Uzivi Hwebumbiro reMitemo Hwakagadziridza Mutemo weAmerica

Kwamakumi mana amakore, Federalist Society yakashanda sesangano rinopesvedzera zvikurusa ramagweta anochinja zvikuru naanopa mirayiridzo muUnited States. Yakatangwa muna 1982 neboka duku ravadzidzi vomutemo paYale, Harvard, uye Yunivhesiti yeChicago, chaunga chakura kubva paboka renhau redare redare rakachinja chaizvoizvo dare rehurumende rejajidhiya. Panzvimbo pekushandura uku pane mutoo mumwe wokududzira: uzivi hwemavambo [. Kupfuura rondedzero yedzidzo yedzidzo, kutanga kwakava nheyo yokurongwa kwechizvarwa chetsikano yemitemo yapamutemo. Kunzwisisa kuti Federalicris yakagamuchirwa sei, yakanatswa, uye kusimutsiridza uzivi hunozivisa nei uzivi hunotonga zvino iSupper Court jupncy nerust just Coust just - protographics.

Kunzwisisa Kutanga

Muitiro Wakaipa

Chitendero chetendero chinotaura kuti revo yorugwaro rwebumbiro-mitemo inogadzwa panguva iyo gadziriro imwe neimwe yakatenderwa. Iyi revo inoramba isingachinji kusvikira Bumbiro reMitemo ragadziridzwa nenzira yepamutemo kupfurikidza neChikamu V. basa romutongi nderokushandisa revo yavanhu vose iyoyo[, kwete kuivandudza maererano nemipimo yemazuva ano kana kuti zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga. Vazivi vemavambo vanoramba pfungwa ye "Bumbiro reMitemo Rinorarama" inovapo kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwedare, vachiramba kuti mutoo wakadaro unopa vatongi vasina kunyanyogoverwa simba rokunyorazve mutemo mukuru.

Revo Yapakuvamba Yakasiyana Neyavanhu Vose

Vatangi vapakuvamba, kubatanidza Attorney General Edwin Meese muma 1980, vaiwanzotaura nezvokutsvaka "donzo rapakuvamba" ramaFramers. Asi uku kushandura kwakawana tsoropodzo huru(*kugona sei kuziva donzo ramazana eratifiers? Kuumbwa kwakananga zvikuru, kwakatsigirwa naMutongi Antonin Scalia uye nyanzvi yemitemo Randy Barnett, [FL:0] revo yapachena. Iyi nzira inobvunza kuti munhu ane mufungo ainzwisisai panguva yeratisitisiti kuti ireve. Inoita kuti dzivise chinetso chendangariro yedonzo rokunzwisisa uye panzvimbo pezvo reva revo yomutauro unowanika kupfurikidza namaduratechspo, mapepanhau, uye kukurukurirana.

Kunyora Nokutanga

Chinyorwa chinowanzobatanidzwa ne rugwaro , mutoo wedudziro yemitemo iyo inosimbisawo revo yakajeka yorugwaro. Nepo rugwaro runoshanda kumirairo namavambo runoshanda kuBumbiro remitemo, ose ari maviri anoramba kugadzirirwa kwemitemo. Scalia akakurumbira kutaura kuti mutongi ndi "chakabatana noruoko runonyora mashoko" omutemo. Federation Society yave ichishandiswa mukusimudzira mitoo yose iri miviri sezvishandiso zvinobatanidza kudzora kutongwa. Mutongi Neil Gor, aichimbova mukurukuri weFederalist Society, anozvirondedzera amene somutsigirisi wezvinyorwa uye mugadziri wezvinyorwa, anozivisa kuti uzivi ihwo hunosimbisa sei zvino mumwe muitiro.

Basa ReSosaiti Yevanhu Vanoshandira Kutsigira Kutanga

Sangano Rakabva Mukusagutsikana Kwatinako Nezvatinoziva

Mukupera kwama1970 namavambo ama 1980, vadzidzi vemitemo vane mwero vakanzwa vaiswa muruvara muzvikoro zvakakwirira zvemitemo zvichidzorwa nerondedzero yapamutemo neWarren Court chimuchismis. Federalist Society yakavambwa kuti itange nzvimbo yepfungwa dzetsika nedzeminamaturo idzo dzakanga dzisingawanzonzverwa mukirasi. Misangano yapakuvamba yaibudisa kurukurirano pakati pavana vokutanga saScalia naRobert Bork natsoro. Izvi zvinoitika zvakagovera mikana youngwaru nesocial communist izvo zvaizobvumikisa kuva zvinotambudza makumi amakore gare gare gare gare. Chaunga chakabudisawo Journal yeMutemo & Public Policy, chichiva chedzidzo chedzidzo chekare.

Mifananidzo Inokosha Nepesvedzero Yayo

Mutongi Antonin Scalia akanga ari muzivi akatanhamara zvikurusa wetsika dzapakuvamba. Hurukuro dzake, nyaya, uye kusabvumirana zvinonyorwa muchimiro chakapinza, chakaisvonaka(*) akaita nhau nokuda kwerevo yapakuvamba inowanika kuvadzidzi vomutemo uye ruzhinji zvakafanana. Mutongi Clarence Thomas, akagadzwa muna 1991, akaita kusvika kwapakuvamba kwakatanhamara kwakatanhamara zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji achitaurirana pamusoro pedudziro kuti kunyange vatongi vetsika dzamatongerwo echipoka. Mutongi Robert Bork, kunyange zvazvo asina kutongosimbiswa neDare Rapamusorosoro, akanyora mabasa anopesvedzera se [[FLT:] Tream yeAmerica iyo yakapfuudza ngozi dzechiito chokutonga. Nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, Brettle Kavauthkhauth naJusticer Concert Barnethk akanyora pamusoro pezviito zvaromese, zvinopfumisa zvawo.

Zvigaro Zvokukurukurirana Nemaminitsi Akanaka Nezvirongwa Zvokutonga

Federalist Society haitsigiri vadavi kana kuti kugamuchirwa kwakarongwa nokuda kwokugadzwa kwedare, asi inobatira sedziva retarenda. Mapurezidhendi kubva kuna Ronald Reagan kuburikidza naDonald Trump akavimba nerumbidzo dzeFederalist Society pakusarudza vatongi nokuda kwemwero yose yebhenji rehurumende. Gadziriro yenzanga inobetsera kuzivisa vamine vana vakazvipira kutsika dzapakuvamba nedzemagwaro. Mukati maTrump, chaunga chakaita basa guru mukubatanidza ndaza yedare gurusa iro pakupedzisira rakabudisa Justices Gor Goraw, Kavaugh, uye Barrett. Iri ramabhuropo rinosimbisa kuti uzivi hwapakuvamba huchasimbiswa mujudiary kwamakumi amakore.

Kubva pakugadzwa, gadziriro yavakurukuri venzanga inounza nyanzvi dzemitemo muzvikoro zvemitemo munyika yose. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidzira vadzidzi kuuzivi pakuvamba mudzidzo yavo yapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji kuvatendeutsira kumifungo. Vazhinji vavadzidzi ivavo gare gare vamabharani vevatongi vemavambo kana kuti kukumbanira masangano emitemo anowirirana, kuvamba daro rokuzvinyoresa.

Nzvimbo Yapamutemo yeSosaiti Yevanhu Vane Mubatanidzwa

Kutaura kwechaunga kwenheyo kunosimbisa "kutonga kwomutemo, kuparadzana kwamasimba, urongwa hwehurumende, uye rusununguko rwomunhu oga". Kuziva pakuvamba kunowirirana nenzira yomuzvarirwo mukati meiyi gadziriro nemhaka yokuti kunobata Bumbiro remitemo segwaro rapamutemo rinobatira panzvimbo pechatamende inochinjika nokuda kwokuchinja kwenzanga. Chaunga chinotaura zvakajeka kuti irwo harusati ruchitongova nenzvimbo panhau chaidzo kana kuti mutemo," asi misangano yarwo nezvinyorwa zvinogaro zvinoratidzira kurukurirano dzapakuvamba. Iyi tsinhirano youchenjeri yakaita nzanga simba rinofadza muacademia yapamutemo, inowana ruremekedzo kunyange kuvatsoro kubva kuvatsorodzi vanopesana nemiuyo yaro.

Tapuro Pauzivi Hwokutonga Nokuitwa Kwechisarudzo

Kuranga Ungwaru Hwokutonga

Muuyo mukuru zvikurusa wetsika dzapakuvamba, sezvinosimudzirwa neFederalist Society, ndiwo mumanikidziro waidzosa kuvatongi. Vatongi vegamuchidzanwa vanofanira kutsigira zvisarudzo zvavo muufakazi hwenhau(wfiditions), kutanga kurukurirano, miitiro yehurumende yapakuvamba (panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvavo vamene. Ichi chirango chinooneka zvikurukuru munhau dzinobatanidza Second Amendment, apo kunzvera kwapakuvamba kwakatungamirira Dare Rapamusoro mu Diversion of Columbia v. Heller[FLT: 1] [2008] kuziva maruramiro omunhu oga okuchengeta uye kutakura zvombo. Rusarudzo rweSahlulero rwechiSctalia runotsamira zvikuru parugwaro, nhau, uye gamuchidzanwa, kuratidzira mutooto wokutanga muchiito.

Mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], Dare rakashandisa kuedza kwakafanana kwepakutanga nokuda kwokuongorora mirau yepfuti. Mutongi Thomas, achinyorera voruzhinji, akadavira kuti hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti murairo unodenhwa "kubatana negamuchidzanwa renhau remitemo yepfuti yepfuti. Iyi nhau yakashandura PendrenceY yeChipiri, ichida kuti matare akaderera apinde mukunzvera kwakakwana kwenhau panzvimbo pefariro. Sangano rePuviceal Society neCelson yakanyora zvikuru revo yapakuvamba yeSamendement, ichigovera ruzivo rwezvisarudzo nokuda kweizvi dzidzo.

Kubvisa Pamuviri Nechisarudzo ChavanaBhati

Zvichida muenzaniso unoshamisa zvikurusa worukundo rwoustric ndi Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022), iyo yakatonga Roe v. Wade[[FLT]] na [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] Casey[[FLT]v] v. Casey[FLT]]. [FLT]]. Mutongi Samuel Alto'atroose akashandisa gadziriro yapakuvamba, achipikisa kuti maruramiro okubvisa mimba haana kudzika midzisaidzwa zvikuru munhau yeRudzi namagamuchidzanwa. Murangariro wapamutemo wakaronda pamusoro pokubvisa kuvamba kusvikira kunguva yapambwa nereve. Fynisformedman Frian adaiw's akarangarira nhevedzano yenhauro dzakaita ruramisiro mukuita kuti ruramisiro yapakuvamba ive inova ibvumikiswa kuva yapakuvamba.

Kutanga Kuchiitwa: Nhau Dzazvino Uno

Kupfuura pfuti nokubvisa mimba, kuvamba kwakaumba zvisarudzo pamusoro peparadzano yamasimba, hurumende, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Department of Labor [202], inozivikanwa se "nhau yenhomba," Dare rakakumbira dzidziso huru yedzidziso nenheyo yapakuvamba yedzidziso dzechibvumirano (ichombo chemitengidzo). inovara chinodikanwa chenhomba. West Virginia v.[FLT:] [202] [20]), dzidziso imwe cheteyo yakaganhurira chiremera cheNudziro yemhoteredzo yevhu. Purost Society / orgaffilf /

Zviitiko zvorudzidziso zvorusununguko zvakadai se Kennedy v. Bremeton School District [2022] [202]) zvinoratidzirawo kunzvera kwapakuvamba. Murangariro weMutongi Gormoth wakanangidzira ngwariro parevo yapakuvamba yeFiziyo yaFree Emplifict nePregiment Classias, achirangarira kuti murayiridzi wenhabvubvu ainamano yokunyengetera mumunda pashure pemitambo. Dare rakaramba kunzvera Lemon (makumi amakore akaresanguri vapakuvamba vakanga vatsoropodza kwenguva refu sevasina kunyorwa norugwaro rwemitemo.

Pesvedzero Pamatare Akaderera

Muuyo wekuvamba hakuna kuganhurirwa kuDare rapamusoro-soro. Vatongi veFederal vakagadzwa kupfurikidza namasangano eFederalist Society nguva dzose vanodudza manyuko apakuvamba mumirangariro yavo. Vazhinji vakanyorera vatongi vemavambo kana kuti vakapinda misangano yeFederalist Society uko vakakudziridza mutoo wavo wokududzira. Iyi gadziriro yokutonga inovimbisa kuti nharo dzapakuvamba dzichaitwa pamwero uri wose wejudicary yehurumende, kubva kumatare oruwa kuenda kumatare edunhu. Muuyo mubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa unowedzerwa wenhau yenhau iyo inopfuurira kushandura mukati mamiriro ezvinhu apakuvamba ehurumende.

Kutsoropodza Nezvinetso

Chinetso Chokuomerera Munhau

Imwe tsoropodzi inopfuurira ndeyokuti uzivi hwemavambo hahugoni kupa uchokwadi hwahwo hunopikirwa. Revo yapakuvamba yegadziriro dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo inokakavadzana zvechokwadi pakati pavezvenhau. Somuenzaniso, revo yeMaropafadzo kana kuti yeImmunio Claus yeMitemo ye144th Amendment yave iri nhau yekurukurirano huru pakati penyanzvi dzekare. Iyo yakabatanidza here Bill of Rights mukurwisana nenyika? Inodzivirira here maruramiro akaderera akadai serusununguko rwezvemari? Nyanzvi dzakafanana naMichael McConnell dzinosvika mhedziso dzakasiana kupfurikidza noruzivo rwenhau dzakaitika kare. Iyi inoshoodza kutaura kwokuti pakuvamba kugovera vavariro, mhinduro dzisingatsigiri?

Kufunga Nezvapakuvamba uye Zvapakuvamba

Chimwe denho ine chokuita nebasa remuenzaniso. Chipikirwa chapakuvamba cherevo yakagadziriswa chinokarakadza kuti mienzaniso yenhema inofanira kudzorwa pari pose panobva panzwisiso yapakuvamba. Asi Dare Rapamusoro ragara rairangarira kuti mienzaniso inofanira kuteverwa pane dzimwe nguva kana iri isina kururama, kuchengeta tsinga nechivimbo. [[FLT:] [FLT] [5] [5] pashure pokuiwana "Ikanganisika," asi haina kudzora zvimwe zviidzo izvo vamwe vairangarira kuva vapamhoshoro, [[FLT][6] [FLT] [FT]] [FT:3] uye [FTLT] [FT:] [5] [5] [5] [mushongeri].[5]

Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu Rinotsiva

Vadziviriri veBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu vanotaura kuti ustristism yakaoma zvikuru kupedza zvinetso zvazvino uno. Vagadziri vemitemo havangagoni kukarira kurovanya, kunzvera kwemagetsi, kana kuti uchenjeri hwokugadzira. Mutongi wepakutanga angaparapatika kushandisa dziviriro dzeFine Amendment pa "kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari" kunyika vasatongofungidzira. Vatongi vemitemo yemitemo vanotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kuchinjika revo yemitemo kumigariro mitsva, vachishandisa mipimo inochinjika yetsikano yetsika. Vatanhangeri vanopindura kuti mutauro wetsika weChowewewewewewewe" wakafanana ne "kusanzwisisa" uye kuti vatongi vanogona kushandisa namaune revo revo yapakuvamba kuruzivo rutsva rwokugadzira zvinhu pasina kushandura nheyo.

Gakava Racho Pakati Pevaitanga Kutanga

Vanodavira dzidziso dzekare vamene havabvumirani pamusoro pemibvunzo yehwaro. Rimwe divi rinoitira hanya "kutsvaka kwokutanga kunokarirwa" nerevo yapakuvamba. Vamwe vatangi, kufanana naScalia, vakarangarira kuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo pane dzimwe nguva inopa miuyo yokuti vaFramers vangadai vasina kukarira (muenzaniso, kuti Ecult Protection Claus Exparecte) inoshanda kuvakadzi kunyange zvazvo vaFramers vasina kuronga kuti izvi zviitwe. Vamwe, kufanana naThoma, vakataurira kuti kusvika kwakawanda kwenhau kwaizoganhurira dziviriro dzakati. Imwe kurukurirano inobatanidza "ruvoko rwafa": nei tichifanira kusungwa nemirangariro yavafi refu vaigara munzanga avo vaishivirira munzanga vaibvumira uranda uye vaidzo? Vadaidzori vanopindura nenzira yakananga kuti kupfurikidza nokuzivikanwa "Twedungwe" kupfurikidza navanhu voga voga voga.

Kutsoropodza Kunobva Kuruboshwe Nerudyi

Vatsoropodzi vemipimo vanotaura kuti uspiritism ibutiro remiuyo isingachinjiki. Vanonongedzera kuzvinoitika zvakafanana ne Heller uye .Citazens United v. FEC[FLT]] (2010]), iyo yakaparira miuyo yakabatana nezvinodikanwa zvechero. Vafundisi vanopindura kuti mutoo wacho kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji unoparira kusada asi kuti mutoo wacho umene hauna kutora rutivi. Vamwe vatsoropote, sa "Mutongi wemitemo wakakurumbira" J. Harvi Wilkin, anotaura kuti kutenderwa kwapakuvamba kwakanyanyooma zvikuru uye kunosekesa. Idziri yemukati inochengeta rondedzero yezve.

Nguva Yemberi Yechinjo Nenzanga Yavanhu Vakabatana

Chiverengero Chitsva Chokutanga

Nevatongi vatanhatu paDare Gurusa razvino vanozivisa sevatangiri murutivi, uzivi hunoraira ruzhinji rwakasimba zvino. Ikoku hakurevi kuti vafundisi vose vanobvumirana panhau iri yose(ufansor zvisarudzo hazviwanzowanika) asi zvinoreva kuti kurangarira kwepakuvamba kunotakura uremu hwakakura. Mutongi Barrett akanyora kuti chiKristu hachifaniri kuva rondedzero ye "magamuchidzanwa" uye kuti chinogona kuisa muenzaniso nePragmatism. Mutongi Kavantaugh nenzira yakafanana anosimbisa ukoshi hwetsigova nepo achiramba achidzorwa kurugwaro nenhau. Iyi rondedzero yeChisarudzo cheChisarudzo chekare ingarondedzera kurangarira kwechizvarwa chinotevera.

Kutanga Muhurukuro Yakakurumbira

Federalist Society yakabvisa nenzira inobudirira kuhwirudzura kwapakuvamba kubva kumitemo yakajeka kusvikira kunhau huru yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vasarendi zvino vanobvunza vatongi kana vachizviisa kuumwari hwapakuvamba. Purezidhendi vanokurukura uzivi mukati menhimbe. Zvikoro zveMitemo zvinopa kosi dzakapinzwa kumiitiro yemavambo. Misangano yenzanga inokweva ngwariro yezvinobudisa nhau, uye zvinyorwa zvayo zvinonongedzerwa navatongi navaiti vemitemo. Iyi yetsika inovimbisa kuti mavambo acharamba ari simba rakafanira mumutemo weAmerica pasinei zvapo namatsinhanharo ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichivapo uye Kuchinja

Chirevo chapakuvamba chichiri kutarisana nenzvero yakakomba. Kukura kwerangariro dzenhau nedzekunzvera kunoda kuti vatongi vave vazivi vasina unyanzvi, basa ravasingasanogadziriri nguva dzose. Vatsoropodzi vanonetseka pamusoro pokushandiswa kwenhau. Munguvayo, Federalist Society imene inotarisana nemibvunzo pamusoro pebasa rayo mudare redare. Sezvo pesvedzero yenzanga inokura, saizvozvo kunzvera mari yayo, ukama hwayo navapi, uye basa rayo mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chaunga chinopfuurira kuomerera pakuti idzidzo yakachena, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropodzi vacho vachiramba vachipanikira.

Pasinei zvapo neidzi denho, nzvimbo yemavambo mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica inoratidzika kuva yakakotsekana nokuda kwenguva yemberi inofanotaurwa. Federalist Society yavaka gadziriro yesangano($scholarship, social, mapaipi okutonga) iyo ichatsigira mufungo wemavambo sechinjo dzenzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana munhu anorangarira urongwa hwemavambo sedzokerero kunheyo dzebumbiro remitemo remitemo kana kuti sechishandiso chenhau chechirongwa, tapuro yahwo paruzivo rwechiziviso chehurumende haipokanwi. Chakaita nzanga chakachinjira kumitengwa chamato yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo ndokuchichinjo huru yetsika muUnited States. Chiitwa ichocho chichaumba mutemo weAmerica kwamakumi amakore kuti chiuye.