Table of Contents
Ukama Pakati Pehurumende Nehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo: Kushandira Pamwe Nerwisano
Mutambo pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo unomirira humwe hwoukama hune simba zvikurusa nehunoparira muAmerica. Uhwu ukama, hwakavakirwa mugadziriro yehurumende yeU.S., hunoumba chinhu chiri chose kuvambira pakutsigira mari yekirasi kusvikira kumhinduro yekurumidziro. Nepo mwero miviri ichigoverana nharidzano dzakafanana dzokubatira vagari vemo, kurukurirano yavo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji pakati pebatira pamwe inobudirira nerwisano huru. Kuvaraidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa, kunzwisisa izvi masimba zvinokosha kunzwisiswa kuti muitiro unosvika sei chaizvoizvo nzanga.
Mavambo Enhau Oukama Hwehurumende Nenharaunda
Tsika yeAmerica yehurumende yomunzvimbomo isati yatanga Bumbiro reMitemo. Mataundi echikoroni namaruwa akashandisa chiremera chakati hurumende dzehurumende dzisati dzagadzwa. Zvisinei, pashure pokuzvitonga, nyika dzakaita ukuru pamasangano omunzvimbomo kupfurikidza negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nezviito zvemitemo. Dzidziso yapamutemo inozivikanwa se DILLIN'S], yakadzorwa noMutongi John F. Dillon muna 1868, yakasimbisa kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvisikwa zvehurumende, dzine masimba bedzi anopiwa nenzira yakajeka nedare remitemo. Iyi nheyo inopfuurira kutsigira ukama hwepamutemo, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzapamusha idzo dzinopa chigamugamugamugamugamugaro chikuru.
Nokufamba kwenguva, kuenzana kwachinja. Zana remakore rechi20 rakatanga kuderera kwehurumende, zvikurukuru mune zvemitemo zvakadai semitero, kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, uye utano hwevanhu. Nhasi, ukama hwacho hunoramba huri kukurukurirana pakati penhungamiro yehurumende nenzvimbo yaunogara uchizvifungira.
Kunyoreswa Kwehurumende Nehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo
Kubatana kwepamutemo kwekudzora nzvimbo yazvo kuoma. Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anorondedzera zvikurukuru chirongwa namasimba ehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, nepo matare okugadza mitemo anoisazve chiremera chawo. Hakuna muenzaniso wakaenzana worudzi; mabasa enyika imwe neimwe anoumbwa pachayo. Iyi mhatsa inoparira nzanga ine wirirano huru yehurumende munyika yose.
Zvinotaurwa naDillon Zvaanoita Zvinopesana Nekutonga Kwepamusha
Dzidziso mbiri dzapamutemo dzinokwikwidzana dzinoumba ukama. DILLON’S] inoreva kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona bedzi kushandisa masimba anogoverwa zvakajeka nehurumende. Kupesana kupi nokupi muchiremera kunopedzwa mukuda kwehurumende. Mutemo uyu unoshanda munenge nyika 39 kusvikira kumwero wakati. Mukupesana, [[FLT:] Hurumende dzehome [[FLT:]] dzinoshanda pasi pokubvumira kwouzvitonga, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitemo yeguta. Mumutezo wemusha, nzvimbo dzinogona kushandisa simba ripi neripi neripi risingarambidzwi nomutemo.
Somuenzaniso, Ohio inopa chiremera chamatura outongi hwepamusha pasi peChikamu XVIII chebumbiro remitemo yacho, kuchibvumira maguta saColumbus naCleveland kupa mitemo yomunzvimbomo panhau dzeitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo, kunyange apo mutemo wehurumende unenge wakanyarara. Zvisinei, apo mutemo wehurumende unodzivisa zvakananga chiito chomunzvimbomo, Hurumende inokurira. Uku kusawirirana pakati pomutemo womusha nesununguro imavambo anodzokoroka anodzokoroka.
Kuedzwa Kwehurumende Kwechiremera Chomunzvimbomo
Hurumende inosunungurwa apo mutezo wehurumende unorambidza kana kuti unoganhurira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kutungamirira munharaunda yakati. Kusunungurwa kunogona kuratidzirwa (kutaurwa nenzira yomutemo) kana kuti kurehwa (kubviswa muvavariro yehurumende yokupinda mumunda). Nharaunda dzinozivikanwa navose dzekusunungurwa dzinobatanidza:
- Mitemo yomwoto
- Mitemo mishomanene yomubayiro neyomushandi
- Mirayiro yokurenda nguva pfupi (mutoo, Airbb)
- Kurambidzwa kwemarasha epurasitiki uye mitemo yezvakatipoteredza
- Kushandira pamwe kwevashandi vanochengetedza vagari vomunzvimbo dzinogara nyika
Maererano ne Conference of State Legislatures, nhamba yezvikwereti zvokudzikunura zvakatangwa gore negore yawedzera zvikuru kubvira muna 2010, zvichiratidza kusawirirana kuri kuwedzera pakati pehurumende dzemaguta dzinofambira mberi nedzine tsika.
Kushandira Pamwe Pakati Pehurumende Nehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo
Pasinei zvapo nerwisano huru, hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobatira pamwe zuva nezuva pamabasa akasiana- siyana. Iyi batira pamwe inowanzorairwa nomutemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nemari. Kubatira pamwe kwehurumende kunobudirira kunovandudza kushanda zvakanaka, kudzivisa kunyorwa, uye unyanzvi pamitengo yose iri miviri.
Kushandira Pamwe Kwemari: Yamuro yeHurumende Nokugoverana Mubereko
Hurumende dzemo dzinovimba zvikuru nemari yehurumende kuti dzipe mabasa anokosha.
- Formula inopa: yaparadzirwa yakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, kunyoresa, kana kuti mamwe mametric (mh. K-12 kutsigira mari yedzidzo)
- Kugoverana: Chikamu chemari yemitero yehurumende yakadzorerwa kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine ganhuriro shomanene
- Pas-kupfurikidza nemari yomubatanidzwa: United States inogovera mapurogiramu ehurumende ndokugovera mari kumasangano omunzvimbomo
Kutanga Kwavose Muutano Hwavose Nokuchengeteka
Ngwavaira dzoutano dzavose, kubva patapuko dzehosha kusvikira kungwavaira dzomusikirwo, kuraira kubatira pamwe kwapedyo. Mukati medenda reCHOVID-19, madhipatimendi outano ehurumende anoshanda nehofisi dzoutano dzomunharaunda yomunzvimbomo pakuedza, kunzvera, uye kuparadzira nhomba. Nepo kukwikwidza kwakatanga pamusoro pezvikumbiro zvokuvhara nokuvharwa kwemabhakitire echikoro, kushanda kwapamhene. Nenzira yakafanana, gadziriro dzengwavaira dzehurumende dzinotsamira pamoto nedhipatimendiro dzemapurisa, nehurumende inogovera kuyamurano nepfuma kupfurikidza namasangano akafanana ne Office yeEmeter Management meter meter meter [[[FLD1]].
Kuvaka Nokushanda Nezvikepe Zvezvifambiso
Zvirongwa zvikuru zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvinowanzoda zvibvumirano zvenyika. Madhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa anodzora migwagwa nenzvimbo, apo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobata migwagwa nemigwagwa. Asi zvirongwa zvakawanda zvinoyambuka miganhu. [Kalifornia High Rail Advice Adminigment[, somuenzaniso, anobatirana nezviremera zvomunzvimbomo panzvimbo inomira nokushandisa nyika. Mumwe muenzaniso ndi [[FLTL:2] Minnesota Department of Urbateorter’s Convention [[FLT]], iyo yakabatanidzwa, nyika, nharaunda, uye maguta kuti ishandise kuronga nokufambiswa kwemite yemite yemitemo yezvipatara muTwin Cities.
Gakava Pakati Pehurumende Nehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo
Kusawirirana chinhu chinogarwa nhaka chehurumende. Misiyano mupfungwa dzezvematongerwe enyika, zvinonyanya kukosha, uye tsika dzenzanga zvinogona kukonzera kusawirirana.
Makakatanwa Okushandisa Mari Nedzvinyiriro Dzemari
Mamwe amabasa anopfuurira zvikurusa erwisano kupiwa mari. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji dzinotaura kuti hurumende inoisa mirairo pasina kugovera zviwanikwa zvakakwana kuti iishandise. Iyi mirairo isingatenderwi [ inogona kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvemiitiro mitsva yokushuma, mabasa edzidzo chaiyo, kana kuti kuzviisa pasi kwemhoteredzo. Mumhinduro, dzimwe matare ehurumende akapfuudza mitemo inoda kudzorerwa nokuda kwemirairo yakati, asi inowirirana. Somuenzaniso, purogiramu yeReach Free NYHAV yeHurumende yeNew York] yakagovera zvikarakadzo zvemitero zvemitero asi mitoro yokutarisira zvivako zvechikoro zvomunharaunda yomunzvimbomo, kunyunyuto, kunyunyuto.
Kugadzira, Kushandisa Nyika, uye Kushandisa Dzimba
Nyika inoshandisa mirau ibasa romunzvimbomo, asi hurumende dzehurumende dziri kupindira nenzira inowedzera kukurukura dzimba dzinokwana nokusava nedzimba. . . . . . . . . . . . kushandura kwaidzoreka muna 2019, nenzira inobudirira kubvumira duplexes nenhare panzvimbo yaichimbova misha yemhuri imwe, inoita kuti ive migaro ipote. Zvikwereti zvakafanana mu CALIFLIF [ (S 9 neSB 35) kubvumira nokuda kwedzimba dzakawanda uye kurambwa kwenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo. Izvi zviito zvinoparira chishoro chinotyisa kubva kumasangano eguta nemapoka anoona sokudzorwa kwomunzvimbomo.
Kutama uye Kudzivirira Muitiro
Rwisano pamusoro pamaguta matsvene muenzaniso wakatanhamara. Masangano ezvomutemo omunzvimbomo mumaguta akadai se San Francisco, Chicago, uye New York akagamuchira mitemo inoganhura batira pamwe neU.Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Mumhinduro, mitemo yehurumende mu , Florida, uye Iowa[FLT] yakapfura mitemo inorambidza mitemo yakadaro nemari inotyisidzira. Hondo dzemitemo dzakasvika matare ehurumende, zvichitsamira pakududzirwa kweDemitemposo neSudy Claus. Dare guru reSupremetic Clasm rakatsigira hurumende kuti ritsigire pamutemo romunzvimbomo ritsigire pamutemo, asi rinokakava nenhau yehurumende inodzorwa zvikuru.
Kudzivirirwa Nemari Ishoma Nevashandi
Imwe nzvimbo inodzorwa imari shoma. Mamwe maguta, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzine mari yakawanda dzakadai se Sattle, Los Angeles, neWashington, D.C., akagadza mibairo pamusoro pehurumende kana kuti uriri hwehurumende. Dzimwe zviremera zvehurumende zvakapindura nokupfuudza mitemo inorambidza nzvimbo kugadza mari yazvo inoganhurirwa. Kubvira pa2024, inenge 25 inotaura kuti [ miganhuro yapamberi. Vatsigiriki vanoparira iyi bhizimisi rakapoteredza; vashoo vanoidzosa kudzorwa kwehurumende yomunzvimbomo uye kufuratira mutengo wadzoka yadzoka.
Tapuro Yehurumende Neukama Hwenyika
Federalism inheyo yebumbiro remitemo inoparadzira simba pakati pehurumende yenyika. Asi revo dzayo dzinodzikawo kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomowo. Mubumbiro reMitemo reU.S., hurumende dzomunzvimbomo hadzidudzwi; dzose dziri mukati mekurangarira kwenyika. Ikoku kunoita ukama hwehurumende munzvimbo yapasi kuva mutezo muduku wehurumende.
Kuderedza Kubatwa Nehosha Neautonomy Yomunzvimbomo
Federalism inokurudzira kupfavisa, kubvumira kuedza kwemiitiro pamwero womunzvimbomo. Shoko rokuti “masangano edemokrati” , rakaumbwa neMutongi Louis Brandeis, rinoshanda kwete kunyika chete asiwo kumaguta uye matura. Hurumende dzemo dzinogona kuedza mapurogiramu matsva atsva akadai sebhajeti yemari inobhadharwa, vatyairi vemari yese, kana kuti nyika yenzanga inovimba nejeri renyika. Kuedza kubudirira kunogona kutengwa namamwe manharaunda kana kuti kugamuchirwa pamwero wenyika.
Zvipo Nemamiriro Ezvinhu Ehurumende
Federal inopa mari kuhurumende kazhinji kazhinji inouya nemigariro inodzika kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, Mutemo weNyuwa inocheneswa inoda nyika kuti dzishandise gadziriro dzinodzora nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nokushandiswa kwemvura yakachena negadziriro dzemvura yemadutu, idzo dzinoisa zvinodikanwa pazviringanidzo zvomunzvimbomo. Nenzira yakafanana, mari yezvokufambisa yehurumende inopiwa nehurumende DOTS, iyo ipapo inopfuudza mari kumasangano ezvokufambisa noukora. Iyi purogiramu yaparendero yeda inogona kuparira nhevedzano yokuzvidavirira asiwo shatiso apo zvinokosha zvomunzvimbomo zvinosiana nevavariro dzehurumende kana kuti dzehurumende.
Fundo Dzenhau Dzebatira Pamwe Yehurumende Nerwisano
Pasi apa pane zvidzidzo zvitatu zvinoratidza mativi akasiyana - siyana oukama hwacho.
Fundo Yenhau 1: Kuchinja Kwepfungwa kwaColorado
Apo Colorado yakanyoresa nhandaro mbanje muna 2012, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakada kusarudza kusabvumira matura mukati memiganhu yadzo. Hurumende yakagadza gadziriro yokudzosa asi yakasiya kutengesa nokuronga kuruwa. Iyi nzira yokubatira pamwe yakabvumira Denver[ kutora indasitiri, nepo inoparira mari yemitero inokosha, nepo kuruwa El PaLSO County [ Urongwa hwakarambidza kushambadza chose chose chose. Urongwa hwacho hwakashanda zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti zvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo zvinoremekedzwa uye zvakagovera nhungamiro dzakajekajeka nokuda kwokuita.
Nyaya 2: Kansas City uye Hondo Yokukundwa yeMissouri
Muna 2019, dare reguta re Kanses City, Missouri rakapa mutemo unoda vashandirwi kugovera zororo rinorwara. Missouri paramende yakaita mutemo wokusunungura waiparadza mutemo weguta rose uye wairambidzwa nokusashanda. Guta racho raidzongonyedza mutemo weMissouri weMissouri Constitution. Dare repamusoro pakupedzisira rakatsigira simba rehurumende, richidudza kutonga kweDillon. Iyi chiitiko chinosimbisa kuti kunyange maguta omumusha anogona kudzorwa nenzira yakajeka nechiito chapamutemo.
Fundo Yenhau 3: Kugamuchira Ngwavaira muFlorida
Gadziriro yedutu reFlorida muenzaniso webatira pamwe yehurumende. Florida Division of Emergency Management inoshanda nenzvimbo dzenjodzi dzomuruwa mukati memadutu. Pashure pePhurricane Ian muna 2022, hurumende nevashandi vomunzvimbomo vakashanda pamwe chete kubvisa ushato, kudzorera simba, uye kugovera nzvimbo yokugara. Nepo kusabvumirana kwakamuka pamusoro pemiitiro yokudzosera mari, kushanda kwakanga kwakasimba. Hurumende yakagoverawo mari yapa mberi kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokugadzirira, kuderedza rwisano.
Miitiro Yenguva Yemberi Nezvinetso Zvavaiti Vemitemo
Zvimiro zvakasiana - siana zviri kumuka zvichaumba mhindumupindu yazvo.
Mubato Wokupererwa Nemvura Unowedzera
Kusunungurwa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo kunopfuurira kukwira. Mukuwirirana no Brookings Institution mushumo, hondo dzokudzikunura dzakakura kubva kunzvimbo dzamagamuchidzanwa sedzokudzorwa kwepfuti kuenda kunhau itsva sekusatora rutivi kwemambure, kukwira mirau inodzorwa, uye kuvandika mashoko. Iyi kombamiro ingangowedzera sezvo kukura kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye masangano anotsvaka kuita miitiro yakafanana.
Utongi Hworuwa NehweMetro
Zvinetso zvakawanda (zvakadai sechokufambisa, kunaka kwemhepo, uye kukura kwezvemari) miganhu yemanisiparati. Zvivako zvenharaunda zvinodzora, se metropolitan kuronga (maPROGO) uye mativi ehurumende (COGS) [[FLT]], ari kuva anozivikanwa zvikuru. Masangano aya anoda kushandira pamwe pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakawanda uye kazhinji kazhinji anobatanidza kutungamirira hurumende.
Zvinetso Zvinokura Zviri Mberi
Utano hwemari hwehurumende dzomunzvimbomo hunoramba husina kusimba. Makepisi emitero yenhumbi, kubviswa kwemitero nemhaka yemari yemari inotengeswa, uye mari yomudyandigere inowedzera dzvinyiriro pamari yomunzvimbomo. Nyika dzingada kuchinja nzira dzadzo dzokuyamura kana kuti kupa nzvimbo mvumo huru kuti dzidzivise mitengo yebasa. National League of Cities yakadana chirongwa chitsva chenyika yenzvimbo yezvirongwa kuti ipedze nhau idzi dzegadziriro.
mhedziso
Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzenyika ibasa rinopfuurira. Kubatana kunoramba kuchibudirira munharaunda dzakadai semari inotsigirwa nedzidzo, njodzi, uye marongerwo ezvivako, umo zvinangwa zvinowirirana nezvinosunda zvemari zvinowirirana. Rwisano dzinotanga pamusoro pokusunungurwa, miraudzo yedzimba, uye nhau dzetsika, uko mipimo nezvinotanga kuderera. Kunzwisisa ukama inoda kunzwisiswa kwedzidziso dzemitemo seProvism , mabasa ehurumende yehurumende, uye magariro ezvamatongerwe enyika enzanga dzakasiyana- siyana. Vadzidzi navadzidzi, vanofunda izvi zvinopa nzvimbo yepamberi mberi kugona kudzora hurumende yeAmerica panzvimbo inoteve. Sezvo vanhu vorudzi runova vanosvika kunzwisiswa zvikuru munzvimbo dzinotendwa nemitemo inonetsa zvikuru, rudzi rweukama hwehurumende yenzvimbo yogaro, uye magariro ehurumende kuchakura bedzi.