Sumo

Mifungo yomuitiro wakafanira neruramisiro yenzanga haisati iriwo zvayo mifungo yemitemo inopfuura yapamutemo yakavakirwa pairi nzanga inoruramisira neinowirirana. Nokuda kwavashandi vemitemo, vadzidzisi, uye varonge vagari vemo, kunzwisisa kuti iyi nheyo dzinobatira pamwe sei kunokosha nokuda kwokushanda kwounyanzvi, kuva mugari wemo anozivikanwa, uye kurondwa kunopfuurira kwokuenzana. Nepo muitiro unogovera gadziriro inodzivirira vanhu pachiito chomugariro wakarurama nechokwakarurama, ruramisiro yenzanga inoraira kuti miuyo yegadziriro iyoyo igove inowirirana namapoka ose ari maviri. Iyi nyaya inonzvera ukama hukuru pakati pomuitiro wakafanira neruramisiro yenzanga, kurondwa kwavo, kusawirirana kwavo, vhiringidzo dzinomuka, uye basa redzidzo muzvose zviri zviviri.

Kurondedzera Muitiro Wakafanira: Makwara Echinyakare Neasingashandisi

Muitiro wakafanira unonyorwa muMitemo yeChishanu nerechigumi namana yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iyo inovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu acha "tsaurirwa kuupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo." Iyi nheyo ine zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana asi zvinowirirana.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Projectedation game rezvokunangidzira ngwariro pa how[FLT's' yechiito chehurumende. Kunoda kuti apo hurumende inoita chiito chinoremera upenyu hwomunhu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, inofanira kutevera miitiro yakarurama. Iyi miitiro inobatanidza chiziviso chakakwana, mukana wokunzwiwa, chisarudzo chisina muganhu wedare, uye kodzero yokupa uchapupu nemhedziso. Nhau huru dzeDare dzakaita se Maws v. Elditridge [ yakatanga kuedza kuyera fariro yapachivande, ngozi yokushaiwa kwapashatirwa, uye fariro yehurumende. Chinotoko chinodikanwa mumuteve, uye kutongwa, kunyange kutongwa.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro dzapamberi pedare dzinopfuura mutoo wokudzivirira maruramiro akati okunyanyofanira pakudzorwa nehurumende, pasinei zvapo neruramisiro yemuitiro unoshandiswa. Idzi maruramiro anobatanidza maruramiro okuroora, kuva navana, kushandisa kudzivisa kubereka, uye udzori hwomuviri. Dare Rapamusoro razivawo kodzero huru yokuva voga mugadziriro yakafanira, kazhinji kazhinji inodzokororwa muzvinoitika zvakadai se Grislold v. Connecticut[F:1] uye [FLT] LY] v.C.C.C.C. ruramisiro inodzivirira vanhu inotenderwa kuti idents muitiro wakafanira kudenha kuti mitemo inokuvadza yakashata, ichiita kuti mitemo yakadaro ipesane rusununguko.

Kunzwisisa Ruramisiro Yenzanga: Kubva Pakuenzana Kuenda Pakururamisira

Ruramisiro yenzanga ndiwo murangariro wokuti munhu ari wose anofanirwa nekodzero dzemari, dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye dzenzanga nekodzero. Kunoda kuti kuparadzirwa kwepfuma, mabanza, uye ropafadzo mukati menzanga kuve kwakarurama uye kuti mhinganidzo dzetsika dzokuenzana dzinoputswa. Nepo shoko racho rakawana utanhamari muzana ramakore rechi 19 kupfurikidza namasangano ouzivi nerudzidziso, rondedzero yeruramisiro yazvino uno yakabva zvikuru kumuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika John Rawls, uyo akarangarira kuti nzanga yakarurama yaizova iyo mitezo mishomanene inoita zvakanaka sezvinobvira.

Ruramisiro yenzanga inowanzoshandiswa kupfurikidza nemirangariro mikuru miviri: kusaenzana[[FT:1] uye kusaruramisira. Kuva norusarura kunoreva kubata munhu ari wose zvakafanana, kuvimbisa kodzero dzakafanana nemikana. Zvisinei, anoziva kuti vanhu vakasiyana vanotanga nzvimbo dzakasiyana- siyana uye vangada manyuko kana kuti tsigiro yakasiyana kuti vawane migumisiro yakaenzana. Somuenzaniso, muitiro wakakodzera unogovera gweta rimwe nerimwe munhu wose ringaenzana nenzira yakarongwa asi inodzokasaitwa zvisina kufanira kana pfuma isati yadzivisa vamwe kubva muzvapupu zvinotenga kana kuti kunzvera.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwegadziriro Yakafanira Neruramisiro Yenzanga

Ukama pakati pomuitiro wakafanira neruramisiro yenzanga hwakaoma uye hunoshamisa. Muitiro wakafanira kazhinji kazhinji inzira huru yapamutemo umo ruramisiro yenzanga inotaurwa nayo yafambira mberi. Apo mapoka anozviisa pasi anotsvaka kusimbisa maruramiro avo, vanovimba nedziviriro dzetsika dzegadziriro yakafanira kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti manzwi avo anonzwiwa mumatare, masangano ehurumende, uye tendero. Nenzira inopesana, masangano eruramisiro enzanga akasundira mberi nokuda kwekodzero dzakakodzera dzegadziriro kumapoka akaiswa mukusateverwa, savasungwa, vasiri vamirioni, uye vanhu vane urema.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Imwe yemharadzano dzinodenha zvikurusa ndeyokuwana ruramisiro. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro cha1963 chairatidza kuti dare renzanga raitonga Gideon v. Wainright yaidavira kuti Sixth Amendment yekodzero yezano rinoshanda kuhurumende vakwiri vemhosva vasingagoni kupa gweta. Chisarudzo ichi chaiva rukundo rukuru nokuda kweruramisiro yenzanga, chakaziva kuti urombo hahufaniri kusarudza kunaka kwedziviriro yomunhu. Asi makumi amakore gare gare gare, gadziriro dzevoruzhinji dzinodzivirira dzinoramba dzichiri pasi pezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvinopesana kuti dzishandukire chipikirwa chegadziriro yakafanira nechinhu chaichoicho chokuwana chinoitwa nechinhu chinodikanwa chinogara nguva dzose.

Miedzo Yakanaka uye Vasungwa Vasina Kusarura

Muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa maruramiro kukutonga kwakarurama, kubatanidza maruramiro kudare risingasaruri rakatorwa kubva kumumiriri anoyambuka nzanga. Vatsigiri veSangano renzanga vanoonesa kuti miitiro yokusarudza vatongi vemhosva yokusarura dare rinotonga (kwakadai sokudzima kwakavakirwa padzinza) kwave kuchirerutsa chipikirwa ichi. Dare Gurusa mu ] Batson v. Kentucky [1986]) akaedza kudzora rusaruro muchisarudzo chedare redare rinobetsera, asi fundo dzinoratidza kuti BATson denho hadziwanzobudirira. Pamutemo wedare pano panoratidza kuti mitemo yenzanga yoga yoga haigoni kuita ruramisiro pasina kuchengetwa kwegadziriro uye gadziriro yokuchinja.

Fundo Yenhau Yacho Yechakaipa: Zvidzidzo Kutsika dzeAmerica Dzinobvumirwa Nemitemo

Kuongorora nyaya dzinokosha kunoratidza kuti kururamisira kunoshanda sei uye kuti kwakakodzera sei kunoitwa nenzanga — dzimwe nguva zvichipindirana, dzimwe nguva pakurwisana.

Vakomana vaScottsboro: Kukundikana Kwegadziriro Yakafanira Neruramisiro Yenzanga

Muna 1931, vechiduku vapfumbamwe veAfrica vakapomerwa zvenhema nezvokubata chibharo vakadzi vaviri vachena muAlabama. Vakagamuchira dare rokukurumidzira, zano risingawirirani, uye vatongi vose vachena vaimirira project. Pasinei zvapo nokushaikwa kwoufakazi hunobvumwa, vasere vakatongerwa rufu. Mhaka yacho yakaendeswa kuDare guru reAmerica kaviri: kutanga mu Powell v. Alabama[FLT] [12] [1932] [1932], iyo yainotsigira kuti kodzero yokupa zano munhau huru muitiro mukuru wakafanira; uye gare gare gare [[FLT:] Nors] v. [FLT] [35] [inozivikanwa nakaroti], (1935]), iyo yakawana kuti kubviswa kwevatema vaAmerika muH HUPlateme Cexmate. Nepo Dare reSar, gare gare gare gare mumugwagwa rinobetsera, kunyange kudzivirira dare renguva dzose, rinoitwa kunyange mudare revoro.

Brown v. Board of Education: Muitiro Wakafanira sechishandiso cheRuramisiro yenzanga

Chisarudzo cha1954 mu Brown v. Board of Education inowanzoonekwa sokukunda kweruramisiro yenzanga, asi yakatsamirawo pamuitiro wakafanira. Dare raidavira kuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzinobvumirwa hadzina kuenzana, kunyima vana veAmerica dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo inovimbiswa neGaramende reMitemo. Nepo kutonga kwacho hakuna kuratidzira zvakajeka muitiro wakafanira, pfungwa yokuti nyika inofanira kubata vagari vose vagari vemo nechinhu chakafanira nechepakati. Brown [FG]] inoratidzira kuti kuraira kwegadziro retsika kutsanangurazve muitiro wakafanira nokuwedzera.

Gidheoni aishora kodzero Dzevanhu uye kodzero Dzenzanga

Clarence Earl Gideon, mushandisi ane urombo akawanwa ane mhaka yokupunza nokupinda, akakurumbira akakwidziridza kupwiswa kwake nemhaka yokuti ainyimwa gweta. Dare Gurusa rakabvumirana kuti kodzero yezano inokosha nokuda kwokutongwa kwakarurama uye rinoshanda kumatare ehurumende kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment. Iyi chisarudzo chakakwirira zvakananga kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti kunyange vakwirirwi varombo zvikurusa vane kodzero yokumirira pamutemo. Zvisinei, chipikirwa [[FLT: 0] Gideon chinoramba chisina kuzadzika [masangano mazhinji avose anodzivirira vanhu kupfurikidza neI14th Amend Amendment] zvokuti havagoni kugovera ruramisiro inoshanda. Uyu mukaha unopfuurira pakati pomutemo uye muitiro ipfundo reruramisiro.

Matambudziko Ari Panzvimbo Yakasiyana - siyana: Kusagadzikana uye Nhau Dzisina Kugadziriswa

Kunyange zvazvo muitiro wakafanira neruramisiro yenzanga zvichiwanzosimbisana, zvinogonawo kuva nedzvinyiriro. Muitiro wacho hauchinji mutsika yawo pakusimbisa nhevedzano yenguva dzose; unokoshesa dzikamo, muenzaniso, uye bvumirano yokungwarira. Masangano eruramisiro, mukupesana, kazhinji kazhinji anoda chinjo yetsika dzinokurumidza kururamisa kusaruramisira kwenhau. Uku kurwisana kunogona kuoneka munharaunda dzinoverengeka.

Rusaruraganda Rwegadziriro Nokushandisa Kusina Kuenzana

Nzvero dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti vanhu vanotarisana nokusungwa kwakakomba zvikuru pamberi pokutongwa, mitsetse mirefu, uye mipinyi mikuru zvikuru yokuwana zviwanikwa zvapamutemo kupfuura vapomeri vechichena. Kunyange kana miitiro yakafanira isingatori rutivi pameso, fungidziro dzakajeka dzinogona kuumba migumisiro. Vatsigiri veruramisiro yenzanga vanotaura kuti muitiro wakafanira pasina ngwariro kukusafanana kwegadziriro yokutonga hautongobudisi miuyo yakarurama. Denho ndeyokuchinja miitiro yokurangarira tsvedzero yetsika dzetsika (socirence), somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokuvandudza miitiro yemari inovhara vanhu varombo vepeji inopfurwa zvikuru pamberi pokutongwa.

Urombo Hunotadzisa Kufambira Mberi

Ndyiko yemireza yapamutemo, zvapupu zvine unyanzvi, uye zvikumbiro zvinoparira gadziriro mbiri yeruramisiro. Vakwiridzirwi vakapfuma vanogona kushandisa zvizere kodzero dzavo dzakafanira; vakwiridziri vezvirombo kazhinji kazhinji vaipomera mhaka pasinei zvapo nokusava nemhaka nemhaka nemhaka yokuti havagoni kurwa. Iyi idi yakatungamirira kuraira nokuda kwe "kodzero yokupa zano" muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo zvinobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvakadai sedzimba, kuchengetwa kwavana, uye kubuda munyika. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seNew York City, dzakatanga mapurogiramu endege kugovera zano rapachena rapamutemo kuzviisa pasi pevaregi varovhari vakaderera vanotarisana negadziriro yetsika neruramisiro.

Kuzvidavirira Kunokwaniriswa Nemapurisa

Kudzivirirwa kwakafanira, dzidziso inodzivirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende pamitoro yavagari vemo kutoti vachiputsa "mutemo wakatangwa zvakajeka", yakatsoropodzwa semhinganidzo kururamisiro yenzanga. Inowanzodzivisa vanyajambwa vomufambiro wakashata wamapurisa kuwana dziviriro kumatare, kunyange apo kodzero dzakafanira dzakaputswa. Dzidziso yacho yaiitirwa pakuvamba kudzikamisa kuzvidavirira nedikanwo yavakuru vakuru vehurumende kuita pasina kutya kutongwa kwemhosva kwenharo. Asi vazhinji vanotaura kuti yazova nhoo yetsika dzisiri dzapamutemo. Nhambudzo dzose dziri mbiri dzechinjo dzinotsvaka kuganhurirwa kana kuti mwero yemitengo inokwaniswa, kuratidzira ruramisiro yenzanga iyo inofanira kubatanidza kuzvidavirira kune revo ine revo.

Basa Redzidzo Mukudzora Mitemo Yose Iri Miviri

Dzidzo chishandiso chine simba chokufambisira mberi zvose zviri zviviri muitiro wakafanira neruramisiro yenzanga.

Kufambira Mberi Kwedzidzo

Presitorendi yechikoro inofanira kubatanidza zvidzidzo panhau dzinotemwa kuti dzive dzechiratidzo, zvakadai se Miranda v. Arizona, muGault (idonzo rakafanira kupwere], uye Obergefell v. Hodges[ [kuzivazve roorano imwe cheteyo pasi pomuitiro wakafanira wepanikidzo]. Izvi zvinogovera mienzaniso chaiyo yenzira iyo matare ane maruramiro akadzikama nefariro dzakaenzana. Kuwedzera, misoro yeruramisiro, maruramiro enzanga, kuvhotera, uye ruramisiro inopiwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanira.

Unyanzvi Hwokufunga Hunonetsa uye Hwounyanzvi Hwokuchenjera

Kupfupikisa, dzidzo inofanira kukurudzira kunzvera kwokutsoropodza musiyano pakati pemipimo yemitemo nemiuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika. Vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera chikonzero nei dziviriro dzetsika dzisingatungamiriri nguva dzose kumiuyo inowirirana uye kuti zvinhu zvegadziriro sei zvakadai sourombo, dzinza, uye nzvimbo zvinopesvedzera kushandiswa kwomutemo. Kurovedza dare, gakava, uye zvirongwa zvenzanga zvinogona kubetsera vadzidzi kukudziridza unyanzvi hwokutsigira chinjo idzo dzinofambira mberi zvose zviri zviviri muitiro wakafanira neruramisiro yenzanga.

Kururamisira Kwedzidzo Senhau Yenzanga

Kunokosha kuziva kuti kusvika kudzidzo yehurumende yavagari vemo pachayo inhau yeruramisiro yenzanga. Zvikoro mumaruwa akapfuma zvinowanzopa mutemo wakasimba wegadziriro dzinowirirana, nepo zvikoro zvakaderera zvingashaiwa kunyange zvinhu zvikuru paBumbiro remitemo. Kurangarira kuti vadzidzi vose (vasina muganhu webumbiro remitemo) kudzidza pamusoro pekodzero dzavo kunokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kupedzisa: Nezvegadziriro Yakabatana

Ukama pakati pomuitiro wakafanira neruramisiro yenzanga hausi mutambo wezerosum; panzvimbo pezvo, mutambo une simba unoda ngwariro yenguva dzose negadziridzo. Gadziriro yapachikwaniridzo inopa mavambo nokuda kwokusaruramisira kunodenha, nepo ruramisiro yomunzanga inopa nhungamiro yetsika kutsika, ichiisunda kushanduka - shanduka kudarika ruramisiro yetsika kukusasarurama. Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinoshanda zvikurusa ndiidzo dzinoziva kubatana kwadzo nehwunodzivirira maruramiro avanhu apo dzinotaura nenzira inoshingaira kutsika dzapamutemo.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo navatsigiri, basa racho riri kumativi maviri: kuramba vakasvinurira mukuraira kuti maruramiro ebasa akafanira anokudzwa nokuda kwomunhu ari wose, uye kusunda nokuda kwechinjo dzinovhara musiyano pakati pezvipikirwa zvapamutemo nezvinoitika. Kana kupfurikidza nokutsigira tsigiro yemari yavose, kubvisa mari, kana kuti kuwedzera kusvika kuzano munhau dzevagari vemo, nhamburiko imwe neimwe inosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri muitiro wakafanira neruramisiro. Pakupedzisira, nzanga inoita chiito pasina ruramisiro yenzanga ingatsigira miitiro apo inosimudzira kusaenzana; chaunga chinoronda ruramisiro yenzanga pasina muitiro wakafanira kuisa mungozi maruramiro avanhu vose. Nepo bedzi kuronda zvose zviri zviviri munzanga tinogona kuwana zvamazvirokwazvo nzanga yakarurama. [[FLT] Kuwedzera, [F] Constitution Constitution Constitution Constitution Constitution Arence] [FFFF]]