Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinopfuura chigadziko chapamutemo; igadziriro mhenyu inodzikamisa nheyo dzakavakirwa nezvishuvo zvinopeta zvenzanga yakasiana- siyana. Pakati pemipimo yayo inowirirana neruramisiro yenzanga imire sembiru mbiri, imwe neimwe ichizivisa nokusimbisa imwe. Nepo uenzani huchinongedzera kudziviriro kwapamutemo kwapamutemo mukurwisana norusaruro, ruramisiro yenzanga inotambanukirazve mberi zvikuru kupedza zvinetso zvetsika ndokuvimbisa kugoverwa kwakarurama kwezviwanikwa nemikana. Nyaya ino inonzvera ukama hwakaoma kunzwisisa pakati peiyi mifungo seyakasimbiswa muBumbiro remitemo, kutevera kukuravirira kwadzo dzayo dzenhau, kukwikwidza, uye kushanda kwazvinotevedzerwa.

Kuenzana Senheyo Yebumbiro Remitemo

Kuenzana hakududzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba ra 1787. Kutaura idi, rugwaro rwapakuvamba rwakagamuchira zvisino kunzwika nouduku hwavakadzi. Shoko rokuti “kuenzana” hakuoneki muZvikamu kana kuti muChinyorwa chapakuvamba chekodzero. Panzvimbo pezvo, nheyo yakabuda kupfurikidza negadziridzo nedudziro yedare, zvishoma nezvishoma kuchishandura Bumbiro remitemo kuva maruramiro akaenzana.

Kubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira uye Nzira Yokuchinja

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba raiva negadziriro dzinoverengeka idzo dzakachengeta kusaenzana: Vatatu navaFoffth Kuregerera vakaverengwa vanhu vari varanda savane nhanhatu vomunhu akasununguka nokuda kwokuratidzirwa nemutero; Muranda weFugio Claus aida kudzoka kwavanhu vakapukunyuka vari varanda; uye Electoral College negadziriro yeDare zvakabvisa simba rokuvhota rehurumende dzine vanhu vashoma zvikuru asi zvakabatanidzawo varwiri vedzinza nevechikadzi. Zvakatora hondo yavagari vemo nenhevedzano yezvigaro zvokuchinja vanhu kuti vatange kubvisa izvi zvivako.

  • 13th Amendment (1865):[ Uranda nokubatira kusingazvidiriri, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. Uku kugadziriswa kwapamutemo kwakagumisa uranda hwekurukurirano asi kwakasiya nzvimbo yegadziriro dzokusungwa dzinopfuudzwa nedzinza idzo dzinopfuurira nhasi.
  • 14th Amendment (1868): Its Protection Exvince Clause yakava chishandiso chikuru chebumbiro remitemo nokuda kworusaruro runodenha. Kugadziridza kunorondedzerwawo kuva mugari wemo, kwakavimbisa muitiro wakafanira, uye kunorambidza nyika kuramba munhu upi noupi “dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.”
  • 15th Amendment (1870): Kurambwa kwakavakirwa pakodzero dzerudzi dzokuvhota. Bva mhosho dzakadai semitero yokuvhota, nzvero dzokunyora nokunyora, uye nzira dzokutyisidzira dzakaparadza nenzira inobudirira vagari veAfrica kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore.
  • permendement yechi19th (1920): Kudzikisa vakadzi, kunyange zvazvo vakadzi vazhinji vane ruvara vachine ganhuriro dzokuvhota dzinotsigirwa nedzinza kutozosvikira kuChirevo Chamaruramiro cha 1965.
  • Thunhuro yechi24 (1964):[[FL:1] Mitero yevhotera yakaitwa musarudzo dzehurumende, ichibvisa mhinganidzo yemari yakanga yatapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vavhoti veBlack uye vemari vakaderera.

Iyi gadziridzo inoratidzira musengwa webumbiro remitemo kukuenzana uko kwakanga kusati kuri kwokukurumidza kana kuti kwakakwana.

Zvimiro Zvekuenzana Mumutemo Webumbiro remitemo

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinosiyanisa pakati pokuenzana kwetsika nenyaya dzekushandisa zvakafanana, kunyange zvazvo Dare Repamusorosoro richiwanzoshandisa urongwa hwokuongorora hwakatevedzana:

  • Scrutiny: Inoshandiswa apo mitemo inosarura yakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti maruramiro makuru. Hurumende inofanira kuratidza fariro inomanikidzira uye kuti mutemo wakagadziridzwa zvishoma. Iyi mirangariro yakabuda muzvinoitika zvakafanana Korenatsu v. United States (1944) uye yakanatswa mu [[FT: 4.] vavaki vagadziri vemitemo. Penda [195]]
  • Scrutiny: Kushandiswa kumativi echirume neapamutemo. Hurumende inofanira kuratidzira fariro inokosha uye kuti mutemo une chokuita zvikuru nefariro iyoyo. Craig v. Boren [6] yakatanga kuedza uku.
  • Rasal Basis Review: Inoshandiswa kudzimwe nhevedzano dzezvemari nenzanga. Mutemo unoda bedzi kuva une chokuita nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende. Iyi reshiyo yakaderera inowanzotsigira mitemo inotapura mapoka akaganhurirwa zvikuru kutoti ivo vakatambira “boka respect.”

Uyu mutoo wakarongwa unoratidzira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinorangarira sei kuenzana kwete somurayiro mumwe, woushoma asi senheyo inojeka inochinjira kuukombi hworusaruro rwuri kukurukurwa.

Murangariro Wokururamisira Kwenzanga

Ruramisiro yenzanga, kunyange zvazvo isiri shoko rinowanwa muBumbiro reMitemo rimene, yazova chinhu chinotsanangura icho vatsigiri vazhinji navatongi vanonzwisisa nacho madonzo makuru echinyorwa chacho. Ruramisiro yenzanga inoraira kwete bedzi kusavapo kworusaruro rwetsika asiwo kuvapo kwemigariro inowirirana yedzidzo, yezvoutano, yedzimba, uye mukana wemari. Inoda kunzvera kuti mitemo nemitemo zvinoparira sei kuvadziko kunyange apo inenge isina kutsiga.

Mavambo Efilosofi

Rondedzero yetsika dzazvino uno yetsika dzinoita kuti rondedzero yetsika dzive nebasa romuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika John Rawls. Mu A Theory of Justice (1971], Rawls yakataura kuti nzanga yakarurama ndeimwe umo gadziriro huru yenzanga inochengetera rusununguko runokosha nokuda kwavose uye inoronga kusaenzana kwenzanga nezvemari kuti ibetsere zvakanyanyova nani. Iyi “nheyo inopesana nomufananidzo wemitemo kuti kuenzana padzimwe nguva kunofanira kuwedzerwa nezviito zvinotenderwa. Nepo Shawll amene asina kunyora pamusoro pemitemo inotenderwa zvikuru, pfungwa dzake dzakapesvedzera sei kutsanangura kudzivirira kweSal Claus.

Vamwe vazivi, vakadai saMartha Nussbaum naAmartya Sen, vakatanga “nzira yokuita nayo zvinhu,” iyo inoyera ruramisiro neizvo vanhu vanokwanisa kuita chaizvoizvo uye kuva. Mumashoko ebumbiro remitemo, iyi gadziriro inobvunza kana hurumende ichivimbisa kuti vagari vose vane simba rokutora rutivi zvizere muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika, hwenzanga, uye hwemari. Iyi mirangariro yakakumbirwa munharo pamusoro pemari yedzidzo yavose, kuvhota, uye kurapa.

Ruramisiro Yenzanga Nedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Gadziriro dzinotsanangura mitoo inoumba kuti ruramisiro yenzanga inopinda sei mumutemo webumbiro remitemo. Vanzveri vemavambo vanotaura kuti revo yeBumbiro reMitemo yakatsigiwa panguva yokuparadza uye kuti vatongi havafaniri kupinza mifungo yazvino uno yeruramisiro yenzanga. Mabumbiro emitemo anoomerera pakuti mashoko akafara echinyorwa chacho akadai se “dziviriro yakaenzana” uye“ muitiro wenguva ino"" unofanira kushanduka kuvambana nemigariro mitsva. Kuoma kweiyi mirangariro kuri pakati pemitemo mizhinji yemitemo yakatanhamara.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) yakatendeutsa dzidziso ya “yakapesana asi yakaenzana” ye Pnevy v. Ferguson (1996). Dare rakagumisa kuti dzinza muzvikoro zvavose rakanga risina kuenzana, kunyange kana nzvimbo dzakanga dzakaenzana nezita. Chireversed Warren akanyora kuti dzidzo “ikodzero inofanira kuwanikwa kuvose pamitezo yakaenzana,” richiziva kuvadziko yechese yedzinza kuvana vashoma.
  • .Chisarudzo chakatonyanya kudzorwa ne (1973) chakapa kodzero yomukadzi yokusarudza muChiitiko cheMitemo ye 144th Claus Amendment, kudzosera rusununguko rwokubereka sechinhu chikuru kuuenzani. Chisarudzo chacho gare gare chakatozotongwa mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202]), achidzorera mubvunzo wacho kuti utaure uye kumutsa nharo huru pamusoro pedziviriro dzemitemo yemitezo.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) yaidavira kuti varoorani vane maruramiro makuru okuroora muChiitiko neNyiviriro yakaenzana. Murangariro waJustice Kennedy wakasimbisa kuti roorano “ichinhu chinokosha chenhevedzano yedu yenzanga” uye kuti kubvisa varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano yakaderedza chiremera chavo nekodzero yokuzvidzora.

Zviitiko izvi zvinoenzanisira kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona sei kubatira ruramisiro yenzanga kupfurikidza nokuziva mipimo inochinja yechiremera nokuenzana.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichinetsa Kururamisira Vanhu uye Kugarisana

Musiyano uri pakati pokuenzana kwepamutemo noruzivo rwokurarama unoramba uchikonzera kupesana uye unoda kuti zvinhu zvigadziriswe.

Kupa Kodzero

Chisarudzo chokuvhota chinobva kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu neruramisiro. Pashure pokupfuudzwa kweChibvumirano cheRevoting Rights Act ya1965, kunyoresa nokudzosa pakati pezviverengero zviduku zvavagari vemo chakawedzera zvinoshamisa. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reDare mu Shelby County v. Hamer[ [202013]) yakakurira gadziriro dzinokosha dzeChibvumirano icho chinoda mitemo inosarudzwa nenhau yerusarura kuti uwane kudzorwa kwehurumende yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhotera. Muchinjira che Shelby County] County [, nyika dzakawanda dzinoita mavhotera akakomba, kuvhota, kuderedza kuvhota, nokuvhara kwapakuvamba, uye kuvhara nzvimbo duku duku munzvimbo idzi. Munzira dzinodzorwa zvishoma, dzinodzorwa pamusoro pezviito zvakavhotongedzerwa, kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kuvhotera kupfurikidza, mibvunzo, kupfurikidza, kupfurikidza, kupfumura

Kuchinja Kweruramisiro Youtsotsi

United States inopa vanhu vakawanda pamunhu mumwe chete kupfuura imwe nyika ipi neipi inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuparadzana kwedzinza mukusungwa, kupwiswa, uye kutongerwa kwakakomba: Vatema veAmerica vanoiswa mutorongo painenge kashanu mwero wevachena veAmerica. Kubviswa kweHBHDP kwe “uranda hwokusazvidira" sechirango nokuda kwemhosva yakashandiswa kururamisa gadziriro dzebasa dzejeri idzo vamwe vatsoropodzi vanoda kuti rudzi rwazvino uno rwouranda. Masangano eBail anodzivisa vanhu kukwanisa kubhadhara, mitemo mitatu inoisa mitongo youpenyu nokuda kwemhosva dzisina masimba masimba, uye hondo pamusoro pemirimo yakaparira njodzi huru. Ruramisiro yenzanga inotsigira kuti chipikirwa chemitemo yemitemo inodzivirira inowirirana chinoraira kugadziridzwa kukuru, kubatanidza kugadziridzwa kwemhosva dzakati, kugadziridzwa, uye kudzorwa kwenzanga dzinodzorwa munzanga.

Kusaenzana Kwemari uye Kukwanisa Kururamisirwa

Bumbiro reMitemo haripiki maruramiro okugara, zvokudya, tarisiro, kana kuti mubhadharo wokugara. Bva kusaenzana kwemari kunosekesa mano amapoka akaganhurirwa kuti atsive zvakaenzana muupenyu hwevagari vemo. Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti Dare raMakurusa haridi kuti Hurumende ipedze mari yakaenzana nokuda kwezvikoro zvavose ([[FLT: 0]]] San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodrienz[FLM]]], 1973), uyewo harimanikidzi kupiwa zano mumitoro yetsika yavagari vemo ([[FLT:]] Lassiter v. Department of Social Servicestion Services [Flct:3], 1981. Izvi zvisarudzo izvi zvinosiya mikahakaro inokosha mugadziriro yokunzwisisa chiremera chavanhu, zvichida kuzivisa kutendeka kwetsika kwetsika, zvichida kukanganisa murairo, uye kuva murombo.

  • Kupasa:[[FLT: 1] Afford Care Act yakapukunyuka denho dzebumbiro remitemo, asi makumi amamirioni anoramba asina kudzivirirwa. Rusaruraganda nedzinza zviduku zvinowana miuyo yakaipisisa munenge mumwero uri wose, paradzano inotsigirwa negadziriro inopesana mukuwana, kurapa, uye migariro yemhoteredzo.
  • Tsika: Kugovera misiyano pakati pemaruwa ezvikoro akapfuma nearombo kusimudzira kusaenzana. Mamwe matare makurusa ehurumende akarova zviteshi zvedzidzo muhurumende zvitsama zvedziviriro zvakaenzana, asi Bumbiro remitemo rinopa dziviriro yakaganhurirwa.
  • Kusarura dzimba kunopfuurira pasinei zvapo neFair House Act. Redlining, restring, uye revo dzose dzine mativi ebumbiro remitemo, sezvo dzinotapura mano amapoka akaganhurirwa okugara munzanga dzine pfuma yakakwana.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuenzana Neruramisiro Yenzanga muMutemo Webumbiro Remitemo

Kubatana kwakaita kuenzana neruramisiro yenzanga kunochinja nokugadzirisa mitemo, kutonga, kuita mitemo, uye kuronga masangano enzanga.

Kudavira Mashura Kunopesana Nezvakasikwa.

Dare rapamberi pevhu rine vanhu 6 763 vasingachinji, vazhinji vavo vanotsigira kunyorwa kwapakuvamba kana kuti manyoro. Munhau dzinobatanidza kuodha, maruramiro okuvhota, uye kubvisa pamuviri, Dare rakapedzisa zvisarudzo zvakatsamira panzwisiso hurusa dzekuenzana neruramisiro. Somuenzaniso, Nhevedzano dzechipo chaFair Adgicts v. Harvard[[FLL:1] [2023]) yakagumisa chiito chekuziva mukuwanwa kwekoreji, ichiita kuti mapurogiramu akadaro anoputsa dziviriro yakaenzana neruramisiro. Ruzivo rwakawanda rwakataura kuti Dare remitemo rino “mhombofa, chinzvimbo icho ruramisiro inoregerera kusarura mukurumbira. Panguva ino, nhau dzeLTBQ+ inoenderera mberi kodzero dzechitendero nokuedza kuenzana.

Mitemo yeHurumende Neruramisiro Yenzanga

Sezvo Dare Gurusa rehurumende rinoisa dziviriro dzakati dzebumbiro remitemo, bumbiro remitemo riri kuva nzvimbo dzinova maruramiro eruramisiro yenzanga. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda ane vimbiso dzakajeka dzekodzero dzakaenzana, dzidzo, kana kuti garikano idzo dzakakura kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende. Vamiriri vakatendeukira kumatare ehurumende kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota, rusununguko rwokubereka, uye LGBTQ+ kodzero. Somuenzaniso, Dare rePennsylvania Gurusa rakataura kuti mutemo unodzivirira kubviswa kwechizvara. Nenzira yakafanana, dare rehurumende rakatonga kuti kudzivirira kwemitemo yehurumende kunoda kupiwa chikwereti chechikoro chisina mhaka. Izvi zvinokarakadza kuti nguva yemberi yokuenzana uye ruramisiro kwenzanganwa kungava kwakafanira, uye kugovera chiono chimwe nechimwe chomugariro wakasiana nehurumende.

Basa Roufundisi Nedzidzo

Chinjo yeBumbiro reMitemo haiiti mumatare bedzi. Masangano enzanga .Kubva paCivil Rights Movement to Black Lives Confect kusvikira kurwisano nokuda kwemitengo yeroorano yakachinja nzwisiso yavose uye matare anodzvinyirira kuita chiito. Dzidzo pamusoro penheyo dzemitemo yemitemo nenhau yeruramisiro yenzanga inokosha mukutsigira masangano aya. Curicula anodzidzisa pamusoro pePramendejimende ye14, nguva yeReformation, uye kurwisa kupfuurira kwehurefemo kuti vagari vemo vatsive. Kurongeka, kusateerera kwevagari vemo kwehurumende kusingadzorwi nemitemo kunoramba zvishandiso zvinokosha nokuda kwokufambisira ruramisiro mugadziriro yemitemo yemitemo.

  • Programu dzekubetsera: Saka BBY yeInternational Institute ne project[[FLT:]] Yoyez [ inogovera zviwiro zvokudzidza pamusoro pomutemo wemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo netapuro yenzanga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mapoka eUrombo hweMadokero : Mapoka akafanana ne [[FT:2] American Liberties Union ne Southern Post Infection Law Center contrast yemitezo inodzivirira nzanga dzakaganhurirwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chibvumirano: Kutora rutivi muhurumende yomunzvimbomo, kuvhota musarudzo iri yose, uye kushanda pamabhodhi okupa ngwariro inzira vanhu vanogona kufambisira mberi ruramisiro yenzanga mukati meganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Pakupedzisira, ukama pakati pekuenzana neruramisiro yenzanga muBumbiro reMitemo inhau yechishuvo nerwisano. Chinyorwa chimene chine mbeu dzezvose zviri zviviri rusununguko nedzvinyiriro. Tsinhiro yacho yakawedzera ndokutora nguva refu, inoratidzira rwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzetsika dzenhambo imwe neimwe. Kunzwisisa kuti nhau yacho () uye kubatanidzwa nekurukurirano dzinopfuurira (h) inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi akazvipira kuvaka chaunga icho zvirokwazvo chinorarama mukuwirirana nechipikirwa cheruramisiro nokuda kwavose.