Roorano inozivikanwa zvikuru sekodzero huru yavagari vemo, huru kukuzvimirira kwomunhu oga, kuvambwa kwemhuri, uye dziviriro yapamutemo. Munhau yechiratidzo Loving v. Virginia (1967), Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakasimbisa kuti rusununguko rwokuroora ikodzero inokosha yomunhu oga inokosha mukurondwa kwomufarwa. Zvisinei, rusununguko irworwo haruna kuganhurirwa munhu ari wose. Mabhishopu anowanzosangana neganhuriro epamutemo ayo anoganhurirwa mano avo okuroora kana kuti anotapura miuyo yapamutemo yeroorano yavo. Idzi ganhuriro dzinosiyana zvikuru norudzi rwekutonga mhaka, uye mwero weruramisiro youtsotsi. Kunzwisisa iyi kunokosha nokuda kwavanhu, mhuri dzavo, uye vatsigiriri vanoshanda pasi pomutemo.

Nyaya ino inoongorora kuti kodzero dzevanhu vane zvinyorwa zvemhosva dzinobvumirwa sei nemutemo, kusanganisira mitemo inorambidza kuroorana, kusungwa, kutadza kupedza muchato, uye kukanganisa kunoita chinyorwa chemhosva pakodzero dzepamutemo dzinoenderana nemutemo.

Kunzwisisa Kuchinja Kwemitemo

Mutemo weroorano muUnited States unodzorwa zvikurukuru nenyika imwe neimwe, kureva kuti mitemo inotapura vanhu vane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi inogona kusiana zvikuru kubva kunyika imwe kuenda kune imwe. Nepo pasina hurumende ine ganhuriro yakavharwa paroorano nokuda kwavanhu vose vane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi, vazhinji vanoisa ganhuriro dzakananga pamugariro wemhosva yacho, mugariro womunhu (akaiswa kana kuti pakuedzwa kana kuti pakuchengetwa kwemitongo), kana kuti nguva yeroorano. Mutemo weFrederal unoitawo basa mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvakadai sokutama, betsero dzomubatanidzwa, uye roorano mukati megadziriro dzetorongo dzehurumende.

Munhau, dzimwe matare anorambidzwa roorano dzavasungwa chose chose, asi chifo chama 1960, matare akaziva nenzira inowedzera kuti kusungwa kwoga hakururamisi kurambidzwa kwakakwana kweroorano. Mu harder v. Safley (1987), Dare reUnited States Gurusa reMissouri rakarambidza vasungwa kuroora pasina mvumo kubva kumutarisiri wetorongo, richiita kuti mutemo wacho uregedze maruramiro makuru okuroora. Dare rakasimbisa kuti kunyange vasungwa vanochengeta kodzero dzinokosha dzemitemo yemitemo, uye ganhuriro paroorano zvinofanira kuwirirana nenzira ine mufungo nefariro dzapamutemo dzemitemo yeMissouri.

Pasinei zvapo nemutongo uyu, Hurumende dzichine rusununguko rwakati rwokudzora miitiro yeroorano nokuda kwavanhu vakapinzwa mutorongo. Uyezve, ganhuriro dzinoshanda pashure pokusunungurwa . zvakadai saavo vanopara mhaka yevatano kana kuti vapari vemhosva vane masimba masimba (8) vakatarisana nokunzverwa kwebumbiro remitemo kusingachinjiki. Muuyo igadziriro yemitemo inobatanidza inogona kuvhiringidza uye pane dzimwe nguva inopokanidzana.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwemashoko

  • Mitemo yoruwa: Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seTexas neFlorida, dzine mirau yakananga iyo inoda tendero yedare kuti musungwa aroorwe kana kuti zvimwe zvikonzero zvokubvisa roorano yakavakirwa panhau youtsotsi. Dzimwe, kufanana neNew York, dzinobvumira vasungwa kuroora kana murindi wetorongo achitendera uye mutambo wacho uchiwirirana nemitemo yezvivako.
  • Gadziriro yemagariro: Dare reFederal Bureau of Prison (BOP) rinobvumira vasungwa kuroora, asi rinoda tendero inobva kumutarisiri, yakavakirwa pazvinhu zvakadai semwero wechengeteko, rudzi rwemhosva, uye kana roorano yaizoparira tyisidziro kuchengeteko kana kuti nhevedzano.
  • Kuenzanisa kwenyika dzakawanda: Nyika dzakawanda dzinoganhurira nenzira yakafanana roorano nokuda kwavasungwa kana kuti avo vane zvinyorwa zvakakomba zvoutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, muUnited Kingdom, vasungwa vangaroora bedzi nemvumo inobva kuna Munyori weHurumende, nepo mamwe mativi muAustralia neCanada achiisa nhambo dzokumirira kana kuti kuraira kuziviswa kwenhau youtsotsi.

Kunzwisisa iyi misiano kunokosha nemhaka yokuti roorano iyo inoshanda mune imwe nyika ingatarisana nedenho mune imwe, zvikurukuru kana toreva nezvokuzivikanwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwamadonzo enhaka, betsero, kana kuti kodzero yokuchengeta mwana.

Ganhuriro Mukati Mekunyanyodziviswa

Nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe vari kubatira nguva zvino mutorongo kana kuti mutorongo, mano okuroora anodzorwa neganhuriro dzinokosha. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu . Safley chakasimbisa kuti vasungwa vanochengeta maruramiro makuru okuroora, asi vanobvumira vatarisiri vetorongo kuisa mirau ine mufungo. Somuuyo, gadziriro iri yose yeruramiso yenyika ine mitemo yayo imene, iyo inowanzobatanidza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Chinodikanwa cheApprotion: Vasungwa vanofanira kukumbira kuroorwa, uye murindiri kana kuti mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa anoyera chikumbiro chakavakirwa pachengeteko, chengeteko, uye chinyorwa chokuranga chomusungwa.
  • ganhuriro dzeroorano: Dzingangoitwa bedzi mukati menzvimbo, nomufundisi kana kuti anobvumirwa kuvhaira, uye dzingava pasi peganhuriro dzenguva kana kuti ganhuriro pana angagona kupinda.
  • Zvirango zvakavakirwa pamhosva: Dzimwe nyika dzinoramba chose chose zvikumbiro zveroorano zvavasungwa vakapinzwa mhaka yokuponda, denho yevatano, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwamasimba masimba, zvikurukuru kana mukwanyina anokarakadzwa akanga ari nyajambwa kana kuti chapupu.
  • Kumirira nhambo: Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vasungwa vanofanira kumirira kusvikira nhambo yakati vasati vasunungurwa kana kuti kutozosvikira vapedza gadziriro dzakati vasati vagona kuroora.
  • Kureurura nokuzivisa: [ majeri angada musungwa kuzivisa nhau yawo youtsotsi kumukwanyina anokarakadzwa, uye mune dzimwe nyika, mukwanyina asina kudzorwa anofanira kuongororwawo.

Iyi ganhuriro inogona kuparira mhinganidzo dzinoshanda. Somuenzaniso, musungwa anoda kuroora kwenguva refu angatarisana namakore okunonoka kana kuti kurambwa chose chose. Kunyange kana akatenderwa, mutambo wacho umene ungaganhurirwa kuchinoitika chipfupi, chisati chiri chapanguva imwe cheteyo, icho chinogona kutapura ukoshi hwemirangariro nehwokufananidzira hweroorano. Pasinei zvapo neidzi mhinganidzo, vasungwa vazhinji vanorangarira roorano sepesvedzero inotsigisa inogona kutsigira kugadziridza ndokuderedza kutendeuka. Nzvero inokarakadza kuti zvisungo zvakasimba zvemhuri, kubatanidza roorano, zvinobatanidzwa nemiuyo iri nani.

Ganhuriro Dzapashure Paroorano

Pashure pokusunungurwa, vanhu vane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi vangatarisana neganhuriro dzinobatanidzwa muroorano, zvikurukuru kana vari pakuedzwa kana kuti kusunungurwa, kana kuti kana kupwiswa kwavo kuchibatanidza mhaka dzakati. Idzi ganhuriro kazhinji kazhinji dzinopinda mumapoka matatu: zvirambidzo zvokusabvumirana, ganhuriro dzechisarudzo dzakaiswa nedare kana kuti dare rinopa mhaka, uye zvinodikanwa zvine chokuita nokuziviswa kwenhau youtsotsi mukati memutambo weroorano kana kuti kunyoreswa kwerezinesi yeroorano.

Mabhegi

Chiverengero chiduku chehurumende chine mitemo inorambidza zvechigarire roorano nokuda kwavanhu vakapinzwa mhaka dzakati, kazhinji kazhinji zvikurusa mhaka dzevatano dzakati. Somuenzaniso, Oregon neFlorida munhau yaiva nemitemo yairambidza roorano nokuda kwavaiti vevatano vakanyoreswa, kunyange zvazvo iyi mitemo yakadenhwa ndokuchinjwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Dare rakakurira kurambidzwa kwakafara kweroorano nokuda kwavaiti vevatano sokuputsa maruramiro makuru okuroora, asi ganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa sezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa mukwanyina kana kuti kuwana tendero yedare.

Miganhu Youngwaru

Kuparadza migariro nedzokubvisa zvinowanzobatanidza gadziriro dzinoganhurira onano navanhu vakati kana kuti dzinoda tendero yezvinoitika zvikuru zvoupenyu, kubatanidza roorano. Mukuru mukuru weparapatimendi angaramba mvumo kana vachidavira kuti roorano yacho ingaparira ngozi kuchengeteka kwavose kana kuti kudzongonyedza migariro yetarisiro. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinowanzoitwa pahwaro hwenhau nehwaro, asi kushaikwa kwemipimo yakajeka kunogona kutungamirira kunyonganiso uye pane dzimwe nguva miuyo isina mufungo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokudzivirira

Mimwe migariro inoda kuti vanhu vane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi vazivise nhau yavo yepwistation sorutivi rwekunyoresa kwepeji yeroorano. Kukundikana kuzivisa kunogona kuva zvikonzero zvokudimburirwa kana kuti kunyange kupomerwa mhaka nokuda kwokubiridzira. Nepo zvinodikanwa zvakadaro zvichiitirwa kuva nechokwadi chebvumiro yakapiwa muzivikano, zvinogonawo kuzvidza munhu wacho ndokuparira mhinganidzo kuroorano. Mumaruwa akadai seLouisiana neVirginia, roorano ingabviswa kana mumwe mukwanyina akavanza chinyorwa chetsotsi iro ringadai rakatapura mumuviri chisarudzo chomumwe chokuroora.

Tapuro Yezvinyorwa Zveutsotsi Pamusoro Pokuzivikanwa Kworoorano Namaruramiro

Kunyange kana muchato uchishanda zviri pamutemo, chinyorwa choutsotsi chinogona kutapura kodzero dzakasiana - siana dzapamutemo nebetsero zvine chokuita neroorano.

Betsero Dzisingatauriki

MuUnited States, betsero dzakawanda dzinobatanidzwa nemukurumbira weroorano, kubatanidza betsero dzeSocial Security, betsero dzenyanzvi dzezveutano, uye kodzero dzenhaka mumitemo yokusatenderwa.

Kuchengetwa Kwavana Nokushanyirwa

Apo mubereki ane chinyorwa choutsotsi anoroorwa, kuti roorano inogona kutapura zvisarudzo zvokuchengeta mwana kana mukwanyina akarangarirwa kuva chisakiso mumhoteredzo yavana. matare emhuri anorangarira fariro dzakanakisisa dzomwana, uye roorano yomubereki nomumwe munhu ane nhau youtsotsi yakakomba ingarangarirwa kuva yakaipa.

Migumisiro Yokutama - tama

Kuvanhu vasiri vagari vemo vane zvinyorwa zveutsotsi, roorano kuvagari ve U.S. inogona kuva nzira yokuenda nayo kumugariro wapamutemo, asi inewo ngozi. Kutenderwa kwoutsotsi kunogona kupa munhu asingadiwi kana kuti anodzingwa, uye roorano haingoerekani kurapa. Muzvimwe zviitiko, roorano inganzverwa nokuda kwechisimba kana kuti kubiridzira, zvikurukuru kana mugari wemo weU.S. ane chinyorwa cheutsotsi. Mukuwedzera, mhosva dzakati kuti “zvakaita semasimba masimba omumba kana kuti mhosva dzetsika.[2]

Nhaka uye Kutarisira Zvivako

Kodzero dzokugara nhaka dzinogona kuva dzakaoma kana roorano ikadenhwa pashure porufu. Kana mukwanyina akasara ane chinyorwa choutsotsi uye asina kuchizivisa kumufi asati aroora, dare reroorano ringagamuchira chiito chokuparadza roorano yacho, sezvingabvira kubvisa nhaka mukwanyina asara. Ikoku kunokosha zvikurukuru muhurumende ne “matomu” kana kuti kubvumira kubviswa kwechitsotsi chakavakirwa pakukundikana kuzivisa idi rezvomene.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nenhamburiko Dzokunyengera

Mumakumi amakore anoverengeka apfuura, zvisarudzo zvedare nokuroora zvakakudza pashoma napashoma maruramiro eroorano nokuda kwavanhu vane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi, asi mikaha inokosha ichiripo.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) nemamwe masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo akadenha zvirambidzo zveroorano kuvasungwa navaiti vevatano. Mu harber v. Safley, Dare Rapamusoro rakatanga muenzaniso wakasimba, asi matare akaderera haana kuzvishandisa nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, Anderss v. Der, mhaka, dare rakaita mutongo wetorongo uyo wakarambidza roorano yavarindiri muhurumende, rikawana kuti haina kuwirirana nenzira inowirirana nechengeteko.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti ganhuriro dzeroorano dzinoputsa Gwaro reCal Procesting neFoement Classies of the 14th Amendment. Vanocherekedzawo kuti ganhuriro dzakadaro dzinogona kusekesa kugadziridzwa. National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) yakaronda miitiro mumitemo yehurumende, ichicherekedza kuti hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakaganhurirwa kana kuti dzakaganhurirwa dzeroorano nokuda kwavaiti vevatano, nepo dzimwe dzakadzichengeta.

Nhamburiko dzokuchinja pamutemo dzinonangidzira ngwariro pakutsiva zvirambidzo zvinongozviitikira zvoga nezvinosarudzwa nomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unokarakadzwa mune dzimwe nyika ungada kuti utongwe nedare usati waramba kuroorwa nomusungwa kana kuti kusunungurwa, panzvimbo pokubvumira kuramba chose chose. Mapoka ezvoufundisi anosimudzirawo mipimo yakajeka zvikuru kuva nechokwadi chokuti ganhuriro dzinowirirana uye hadzina kuvakirwa pazvinoyera.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvaungashandisa pakuverengazve ndeizvi:

Kubatanidza Kwaunoita Mitemo Yeroorano Nechinyorwa Cheutsotsi

Nokuda kwavanhu vane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi vanoda kuroora, matanho okushingaira anogona kubetsera kudzivisa mhinganidzo dzemitemo:

Ona Muchina Wokutambira

Nokuti mitemo yenyika inosiyana - siyana, gweta rinoona mutemo wemhuri kana kuti risingabvumiri kuzvidzivirira rinogona kujekesa kana pane zvimwe zvinorambidzwa zvichishanda pauri.

Nzwisisa Mitoro Yokurega Kuvhara

Usati waroora, nzvera kana mamiriro ako ezvinhu achida kuziviswa nhau youtsotsi sorutivi rwekushandiswa kwerezinesi reroorano.

Zvibvumikiso Zviri Madikanwa

Kana uri pamuedzo kana kuti uri kusunungurwa, wana mvumo yakanyorwa kumukuru mukuru wako anotarisira asati aroora, sezvo kuputsa migariro kuchigona kutungamirira kukubviswa. Mutorongo, shanda nomufundisi wenzvimbo yacho kana kuti mushandi wenzanga kugovera chikumbiro chapamutemo.

Funga Nezvenguva Yacho

Kana wava pedyo nokusunungurwa, zvingava zvakanaka kunonotsa kuroorana kusvikira wasununguka, kana ganhuriro shoma dzichishanda.

Nyora Mashoko Acho

Chengeta makopi ezvinyorwa zvose zvinokosha, kubatanidza rugwaro rweroorano, mirayiro ipi neipi yedare pamusoro pemvumo, uye nyorerana navakuru vakuru vanoruramisa.

mhedziso

Kodzero yokuroora iko kunokosha rorusununguko rwomunhu oga, asi kuvanhu vane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi, kodzero iyoyo kazhinji kazhinji inotsamira pamigariro uye haina kukwana. Tsika dzapamutemo dzinosiana nehurumende nemamiriro ezvinhu, kuvamba gadziriro yakaoma inogona kubata vanhu mukusaziva pamutemo. Nepo matare akaziva kuti vasungwa vanochengeta maruramiro makuru okuroora, vakabvumira mirau ine mufungo iyo pane dzimwe nguva inova mhinganidzo. Zvirambidzo zvepashure, zvikurukuru avo vanodenha vapamberi vevatano, zvinoramba zviripo uye zvinodzorwa nenharo inopfuurira.

Sezvo nhamburiko dzokuva nekodzero yokubereka dzinopfuurira uye mirangariro yenzanga pamusoro pokuchinja, pane tariro yokubatwa kusingachinji uye kwakarurama zvikuru. Roorano inofanira kutongwa pamipimo yayo, kwete pazvikanganiso zvomukwanyina mumwe. Kuedza maruramiro eroorano akaenzana nokuda kwavanhu vose, kubatanidza ayo ane zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi, kunokosha mukusimudzira chiremera chavanhu, dzikamo yemhuri, uye kubatanidzwazve kunobudirira munzanga.

Nokuda kwemamwe mashoko akakwana pamusoro pemitemo yeroorano inotapura vanhu vane mabhinya, varavi vanogona kunzvera zvinhu zvinobva kuACLU, NCSL, uye American Bar Association.