Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa inopfuura zvikuru kudzokorora kwetsika kunoitika makore mana ari ose pamatanho eCapitol. Ndiyo nguva apo Purezidhendi anouya anozvisunga amene nenzira yapamutemo kuBumbiro reMitemo ndokugamuchira ganhuriro namabasa enzvimbo ine simba zvikurusa munyika. Uyu mutongo mumwe, wakanyorwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, cheMitemo yeU.S., unorondedzera ukama pakati pechiremera chaPureziridhea negadziriro yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokupika kuti “taviridzisa, dzivirira uye dziviriro Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States,” Purezidhendi anobvuma kuti simba rose roukuru rinoyerera rinobva mugwaro iyoyo yenheyo, kwete kubva mukuda kwomunhu oga, kana kuti boka rezvamatongerwe enyika. Chipikiso chipikirwa chapachena icho chiri pakati pebazu rebazu rehurumende, simba rehurumende rinoganhurirwa, uye rekunzwisisa mutemo waro, uye repamutemo, zvinozivisa kuti chinyorwa chapamutemo chinoshanda.

Mavambo Enhau Enzvimbo YaPurezidhendi

Vakawanda vakanga vasingafariri kugadzira mukuru mukuru aizokwanisa kuita simba ramambo.

Mutauro wakananga wemhiko yacho wakatorwa zvikurukuru mumhiko yokugadzwa kwoumambo hweBritain, umo mambo akapika kuti achatonga maererano nomutemo. Zvisinei, shanduro yeAmerica yakashandura kuvimbika kubva kumunhu wouchangamire kuenda kuBumbiro reMitemo rimene. Uku kwakanga kuri kumira kukuru: basa guru raPurezidhendi hakuzi kubato, kana kuti kurumbidzo, asi kuchinyorwa chapamutemo chikuru cherudzi. Chipikiso chinooneka muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8, uye ndichimwe chezvipikiso zviviri bedzi chinorondedzerwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo yeMitemo yemitemo.

Nenzira inofadza, rugwaro rwapakuvamba rweChikamu II rwakabvumira Purezidhendi ku “pika” panzvimbo pa“kupika” kana ivo vaiva netsumo dzorudzidziso dzokupika. Iyi nzvimbo inoratidzira kurangarira kwavagadziri vemisiyano yorudzidziso nechishuvo chavo kuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna mutevedzeri akakwaniriswa aigona kurambidzwa panzvimbo. Bumbiro reMitemo Rinoziviswa [ rinopa tsinhiro dzakadzama pamusoro pemhindumupindu yeiyi ndima.

Haasati ari purezidhendi ari wose akadzokorora mhiko pasina chinoitika. Kutsauka kwakakurumbira zvikurusa kwakaitika muna 1853, apo Purezidhendi Franklin Pierce akasarudza ku bherija [ panzvimbo pokupika, sezvo akanga ari muEpiscopal akazvipira uyo akadavira mhiko dzakaputsa nheyo dzake dzorudzidziso. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Purezidhendi Herbert Hoover akasimbisawo. Izvi zvinoitika zvinosimbisa kuchinjika kwakavakwa murugwaro − atle jahn jahm iyo yakabvumira mhiko yacho kuramba isingachinjiki kwamazana maviri amakore.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Nouremu Hwepamutemo

Mhiko yacho haisiwo zvayo gamuchidzanwa; inotakura simba rapamutemo rinosungirwa. Kupfurikidza nokutora mhiko yacho, Purezidhendi anoita basa rebumbiro remitemo rinogona kumanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nokupiwa mutero uye, mumhaka dzechienzi, kurovererwa mhaka. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaramba richidavira kuti mhiko inosunga Purezidhendi kuita chiito mukati memiganhu yeBumbiro remitemo. Mu Mure Reagle [1890]), Dare rakacherekedza kuti mhiko yaPurezidhendi inoisa basa roku “kutarisira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka” (Artle II, Chikamu 3).

Mhiko yacho inobatanidzawo basa raPurezidhendi somutungamiriri wegumo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende haagoni kushandisa uto rehondo nomutoo unoputsa zvirambidzo zvebumbiro remitemo, zvakadai sokurwa hondo inodenha pasina mvumo yedare. Mhiko inoyeuchidza mutungamiriri nomumusoro kuti kunyange zvisarudzo zvechengeteko yamarudzi zvikurusa zvinofanira kuitika mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.

Uyezve, mhiko hachisi chinoitika chimwe chete. Mugariro apo Purezidhendi anobata hofisi. Chiito chiri chose chinoitwa muhofisi mumusengwa wemhiko iyoyo. Ikoku musengwa usingaperi unoreva kuti chiremera chaPurezidhendi nguva dzose chinobatanidzwa nokutendeka kwebumbiro remitemo. Hurukuro yenhau yaMadenderedzwa apurezidhendi [ inosimbisa kuti mhiko yave iri fandesheni yehurumende iri yose chifo chaGeorge Washington.

Munda Nechiumbwa Chechiremera Chehurumende

Simba Rakaganhurirwa, Kwete Simba Riri Pose

Purezidhendi anopika kuti “dzivirira, dzivirira uye dzivirira Bumbiro remitemo.” Mutauro uyu unoramba chose chose mufungo upi noupi wechiremera chapamusoro chakakwana. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Purezidhendi simba chairo rinodudzwa semutemo wakadai serinoisa, kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye kuraira mauto (apo iwowa anodzikamiswa namasimba eCongress nedare rejaji. Mhiko yacho ibvumwarano yaPurezidhendiyo yokuti iyi iripo.

Chiremera chehurumende, chose chose, chinobva munhume dzeBumbiro reMitemo yamasimba kubva kunyika uye vanhu kuhurumende yenyika. Mutungamiriri wehurumende ndiye mutevedzeri mukuru wamasimba iwayo akapiwa. Asi mhiko inojekesa kuti Purezidhendi haagoni kukudza napakare simba renyika kupfuura miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi haagoni kumisa habeas corpus kunze apo kotsekaro yavose inoiraira mukati mokuvhozhokera kana kuti kupandukira (I, Chikamu 9). Mhikoso yacho inosimbisa kuti kudzorwa kupi nokupi nokupi kunofanira kururamiswa mutezo wapamutemo.

Muti Senzvero Pakudzora

Munhau yose yeAmerica, mhiko yakabatira somupimo unoyerwa pamusoro pomufambiro woupurezidhendi." Mukati mechinotsi chaWatergate, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akashurikidzwa zvikuru sekupunzwa kwemhiko yake. Zvikamu zvetsiuro paNixon zvakabatanidza pomero dzokuti iye akanga akundikana ku “ngwarira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nenzira yokutendeka.” Mhiko yacho yakagovera mashoko emitemo kuti amuite kuti azvidavirire. Nenzira yakafanana, kusateerera kwaPrezidhesi Andrew Johnson muna 1868 kwakavakirwa pakupunza kwake Tenure of Oficial Act, iyo yakanga yakadzorwa sechibvumirano chemhiko yake yokuita mitemo.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mhiko yave ichishandiswa munharo pamusoro pemirayiro yevakuru vakuru, kuongorora nyika, uye simba raPurezidhendi rokutumira mauto kune dzimwe nyika. Vanotsoropodza vakapikisa kuti zvimwe zviito zvokutungamirira zvaPrezidhendi Barack Obama zvakadai sezviito zvokubuda zvehurumende kana kuti Purezidhendi Donald Trump anorambidza kufamba nemitemo uye nokudaro akaputsa mhiko yacho. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti zviito izvi zvakanga zvakakodzera kushandisa uchenjeri mukati mebasa remitemo rapurezidhendi.

Basa Reoath Muparadzano Yesimba

Kuzvimirira Kwakananga Nemiganhu Yebumbiro remitemo

Purezidhendi ndiye bedzi mukuru mukuru wehurumende akasarudzwa norudzi rwose, uye mhiko yacho inosimbisa kuti chiremera chaPurezidhendi chakazvimirira paDare kana kuti dare redare (apo hachisati chiri chokusasarura). Purezidhendi ane chisarudzo mukusimbisa mitemo, kuronga zvibvumirano, uye kuitisa mirau yokumwe, asi haagoni kubvuta simba remitemo reCongress kana kuti simba rokutonga rematare. Chipikiso chinoyeuchidza Purezidhendi kuti bazu guru rakaenzana, kwete gurusa.

Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi Thomas Jefferson akawana Louisiana Territory muna 1803, iye pachivande akapanikira kana Bumbiro reMitemo rakabvumira kutenga kwakadaro.Pasinei nechiono chake chokuwedzera, akaziva kuti chibvumirano nemutemo wakatevera zvaida kutenderwa nebvumirano. Kuomerera kwaJefferson kwokungwarira kumuitiro webumbiro remitemo, kunyange apo rakarwisana nevavariro dzake amene, kunoratidzira mhiko yacho muchiito.

Kurwisana Kwemakwikwi Nenhungamiro Yemuoath

Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunobva pa . Nixon[[FLT] [127] [774]), uko Dare rakatonga kuti kutaura kwaPurezidhendi kweropafadzo yechiremera hakugoni kukurira kudikanwa kwoufakazi mukutongwa kwemhosva. Dare Rapamusorosoro pane dzimwe nguva rakapindira, somu United States v. Nixon [7974]), apo Dare rakatonga kuti kutaura kwaPrezidhendi kweropafadzo yechiremera hakugoni kukurira kudikanwa kwoufakazi mukutonga kwoutsotsi. Dare rakadzika chisarudzo charo parutivi pabasa raPurezidhente kuti “aidzo kuti ichengeterwe kuti mitemo iurawe nokutendeka."

Nenzira yakafanana, mukati me 2019-2020 kusateerera kwaPurezidhendi Trump, mamaneja edzimba akataura kuti nhamburiko dzake dzokudzvinyirira Ukraine kuputsa mhiko yake kupfurikidza nokushandisa simba rapamutemo nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga. Dare rakasununguka, asi gakava rakavakirwa pakuti mufambiro waPurezidhendi waiumba kuputswa kwechivimbo chinopesana nemhiko. Uku kurwisana kunodzokororwa kunoratidza kuti mhiko yacho haisati iri tsamba yakafa asi itsinhano inoshanda pasimba roukurukota.

Mienzaniso Yenhau: Muti Munguva Dzenhamo

Kuchengeta Mubatanidzwa: Mugove waLincoln uye Hondo Yavagari Vemo

Zvichida hakuna purezidhendi akatarisana nomuedzo wakaoma zvikuru wemhiko kupfuura Abraham Lincoln. Akatora nzvimbo muna 1861 ine nyika nomwe dzatopinda murukudzo. Hurukuro yake yokutanga yakasimbisa basa rake roku “chengeta, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo,” kubatanidza musengwa webumbiro remitemo kumanikidzira mitemo yehurumende yose muUnion. Lincoln akataura kuti kuzviisa pasi papamutemo nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro remitemo rakaumba Union, uye kuti mhiko yacho yaida kuti adzivise kubvisa wirirano.

Mukati meHondo yavagari vemo, Lincoln akaita zviito zvakati kuti zvenharo — achikwidza tsvimbo yehabeas corpus, achivhara zviteshi zvengarava zvokumaodzanyemba, uye achibudisa Emancipa Groupy , izvo zvakakwidza miganhu yesimba rehurumende. Iye nguva dzose akadzivirira matanho aya sezvinodikanwa kuti azadzike mhiko yake, kunyange sezvo vatsoropodzi vakamupomera kuita somutongi. Nhau yokuti Lincoln akaputsa kana kuti akatsigira mhiko inoramba iri nhau yekurukurirano yenyanzvi.

FDR Nechibvumirano Chitsva: Chiremera Chinokura

Purezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt akapika mukati menjodzi hurusa yemari munhau yeAmerica. Purogiramu dzake New Deac dzakakudza zvikuru chiremera chehurumende .Kupa masangano ehurumende, kudzora kutengeserana, uye kugadza inishuwarenzi yenzanga. Vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti mamwe ematanho aya akaputsa ganhuriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo pasimba rehurumende, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakakunda purogiramu dzinoverengeka dzekare dzeNew Deact. Mhinduro yeFDR, kubatanidza chikarakadzo chake chokuisa mhaka mudare, chakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti iye akanga achiremekedza ganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo yapasi pemitemo yaakanga apika kutsigira.

Pakupedzisira, Dare rakatsigira purogiramu dzakawanda dzeNew Deal pashure pe “kunyepedzera munguva kwakaponesa mapfumbamwe,” uye Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa kubvumira mutero wemari yaidiwa nesarudzo yakananga yavaneinamasarendi. Chinoitika chacho chinoratidzira kuti mhiko haisati ichidzikamisa chiremera chehurumende muforoma 1787; inobvumira chinjo yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa nokududzirwa kwedare. Basa raPurezidhendi webumbiro remitemo nderokushanda mukati meBumbiro remitemo sezvaripo panguva ipi neipi yakapiwa.

Kuchinja Kwemvura Nechinodzorwa Nepfungwa Yazvino Uno

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate muenzaniso wakajeka zvikurusa wazvino uno wokuchengetwa kwemhiko. Purezidhendi Nixon akarega basa muna 1974 akasvika pashure pokunge Dare reHouse Judicary ratendera zvinhu zvitatu zvokusatenderwa, zvose zvakabatanidzwa nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nekanganisiro yeruramisiro — zviito izvo dare rakapokanidza kuputsa mhiko yake. Kutyisidzira kwokusaita mhiko, kwakamanikidzira Nixon kubva pahofisi, kuchiratidza kuti kushanda kwokuzvidavirira kweDare apo Dare rinoda kuita chiito.

Mutsivi waNixon, Gerald Ford, akazivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti “chinotyisa chedu chenguva refu chorudzi chapera.”Ford gare gare akatarisana negakava rake amene pamusoro pokuregerera kwake Nixon, iro vakawanda vakaona seputswa roruvimbo. Bva mhiko yaFord yakanga isingadi zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvakakwana zvokuti iye anoita mutsinhirano neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kududzira Kwemazuva Ano uye Mapokani Azvino Uno

Chidzidzo Chomuoath Nechinzvimbo Chinodzora

Vatsigiri ve “rondedzero yedare rinotonga rakabatana” vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa simba rose rokutonga muPurezidhendi oga, neDare risingakwanisi kuganhurira kudzora kwaPurezidhendi pamasangano ehurumende.Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti kurava uku kunotyisidzira kuparadzana kwemasimba uye mutemo.

Avo vanofarira dare rakasimba vanonongedzera kumhiko youtungamiriri soufakazi hwokuti Purezidhendi anofanira kuva nomutoro womunhu oga wokuita mitemo nokutendeka, kureva kuti havagoni kusungwa namasangano akazvimirira kana kuti mirau inoganhurira simba rinobvisa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mhiko yacho inoda Purezidhendi kuremekedza zvivako zvebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza basa reDare mukusimbisa vakuru vakuru nesimba reCongress rokuumba masangano anozvimirira. Kupa mhaka kunopfuurira pamusoro pegadziriro yamasangano akadai seConstacial Fialal Development Bureaundiau and the Federal Trade Burest Burest kunoratidzira uku kusabvumirana kukuru.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Nenzvimbo Yemaoath

Purezidhendi ane mvumo yakafara yamasimba ekurumidziro mumutemo wehurumende, kubva pakuzivisa njodzi yenyika kuisa mauto mudzimba pasi peChiteshi cheInsurrection. Mhiko yacho hairambidzi kushandiswa kwemasimba aya, asi inoraira kuti ashandiswe mukati memiganhu yemitemo nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi George H.W. Bush akatsvaka mvumo yebvumirano pamberi pokutanga Gulf War, achidudza mhiko yake yokutsigira chinodikanwa cheBumbiro reMitemo yokubvumira hondo. Nemhaka yeidzo, Purezidhendi Trump anoshandisa masimba ekurumidziro kuti atsigire muganhu pasina Dare rakadents akashorwa mudare sechiremera chake chikuru chemitemo. matare achiri kurwisana nemiganhuro yedariro yedariro muzana ramakore rechi21.

Mutambo WeOath Unobatsira Kukunda Zvematongerwe Enyika

Mazuva ano, vanhu vanowanzobvunza kana chimwe chinhu chichienderana nemhiko yaPurezidhendi.

Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kukumbira mhiko yakadzokororwa kunogona kuva kwokusavimba, kunoshandiswa kururamisa zviito zvinobatanidza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Vamwe vanoomerera pakuti mhiko yacho inogovera donzo rakafanana nokuda kwekurukurirano ne(a pfundo rimwe rinoyeuchidza munhu ari wose kuti purezidhendi ibasa rebumbiro remitemo, kwete dare romunhu oga. Peji yeNational Archives paBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo [[[[FLT: 1]]] inopa rugwaro rwapakuvamba nemashoko akapoteredza enhau nokuda kwavaravi vanofarira kunzvera mutauro chaiwoiwo.

Muhara, Kuzvidavirira, uye Kuzvidavirira

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera kuti Purezidhendi angatendwa nokuda kwe “Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru neMisdemior.” Mhiko yacho yakabatana zvakananga nouyu mupimo. Purezidhendi anoputsa mhiko yavo (nekushandisa zvisina kufanira simba ravo), kudzongonyedza ruramisiro, kana kuti kukundikana kuita mutemo. Vagadziri vamafomu vanonzwisisa kuva muedzo wokupedzisira papurezidhendi uyo angaputsa ruvimbiko rwavo rwebumbiro remitemo.

Kuzvinyima kwenhau kwakarerekera kurumano rwokupikwa kwemhiko. Andrew Johnson akakumbirwa kubvisa mukuru mukuru wedare mukuputswa kweTenure of Office Act(at) nechiito chaakadavira kuti chakanga chiri chisinoudzo. Kudzivirira kwaJohnson kwakanga kuri kwokuti akanga aita mhiko yokuchengeta Bumbiro reMitemo, uye kuti Tenure of Office Act yakaputsa rugwaro irworwo. Dare rakangomusunungura. Richard Nixon akatarisana nokusatenderwa nokuda kwokudzorwa kweruramisiro nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uko Imba Judiary Committee yakabatanidza zvakananga nemhiko yake. Bill Clinton akapis akapisnwa nokuda kwechiito chenguva duku yeruramisiro, asi Imba haina kuisa pachena mhaka kupika. Chibvumirano cheRekostiol Rebhuran chaDrugossorlson chaidzosai rwebasa rehondo yegore re 2020 yebasa rokutanga.

Zvisinei, kuongorora muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kudisa kweDare kuisa mhaka kunotsamira pasimba gurusa rakafanana nerenheyo dzemitemo.

Mugumo: Revo Yemaoath Inogara

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa ndeimwe yegadziriro pfupisa asi huru dzebumbiro remitemo. Inobatanidza Purezidhendi kuBumbiro remitemo nenzira iyo pasina mutemo kana kuti murairo wehurumende unogona. Inosimbisa kuti chiremera chaPurezidhendi chinobva kuBumbiro reMitemo, kwete kusimba romunhu oga kana kuti kurumbidzwa kwakakurumbira.

Kuvambira pamavambo okutanga aGeorge Washington muna 1789 kusvikira kurutsiro rwazvino uno zvikurusa, mhiko yave iri yenguva dzose. Yakadzokororwa napurezidhendi vanotarisana nehondo, kuora mwoyo, kusagadzikana kwevagari vemo, uye kunyadzisa kwomunhu oga. Yave ichikumbirwa kururamisa kufutunurwa kwoushingi kwechiremera chehurumende uye kushurikidza vapari vezvipambi. Yave iri mupimo uyo purezidhendi anoyerwa nawo (naye padzimwe nguva anobviswa.)

Mumamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika azvino uno umo miganhu yesimba ravakuru vakuru inoedzwa kazhinji kazhinji, mhiko inoramba iri yakafanira sekare. Chiyeuchidzo chokuti Purezidhendi haasati ari pamusoro pomutemo asi ndiye mukuru mukuru wehurumende inosarudzwa nebumbiro remitemo. Apo Purezidhendi anopika kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo, chipikirwa ichocho hachisati chichipera pakupera kwekuratidzwa kwechirongwa. Chinogara kweminiti iri yose yezuva riri rose muhofisi, achibatira sonheyo youkama pakati pechiremera chehurumende nechiremera chehurumende.