita kudaro.

[[FURO:0] Muduku [

Muduku . [[FLT] dzidziso yokusafunga, yakabva pwere v. Harris (1971], mamwe anoganhurira kushandiswa kwe [[FLT:] Kuwedzera [[FLT:]] Young . [[FLT]]] Promp [[FLT]] pwere [, matare ehurumende anofanira kurega kuisa utsotsi hunopfuurira, kumwe kurongedzerwa kwavagari vemo, uye mamwe magadziro ayo anoumba mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha. Iyi dzidziso yemifungo inoratidzira nheyo dzemagariro nedzo, inoda madare ehurumende kuti aremekedze makwa ematare edare anotonga.

Nemhaka yokuti Exte Young mushonga unosainwa, unodzorwa neganhuriro dzisina kuganhurirwa, kubatanidza muduku [ dzidziso yokusafunga. Kunyange kana mupurisa achigona kutanga kuputsa kunopfuurira nemukuru mukuru wehurumende, dare rehurumende ringaramba richirega kushandisa chiremera kana kutaura kwemutengi kuchigona kunzwika zvizere uye nenzira yakakodzera muzviito zvehurumende zvinopfuurira.

Asuti Dzokurwisana Nemitemo yeHurumende Nematare Ehurumende

Dzidziso yeChidiki inoshanda bedzi kusundo dzinopesana nebazu rinoparirwa vakuru vakuru. Zvikamu zvinorwisana nemirairo yehurumende kana kuti matare ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji hazvibvumirwi pasi pedzidziso. Kurangarira ndiko kuti nhetembo dzemitemo nemapazu edare, izvo zvine mitoo yazvo vamene yokururamisa. Mumutoo, ikoku kunoreva kuti denho dzokutonga mitemo kana kuti miitiro yedare dzinofanira kuva dzinotungamirira vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotarisira kana kuti vanoshandisa mitemo iyoyo kana kuti miitiro.

Tapuro Isingaperi Pahumwe Hwehurumende PaChangamire

Dzidziso yeChikamu Young yakava netapuro huru neinogara pamutemo wokusatapurwa kwoudzori hwehurumende. Pasina iyo, Amendment yechigumi namatanhatu yaizodzivirira zviremera zvehurumende nenzira inobudirira padenho dzose dzebumbiro remitemo, ichisiya vanhu vasina mushonga wokuputsa maruramiro avo anopfuurira.

Ngano Yapamutemo Netsoropodzi Dzayo

Kuvimba kwedzidziso yacho ne “ngano yehurumende" kwakakweva kutsoropodza kubva mumativi ose epfungwa. Nyanzvi dzenhau dzemashoko nedzekare dzinotaura kuti chinyorwa chegumi neimwe dzinotaura chaizvoizvo zvachinotaura: mashoko anodzivirira pasutu mudare rehurumende, pasinei zvapo nokuti sutu yacho inorwisana nehurumende kana kuti kumukuru mukuru wehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro unoitwa musimba rehurumende. Mutongi Antonin Scalia, zvikurukuru, akatsoropodza dzidziso yacho se "udzori" worugwaro rweAndect Reformation.

Kunyange zvakadaro, dzidziso yacho yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba nenzira inoshamisa. Dare Rapamusoro rakaisimbisazve, richiziva kuti betsero dzaro dzinoshanda dzinopfuura utera hwaro hwokufungidzira. Seizvo Dare rakataura mu [[FLT: 0] Virginia Office for dziviriro neAdvocacy v. Stewart[, 563], [2017], rutivi rwechiduku [ dzidziso i "inodikanwa kubvumira matare ehurumende kudzivirira maruramiro omubatanidzwa."

Matare Anotonga Ane Simba

Dzidziso yacho yakapa simba matare ehurumende kuti ashandise mitemo yeBumbiro remitemo nehurumende mumhatsa huru yemashoko akapoteredza. Yave iri chinhu chikuru kukutangwa kwekodzero dzavanhu vazvino uno, mutemo wemhoteredzo, uye denho dzebumbiro remitemo kuisa mirau yezvemari. Kuvapo kweyamuro inokarirwa pasi pe Ex paw Young yakabvumira vanhu namasangano kuti vazvitsigiridze vatambi vehurumende nokuda kwokuputsa kwemitemo.

Kudzikamisa Kushanda Kwomubatanidzwa uye Kuzvidavirira

Dzidziso yacho inoparira dzikamo yakakomba pakati pechibvumirano chehurumende nokuzvidavirira. Inoremekedza uchangamire hwenyika kupfurikidza nokudzivisa sutu zvakananga kuhurumende uye kupfurikidza nokuganhurira rusununguko kumishonga inokarirwa. Asi inovimbisawo kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende havagoni kushandisa dziviriro youchangamire yokusatapurwa nedziviriro kupinda mumufambiro usina kururamisira pasina kurangwa. Iyi dzikamo inokosha kukushanda kwegadziriro yehurumende.

Zvishandiso zvazvino uno zve Ex xiyenge Young

Dzidziso yokuwedzera Young haisi chisaririra chenhau. Inoramba iri chishandiso chinokosha murondedzero yapanguva ino mumativi mazhinji omutemo.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Dzinoparadzirwa (Kutongwa kwa1901)

Dzidziso yacho inowanzokumbirwa mukodzero dzavagari vemo pasi pa42 U.S.C. . Vatambi vanokwidza nguva dzose vakuru vakuru vehurumende − vachengeti vejeri, vamiririri vamapurisa, uye vakuru vakuru vamasangano (hwunodenha miraudzo isina pamutemo kana kuti miitiro. Somuenzaniso, vasungwa vanogona kukwikwidza vakuru vakuru vetorongo nokuda kwokuputswa kweSengh Amendment, zvakadai setarisiro isina kukwana kana kuti migariro isina njodzi. Dzidziso inobvumira izvi suturo kupfuurira mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kweyamuro pasina kushandisa fomu reYamuro yeMweyamuchigumi Negumi Nevatatu.

Mutemo Wemhoteredzo

Mapoka emhoteredzo navagari vemo voga vanowanzoshandisa dzidziso yacho kumanikidza mitemo yezvakatipoteredza mukurwisana namasangano ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kana sangano remhoteredzo rehurumende rikakundikana kuwirirana neCherooc Water kana kuti Clean Air Act, mutungamiriri wesangano pasi pa ] Kuwedzera kuti atsigire kubvumirana. Dzidziso inovimbisa kuti masangano ehurumende haasati apukunyuka mhaka yokuputswa kunopfuurira kwemitemo yemhoteredzo yapasi nokungochengeta bedzi dziviriro yapamutemo.

Kurapwa uye Medicaid

Vatarisiri vezvoutano navarwere vakashandisa dzidziso yacho kudenha mitemo yeMedicaid inoputsa mutemo womubatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, kana hurumende ideredza mari inobhadharwa yeMedicaid pasina kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende, vagoveri vanogona kukwidza mukuru mukuru wehurumende Medicaid pasi Ex patee Young kuderedza mwero. Nenzira yakafanana, zvinetso zvokuisa ganhuriro dzokubvisa pamuviri, idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza zvisakafanira mukurwisana nemitezo yeboka rezvokurapa kana kuti vakuru vakuru vezvoutano, vanotsamira padzidziso kugadza chigaro chehurumende.

Mutemo Wechisarudzo Nokupa Kodzero

Mumutemo wesarudzo, dzidziso inobvumira mapoka avavhoti nevanovhota kuti vapikire mitemo inorambidza kuvhota, mepu dzinodzorwa, kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota. Adhigiti dzinowanzounzwa mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vesarudzo, vakadai somunyori wehurumende, uyo ane mutoro wokushandisa mitemo yakadenhwa. Dzidziso yacho inopa mutoo wokuwana nawo rusununguko rwokukurumidza kudzivisa kuvadziko kuvavhotera pamberi pesarudzo.

mhedziso

Dzidziso yeChikamu yeChidiki ibwe renheyo remitemo yeAmerica. Pasinei zvapo nokuvakwa mungano yepamutemo, inobatira basa rinokosha regadziriro: inovimbisa kuti kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende hakuvi mhinganidzo yakakwana kukuchengetwa kwomutemo wehurumende. Nokubvumira sututi nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa nehurumende inorwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende, dzidziso inoyananisa mipimo inokwikwikwidzano youchangamire hwehurumende noukuru hwehurumende. Inoraira matare ehurumende kuti achengetedze kutonga kwechinopesana chinopfuurira, achidzivirira maruramiro omutemo mumwe nomumwe uye achichengeta kudzorwa kwomutemo mugadziriro yomutemo. Sezvinoshandiswa kwenguva refu vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vangaputsa simba remitemo, dzidziso icharamba iri chishandiso chinokosha chokuzvidavirira ruramisiro.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza mirangariro pa [FLT: 0] Oyez: Ex parate Young, [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute yeEx parate Young , uye chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro repashure mu [[FLT:] Edelman v. Jordan[ nokuda kweganhuriro huru payamuro inopfuudzwa. Mukuwedzera, nhau ye Office yedziviriro ne Adcom.[FLT][F]