Kubatana pakati pamasimba ehurumende nehurumende chinhu chehwaro hwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reUnited States. Ichi chimiro chamativi maviri chokutonga chinorondedzera gadziriro yemitemo nezvamatongerwe enyika yorudzi, kuisa chiremera pakati pehurumende yapakati nehurumende dzeruwa. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi mwero miviri yesimba inodikanwa sei mukunzwisisa kuoma kwehurumende dzeAmerica, mutemo, uye muitiro wavose. U.S. inobatira segadziriro yeiyi boka, asi mazana amakore okududzira kwedare, muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, uye chinjo yenzanga zvakapfuurira kuumba ukama hwacho.

Mavambo Echinzvimbo cheAmerica

Federalism, pakati payo, igadziriro yokutonga umo simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yenyika nemapoka amarudzi. MuUnited States, iyi divi rinopinzwa muBumbiro remitemo, iro rinopa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende yehurumende apo rinochengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Ichi chivako chakazvarwa mukubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati paavo vaida chiremera chikuru naavo vaitya kuiswa simba. Gadziriro inovapo inoparira kuoma kukuru kwakaparira kukuvadziko uko kwakavapo nenzira inokosha.

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoronga gadziriro yehurumende mugadziriro dzinoverengeka dzinokosha. Chikamu I chinodudza masimba emitemo eCongress, kubatanidza simba rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, mari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutanga mahofisi epositi. aya anoiswa pachena. Simba reTenth Amendment rinojekesazve gadziriro: "Masimba asingapiwi kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu." Iri inheyo yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende munharaunda dzakadaro sedzidzo, masimba emapurisa, uye utongi hwomunzvimbomo.

Chitsama chemashoko chiri madikanwa nechakafanira (Chitsama I, Chikamu 8, Claus 18) chinopa Hurumende chiremera chokuita mitemo yose iri "yakafanira" yokuita masimba acho akarongwa. Iyi ndima yave iri manyuko ane simba rechiremera chehurumende, ichigonesa kukura kwesimba renyika panguva. Nokuda kwokunyorwa kune udzame kwegadziriro idzi, ona Contitution Anitution anobva muRaibhurari yeCongress [[FLT]]]

Chinokosha Kududzira Kutanga: McCulloch v. Maryland naGibbons v. Ogden

Dare rapakuvamba rakaita basa rinokosha mukurondedzera dzikamo pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende. Mu Mcloch v. Maryland (1819), Dare rakaramba kuti Dare rakanga rataura masimba pasi pamasimba anokosha uye akafanira kubvumira bhangi renyika. Chirevo chikuru John Marshall akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "simba remutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza," kuderedza mutero wenyika pabhangi remubatanidzwa. Iyi nhau yakasimbisa zvakasimba ukurusarukuru hwemutemo wehurumende ndokukudza ukuru hwesimba rehurumende rinorehwa. Chikamu chitsamanzwisiso chinowanika kubva [FLT]

Mu Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), Dare rakadudzira Commerce Claus zvakafara, richitonga kuti simba rehurumende rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika inotsiva mitemo inorwisana. Iyi chisarudzo chakaisa hwaro hweteshi yetemu yehurumende yetengi yehurumende yomunguva yemberi uye chinoramba chiri fandesheni yechiremera chenyika yose. Pamwe chete, iyi nhau yechinyorwa yakasimbisa judiary somutungamiriri wehurumende ndokusimbisa Suprey Claus Chuarey of Artic VI.

Misiyano Pakati Pehurumende Nemasimba Anotonga

Kunzwisiswa kwakajeka kwamapoka esimba kunokosha nokuda kwokunzvera unani hwazvino uno.

Asimbiswa, Akashandiswa, uye Masimba Akachengetwa

Masimba ane nhamba ndiwo akarongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Iwaya anobatanidza kuumba mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuitisa ukama hwokunze kwenyika, uye kuchengeta mauto. masimba anoshandiswa [ haasati ataurwa zvakananga asi anobva mumashoko ari madikanwa neakafanira, achibvumira kuti Dare ripfuure mitemo ine mufungo yemabasa aro akateverwa. Somuenzaniso, kusikwa kweFederal Reserve Sysing] kushandiswa kwesimba rinorehwa nesimba rinowirirana nemari.

Masimba akachengetwa [ ari matsva bedzi kunyika, nzvimbo dzinofukidza dzisingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika. Idzi dzinosanganisira murairo wezvokutengeserana zvenyika, kutungamirira vhoti, kutanga hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye kutarisira utano hwavanhu vose nekotsekano. Dare reHendement ndiro manyuko ebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwamasimba anochengetedzwa, kuvimbisa kuti nyika dzinochengeta chiremera chinokosha pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo.

Masimba Achiripo uye Claus Ane Simba

Masimba akawanda anogoverwa nemitezo yose iri miviri yehurumende, inozivikanwa se yapanguva imwe. Mienzaniso inobatanidza simba remutero, kukwereta mari, kutanga matare, uye kuisa mitemo. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana panhau dzesimba renguva imwe, [[FLT:] Signacy Claus yeChikamu VI chinozivisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo "Mutemo weNyika, uye kudzika mitemo." iyi inoreva kuti mitemo yehurumende inodzora mitemo inopesana naro. [[FLT:][FLT] LY]

Zvisinei, ukuru hwekusunungurwa hunowanzopokanidzwa. Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakakudziridza dzidziso dzakadai se "kusunungurwa kwemunda" (apo mutemo wehurumende unenge wakapararira kwazvo zvokuti une munda wose) uye "kusunungurwa" (apo kuwirirana nemitemo yose iri miviri kusingabviri kana kuti mutemo wenyika unomira semhinganidzo kuzvinangwa zvomubatanidzwa). Idzi dzidziso dzinoumba miganhu yechiremera chakabatana.

Mhindumupindu Youkama Hwehurumende

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende hwakatora mativi akasiana - siana anoverengeka, rumwe norumwe ruchiratidzirwa nokuchinja mudzikamo yesimba.

Dual Federalism (Layer Cake Federalism)

Kuvambira pakuvamba kutopfuura zana ramakore rechi 20, muenzaniso wakapararira wakanga uri urongwa hwehurumende. Uyu murangariro wairangarira masimba ehurumende nehurumende seakaparadzana zvikuru, kufanana nezvikamu zvekeke. Hurumende yehurumende yakanga yakaganhurirwa kumasimba ayo akatemwa, nepo hurumende dzakashandisa chiremera chakafara mukati memiganhu yayo. Dare repamusoro raiwanzoparadza mitemo yehurumende yaipfuura iyi miganhu, zvikurukuru pamberi peNew Dec. Somuenzaniso, mu United States v. E. C. Coct.[FL:3] [185]), Dare rakaganhurirwa raidzosa simba rinopesana nomutemo kupfurikidza nokusiyanisa pakati pokugadzira (mubatanidzwa) (mutezoto wezvo).

Kubatira Pamwe (Chirevo Chinochinjana CheCake Federalism)

Great Depression and the New Decrome yakaratidzira chinjo inoshamisa ku university . Mumuenzaniso uyu, hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzinoshanda pamwe chete kugadzirisa zvinetso zvakaoma, kazhinji kupfurikidza nokupa mari uye kugoverana kutarisirwa kwepurogiramu. Masimba nemabasa zvakatanga kubatana semajubble mukeke. Zvirongwa zvakadai seSocial Security, Médicaid, uye mari yemugwagwa mukuru inoshandisa nzira iyi inobatira pamwe chete. Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa simba rayo rokushandisa pasi peChikamu I kuita kuti zviteshinganwa zvorudzi, kazhinji kazhinji nemigariro yakabatanidzwa.

Chibvumirano Chitsva Nemhindumupindu

Kuvamba muma 1970 uye kukurumidza pasi paMapurezidhendi Nixon naReagan, sangano rinonzi [[FLT: 0] New Federalism [[FLT: 1] rakatsvaka kudzorera simba kunyika. Vavariro yakanga iri yokuderedza udzori hwehurumende ndokupa wirirano mukushandisa mari dzehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro pasi peMutongi William Rehnquit (86-2005) rakamutsidzirwawo ganhuriro pasimba renyika, kurova zvikamu zveRwiyo Rukupesana naGun-Free Coun Zonect Act mumicssssss munhau dzechiratidzo se [[FLT:] United States]. Lopez[FLT] [FLFL:]] (199] [5]] na[FL] United States.[5][5]

Kunyanguvezvo, hurumende yehurumende inoramba ine simba. Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakapukunyuka denho huru yeClaus yeChongedzero mu NFIB v. Sebelius (202), kunyange zvazvo Dare rakaganhurira simba remari rinotsamira pachinhu rakashandiswa kufutunura Medicaid. Kunyanduka pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende kunopfuurira kurondedzera kutonga kweAmerica.

Kusawirirana Kwezvinozovapo Pakarepo Nokushandira Pamwe

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzemiitiro dzazova nzvimbo dzinokurumidza kurwisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende, dzichisimbisa simba regadziriro mbiri.

Kutarisira Utano Nechiito Chokutarisira Chisingatani Kushatiswa

ACA inomirira muenzaniso mukuru webatira pamwe yehurumende yakabatanidzwa nerwisano. Nepo hurumende yehurumende yakatanga gadziriro yegadziriro yemitemo nemari, hurumende dzakapiwa chisarudzo chokukudza Medicaid pasi pomutemo. Nyika zhinji dzakasarudza kufutunuka, asi dzimwe dzakadzivisa, kuchitungamirira kubasa rakaganhurirwa. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu NFIB v. Sebelius akaita kuti Médicaid awedzere nokuzvidira, achichengeta chisarudzo chehurumende. Mitezo yakaedzawo nezvikwaniso zvokushandisa zvimwe zvinotsiva zvoutano, zvakadai sezvinodikanwa zveMidiswo.

Kushandiswa Kwokutama

Kutora nzvimbo inzvimbo yehurumende yagara iripo, bva nyika dzakaedza nenzira inowedzera kupindira. Mitemo yakadai seSB'S 1070 (2070) yaida kuchengetwa kwomutemo wehurumende kuti iite mitemo yehurumende yokupinda munyika, kuchitungamirira kuzvinetso zvepamutemo. Mu ] Arizona v. United States [202], Dare Rapamusoro rakarova zvirongwa zvinoverengeka zvomutemo sezvinenge zvabviswa nechiremera chehurumende, asi rakatsigira gadziriro inobvumira mapurisa kunzvera mugariro wokupinda munyika mukati mvumo mukati mokumira pamutemo. Iyi nhau inoenzanisira kuoma pakati pezvishuvo zvenyika kuti zviitwe nechiremera chikuru chomutemo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, nyika dzakatanga ku "Nantactive" tsinhirano yemitevero yehurumende yokupinda munyika yokutama, kupfumba kwehurumende.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Zvichida muenzaniso unoshamisa zvikurusa wemiitiro yekusawirirana kwehurumende imbanje. Pasinei zvapo nokurongwa kwemubatanidzwa wembanje seShedynal I ndaidzora mishonga pasi peGutenhed Substances Act, nyika zhinji dzakanyoresa mbanje nokuda kwokushandisa kwezvokurapa kana kuti nhanda. Department yeSahlulero yakadzivisa zvikuru kubhadharira miraudzo yehurumende kupfurikidza nemirairo yenhungamiro (g., Cole Menyandrandum yehurumende), asi uyu muitiro unodzorwa nedare rimwe nerimwe. Rwisano yacho yagara makore gumi, nedare gurusa remitemo rehurumende rokutonga pamutemo rapamutemo mukutarisana nerambidzo yehurumende.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Nyika dzazova marabhoratori emiitiro yemhoteredzo, zvikurukuru apo chiito chehurumende chamisa. California ine nzvimbo yechienzi pasi peCheal Air Act kuti igadzire mipimo yemotokari inodzorwa nemotokari, iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kutora. Mukati moudzori hweTrump, California yakadenha mativi emari epetureji dzemari yepeture, uye kutungamirira kwaBiden kwakadzorera ndokusimbisa mitemo yehurumende. Manyikawo ane chiremera pamusoro pokushandisa nyika, simba rinomutsidzirwa, uye carbon princing, zvinotungamirira kumhatsa yenzira dzenzira dzekuchinja mamiriro okunze. Somuenzaniso, Greenhouses Gativetive (RGI) idi inowirirana pakati pe 11 dzenyika dzokuchamhembe kwakadziva kuchamhembe kwakadziva nemabvazuva kuderedza kubudisa simba recarbon. Kuedza kwakadaro kuratidzira kuti kugona kuyamuranisa sei migano yemigano yemigano yenzvimbo kusvika kunhau yenhau yehurumende.

Ukama Hwekubatana Nebumbiro Remitemo

Chikamu IV cheBumbiro reMitemo chinodzora ukama pakati penyika, chichisimudzira chinzwano nokuremekedzana.

Kutenda Kwakazara Nechikwereti zvaClaus

Faith Necreast Claus Yakazara inoda kuti nyika imwe neimwe izive mabasa avose, zvinyorwa, uye kutonga kweimwe nyika iri yose. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti layisensi yeroorano, rezinesi yokutyaira, kana kuti dare rorutongeso rakapiwa mune imwe nyika. Zvisinei, chitsama hachidi mitemo inoputsa mitemo yavose yavanhu vakasimba. Somuenzaniso, nharo pamusoro pokuzivikanwa kweroorano dzevatano dzevatano imwe cheteyo pakati pehurumende dzakava dzinova dzinodzorwa pashure pechisarudzo cheDare repamusorosoro mu [[FLT: 0]. Hodge w. [20] [20], inonyoresa pamutemo roorano youtere. Mutsetse unoramba uchitsoropodza nokuda kwetsinhiranotevedzero nedzeteveri pakati pezvokutengeserana.

Zvibvumirano Zvomubatanidzwa uye Zvimwe

Chikamu I, Chikamu 10, Chikamu 3 chinoda kuti nyika dziwane kubvumirana kwesangano kana kuti kubatana neimwe nyika. Mapepa akawanda eruwa aripo kuti atarisire zvinhu zvinogoveranwa, zvokufambisa, uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Port Authority of New York neNew Jersey neColorado River Compact. Bumbiro reMitemo rinorayirawo kuwedzerwa muChikamu IV, Chikamu 2, inoda kuti nyika dzidzorere vapoteri kuhurumende kwadzinoita utsotsi. Nepo kudzorwa kunowanzova muitiro, kusawirirana kunogona kumuka panhau dzinomutsa nharo, dzakadai sedzinobatanidza pomero dzeutsotsi nerevo zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzikamiswa Kwesimba Kwenguva Yemberi

Kuchinja kuri kuita zvematongerwo enyika, magariro evanhu uye ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu zvakunowedzera, kubatana kwemasimba enyika nehurumende kucharamba kuchingoerekana kwavapo.

Zvingangova Zvinetso: Kunyengedzwa uye Kunyepedzera

Kuwedzera kwerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kurwisano huru pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, zvikurukuru apo kudzorwa kweWhite House nehurumende zvinopunza. Mitengo ingaedza kubvisa mitemo yehurumende kana kuti kuramba kuigombedzera munharaunda dzakadai sokudzora pfuti, kubvisa mimba, uye murairo wemhoteredzo. Dare Rapamusorosoro ringadanwa kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru kuti ripedze idzi nharo. Kuwedzera, kukura kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nekommerce kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro peganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende chokudzora paindaneti pakudyidzana kwekombiyuta, kuvandikano yemirayiridzo yenhau, uye uchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu. Sezvo mari inova ichava yemipimo zvikuru, dzikamo pakati pamasimba ehurumende negadziriro yezvokutengeserana yezvokutengeserana yehurumende yehurumende ingada kudzokerazve.

Mikana: Vashandi Vehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Pasinei zvapo nerwisano, hurumende inogovera nzvimbo inokosha yokuedza nokuda kwokutangwa kwemiitiro. United States inogona kuedza nemitoo yakasiana---phatiki yokusarudza kwoutano (muremo,, zvisarudzo zvavanhu vose zvinotenderwa), kubhadharwa kwemazororo emhuri, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye kupfuudzwa kwemari. Mitemo yehurumende inobudirira inogona kukurudzira chiito chenyika, nepo kukundikana kugona kuvakwa pasina kuvadziko yose. Iyi mipimo yehurumende yedemokramendi", yakarongwa naMutongi Louis Brandeiis, inoramba iri chibvumikiso chine simba chokuchengeta chiremera chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kupfuudzira kwapamutemo kwaColoradoradoodood kwapakuvamba kwemirando yemba inopa zivo youtano yapachena pamwero wenyika. Nenzira yakafanana, mipimo yorumano yapangudziko yezvokugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa nemotokari muindasitiki.

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunopawo mikana yokupedza chinetso chakabatana. Kutsigira mari yepfuma yenzanga, yamuro yengwavaira, uye nhano dzoutano dzavose kazhinji kazhinji zvinotsamira pakuitwa kwehurumende netsigiro yehurumende. Murakatira weCOVID wakaratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba noutera hwegadziriro mbiri: nhungamiro yehurumende nemari zvakanga zvakaoma, asi kuitwa kwechisarudzo chapanhambo nenhambo nenhambo kwakatungamirira kumiuyo yakasiana- siyana. Kufambira mberi, denho yavagadziri vemiitiro kudzikamisa kudzikamisa kudzikamisa chinzwano yorudzi netsinhirano yomunzvimbomo.

Mumhedziso, kubatana kwamasimba ehurumende nehurumende hakusi rutivi rwakabatana rwekudzora kweAmerica asi ukama hune simba hunogamuchira mashoko enhau, kududzira kwedare, uye kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvambira panharo dzapakuvamba paConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo kusvikira kuhondo dzapanguva ino dzoutano, kutama, uye mhoteredzo, gadziriro mbiri yokudzora inoramba iri zvose zviri zviviri manyuko enyanduko uye mutoo wokupfuudzana mhatsa mukati merudzi rumwe. Kunzwisisa iyi rondedzero inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzvera hukukutu hwomutemo, zvigaro, uye muitiro wavose.