United States Constitution yabatira somutemo mukuru wenyika kwamazana maviri amakore, bva revo yayo inoramba iri nhau yekurukurirano huru neinopfuurira. Vatongi vanofanira kududzira sei gwaro rakanyorwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi namasere apo vanotarisana nenhau dzamakumi maviri nekutanga sedzemapikicha ezvemagariro, injiniya yemavara okugara nhaka, kana kuti roorano imwe cheteyo yenhau? Zvikoro zviviri zvakafara zvokufunga zvinodzora iyi kurukurirano: chiKristu chepakuvamba nemufungo weBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu. Kunzwisisa ukama pakati peidzinodudzira magadzirirwo omutemo weAmerica kunokosha kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti nei mutemo weAmerica unowanzoparira sei gakavariro huru. Iyi nyaya inonzvera rondedzero, kukura kwamagamuchidzanwa, uye mirangariro chaiyo yeidzinopesana, inogovera kuoneka mutevero mukuru pamavambo omutemo wemitemo weAmerica.

Kurondedzera Kurenda

Chirevo chouzivi chinorondedzerwa nemitemo iyo ine revo yeBumbiro remitemo inofanira kutsigiswa uye kuvakirwa panzwisiso yakapararira apo gadziriro imwe neimwe yakatenderwa. Iyi nzira inoramba pfungwa yokuti revo yebumbiro remitemo inogona kuchinja nokufamba kwenguva kupfurikidza nokududzirazve kwedare. Panzvimbo pezvo, vazivi vemavambo vanotaura kuti chinjo ipi neipi kuBumbiro remitemo inofanira kuuya kupfurikidza nomuitiro wekugadziridza mutemo wakarongwa muChikamu V, kwete kupfurikidza nokuvamba kurava.

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yopakuvamba Yakapindwa Mungozi

MuchiNgezi, mune shanduro mbiri huru. shanduro yekare, inowanzonzi donzo rapakuvamba , inonangidzira paicho vagadziri vamene vakarongera rugwaro pachavo kuti vareve. Ichi chiono chakawana utanhamari muma 1980 kupfurikidza nenhamba dzakafanana naAttorney Edwin Meese III na Justice William J. Brennan vatsoropote . Zvisinei, shanduro yakanatswa zvikuru yeshoko rapakuvamba revo yavanhu vose [[[[FLT:]] inova inova nesimba. Uku kubvunza kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yeratiation angava akanzwisisa mashoko, pasinei zvapo nevavariro dzechiito. Mushaka kunyora chehurumende yekare, anototonga kuti chitsai.

Vatsigiri Vanokosha Nemavambo Enhau

Chiratidzo chapakuvamba chinoratidzira mavambo acho oungwaru kunhambo yaVakawana imene, umo vagadziri vamafomu kazhinji kazhinji vakakumbira revo yapakuvamba yamagwaro. Bva serondedzero yokuzviziva yetsananguro. Yakabuda zvikurukuru mukugamuchira mitemo mizhinji yeWarren Court neBurger Court. Vatsigiri veKey Scalia, Justice Thomas, Justice Robert Bork, uye Mutongi wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru Amy Coney naMutongi Neil Gormoth. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakadai seRand Barnett, Steven Calabresi, uye Michael Ramsey vapfuri vapfudziwo vapfumisawo rondedzero yapakuvamba, vachiibatanidza nerevo reclardism neConstitution. Sosaiti Society, yakatanga muna 1982, yakaita basa guru mukusimudzira kwapamutemo mukati muganhu napa.

Zvisakiso Zvinozivikanwa Navose Zvokutanga

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti umwari hwapakuvamba hahushandi nemhaka yokuti kusarudza revo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose isina kujeka kana kuti isina kujeka (sechikamu cheSeng Cormerment che“ chiremera nechisiri chenguva dzose” kwakaoma zvikuru. Vanoomererawo kuti umwari hwapakuvamba hunogona kubudisa miuyo inotambudza mutsika, zvakadai sokutsigira kuganhurira kana kuti kuganhurira dziviriro dzavanhu dzazvino uno. Vadziviriri vanogamuchira kuti umwari hwapakuvamba hunogovera dzikamo, kudeya kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, uye kuti miuyo isingadavirirwi mutsika inofanira kururamiswa kupfurikidza negadziriro yokururamisa tsika panzvimbo pokuita basa rokutonga.

Dzidziso Mhenyu Yebumbiro reMitemo

Musiana nechinjo yapakuvamba, mufungo weBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu unoreva kuti revo yechinyorwa chinogona uye inofanira kushanduka munguva yakati kuti igokurukura migariro mitsva nefambiro mberi yenzanga. Iyi nzira hairangariri Bumbiro remitemo sebumbiro remitemo asi segadziriro ine simba ine nheyo dzinofanira kushandiswa kuzvinetso zvenguva ino. MuMutemo mupenyu, vatongi vanogona kuva nokuchinjika kukuru zvikuru kuturikira mashoko akafara.www.www. “taviridzo yakaenzana,” kana kuti“ mutoo wokuita wa"

Kufambira Mberi Kwenhau uye Vatsigiri Vanokosha

Pfungwa mhenyu yeBumbiro reMitemo ine mavambo makuru mumufungo wapamutemo weAmerica. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, mu [FLT: 0] MCLOch v. Maryland (1819), akataura nenzira yakakurumbira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rino “darikwa kuti ritsungirire nokuda kwamazera anouya” uye rinofanira“ kubatwa kuzvinetso zvakasiyana - siyana zvenhau dzavanhu.” Mutongi Olive Wewe Wewer Wewer Holson Jr., Mutongi Louis Brentenan anotsigira zvakasimba uku kusvika kuno. Mutongi Bren Brenan anoreak a 1986 paGeorge Town University, “Muteongeri weUnited States:, Ratiation, inyanzvi dzinopfuukwa dzinorarama. Mutsigiriki mukuru mukuru wemitemo wemisi yemisi isati yapfuura, anobatanidza kunyora Treaner Breaner, uyo anonyora Dare remocravition:[3]

Basa Rokutanga Nokuchinja Kwenzanga

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo vanotaura kuti revo yeBumbiro reMitemo inoumbwa nezvizvarwa zvemiitiro yokutonga, chiito chomutemo, uye mhindumupindu yetsika. Somuenzaniso, kurambidzwa kweSeth Amendment pachirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose kazhinji kazhinji kunodudzirwa mukuwirirana ne “mipimo inochinja yetsika inoratidzirwa inoratidzira fambiro mberi yechaunga chevara,” sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataurwa mu ] [[FLT:]]] United States (1910) uye inosimbiswazve mu tp. Dulles [195]] [1958]). Uku kuita uku kunobvumira matare kurova mitemo yapa.

Mazita Anozivikanwa Navose Ebumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu

Vatsoropodzi, zvikurukuru vatangira, vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo mhenyu rinopa simba risingadzorwi rokuisa mirangariro yavo yomunhu oga muchimiro chokududzira. Vanopikisa kuti rinosekesa mutemo kupfurikidza nokuita kuti revo yebumbiro remitemo isave isina kutsiga uye kutsamira pazvitendero zvamatongerwe enyika zvedare rinosarudzwa nedare. Vazivi vokurangarirawo kuti chizvarwa chakawanikwa chakanga chine chinangwa cheBumbiro remitemo kuganhurira simba rehurumende, kwete kubatira secherekedzo isina kunyorwa. Nokuda kwekurukurirano yakakwana yeiyi mirangariro inopesana, ona STY] SCOUSLOVIlog pasitionismismismism nesystristristristricration .

Misiyano Inokosha Pakati Penzira Dzokusangana

Chikamu chikuru chiri mumanyuko nedzikamo yerevo yebumbiro remitemo.

  • Manyuko erevo: Nheyo dzokutanga dzinoreva nzwisiso yavanhu yapakuvamba pakuparadza; kuraramira kwebumbiro remitemo kunoona revo serinobva mukurukurirano pakati porugwaro, muenzaniso, uye mipimo yapanguva ino.
  • Mutongi: Mutongi wepakuvamba anotsvaka kushandisa revo yenhau nokutendeka, kazhinji kazhinji achidzivisa mirangariro yomunhu oga. Mutongi mupenyu webumbiro remitemo angashandisa rutongeso rwakawanda mukushandisa nheyo dzakafara kumaidi matsva.
  • Kupinda kuPrecedent: Vazivi vemitemo vanowanzorangarira muenzaniso seunokosha asi kwete kusungisa apo unorwisana nerevo yapakuvamba (g., Scalia mu Diquality of Columbia v. Heller). Kurarama kwemitemo kunoisa uremu hwakakwirira zvikuru pamuenzaniso semotokari yokukura kwebumbiro-mitemo.
  • Simba reTsarudzo: Vatsigiri vedzidziso dzekare vanotaura kuti chinjo huru dzinofanira kuuya kupfurikidza nomuitiro weChikamu V; vatsigiri vemitemo vanorarama vanotaura kuti muitiro wokugadziridza unonetesa zvikuru uye kuti kududzirwa kwedare kunogona kuvandudza Bumbiro remitemo nenzira yapamutemo.
  • [[FLT:]] : PaPramende Yechipiri, vatangi vanovimba noufakazi hwenhau kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu ( Heller); masangano emitemo anorarama anganangidzira ngwariro pamasimba masimba epfuti nekotsekano yavose. Pakubvisa mimba kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji havawani murairo webumbiro remitemo ([[FLT:]]]] Dobbs v. Jackson Manck’s Health Organization of Amen ), nepo masangano emitemo anoshanda pabumbiro remitemo angawana chimwe muhstriti yeIniverset Resmeter Resmedvotion ([FLD]] v[FLD]]

Nharo Mutsika Yokutonga

Kunyanduka pakati pechinjo nebumbiro remitemo rinogamuchidza mutemo kunoitika zvakajeka mumhaka dzeDare Rapamusorosoro uye kusimbiswa kwenhau. Vatongi vanowanzopanikirwa pamusoro pouzivi hwavo hunodudzira, uye vanhu vanowanzorangarira Dare neiri diso.Kunzwisisa kuti uzivi humwe nohumwe hunoumba sei zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo chinokosha kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa mutemo wemitemo yeAmerica.

Zviratidzo Zvenyika Zvinoratidza Kukamuraniswa

Mutemo weColumbia v. Heller (2008) rukundo rwapakuvamba. Mutongi Scalia, achinyorera voruzhinji, akatsamira zvikuru pamanyuko enhau kugumisa kuti Amendment yeChipiri inodzivirira munhu ane kodzero yokuva nepfuti mumusha. Vatsoropodzi, kubatanidza Justice Breyer mukupesana, vakataurira nokuda kwenzira inochinjika zvikuru iyo ingabvumira miraudzo yepfuti kuti isvike mirangariro yepfuti kuti isvitse njodzi dzazvino uno.

.[FLT] . [773] nokunyanyonyanyisa kwaro mu Dobs v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [ [202] [202]) inoenzanisira dhistiki. RHOE[ yakaonekwa zvikuru sechisarudzo cheMitemo yemitemo mhenyu, inobvuma kodzero yokuvanda pasina kududza zvakajeka. Madobs [[[FLT], anopesana, nokunzvera kwapakuvamba, asingawani kunzvera kwakakomba kwapakuvamba kwapashure nokudzosera kunhau yekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri. Chiratichiono chemitemo chitsarudzo chinosimbisa chitemedzo chisa kupfurikidza negadziriro yokubvisa kupfurikidza yomutemo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iyo inobvuma maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuroorano younzenza, chisarudzo chikuru cheBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu. Murangariro waSarudzi Kennedy wakakumbira dziviriro ye 144th Amendment yerusununguko nechiremera, uchiramba kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha inovapo nenzanga. Vazivi vemavambo vakafanana ne Justice Scalia neMutongi Thomas vakapesana, vachipomera ruzhinji rwekunyorazve Bumbiro remitemo pasina hwaro hwenhau.

Nokuda kwokushandiswa kwekuvamba muzvinoitika zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Cornell Legal Information Institute inogovera upeto hunobetsera.

Kusawirirana Mudare

Dare raMazuva Ano gurusa rinobatanidza vatongi vanoverengeka vanozvinyora vamene vanonzi (Thomas, Gormoth, Barrett, Alito) navamwe vanotsamira kutsika inogarwa nabumbiro remitemo (Sotoyor, Kagan, Jackson, uye panhambo nenhambo Mutongi Mukuru Roberts). Bva ruramisiro hadzisati dzichivhota nguva dzose muwirirano yakakwana nouzivi hwavo hwakataurwa. Kurangarira kwapachivande, kutarira decis, uye nhau dzakajeka kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinoputsa mitsetse. Kunyanguvezvo, hondo youngwaru pakati pezvikoro izvi zviviri inopfuurira kuumba mifungo, masangano, uye kupesana.

Kunetsa Mutemo weAmerica

Kusarudza pakati pedzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvose zvakatanga zvatanga kuitwa uye Bumbiro Remitemo mhenyu kune migumisiro inosvika kure munenge mumativi ose emutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Vatsigiri vemitemo vanowanzotaura kuti Expandment’s Expandmentth Protection Claus inofanira kushandiswa sezvo vagadziri vayo vakakunzwisisa muna 1868 (icho chisina kubatanidza dziviriro parusaruro rwevatano, somuenzaniso. Vatsigiri vazhinji vamabumbiro emitemo mapenyu, zvisinei, vanopikisa kuti nheyo yokuenzana yakatangira kudzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa pavatano, mirangariro, uye chiratidzo chevatano. Zvisarudzo zveDare mu [[FLT:] United States v. Virginia [19696] [196]) (kudzosa kugamuchirwa kwomurume bedzi paVMI) uye [FLT:] [FLT] [2]. County [F] VFF].[FFF] inosakisa pamutemo.[5]

Kuva Woga uye Kuzvishandisa Zvisina Kufanira

Kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kuvanzika, iyo inoparira zvisarudzo pamusoro pokudzivisa kubereka ( Griswold v. Connecticut), kubvisa pamuviri ([ Roe[[FLT]]]), uye kuva pedyo kwechisodo ([]] uye kuva pamwe chete [[FLT]]] L’LY] v.Texas[[FLT]]] [FLT]]], chigadzirwa chikuru chepfungwa yokufunga mabumbiro emitemo. VaGiriki vanoramba zvakapararira, vasinganyorwi kuva vokwa maruramiro ouri, vachipikisa kuti kodzero idzodzo dzinodzivirira zvakananga kana kuti dzakadzika miuyo yakadzika miuyo inogamuchirwa munhoroondo yenhau inogamuchirwa nokuchinja. [FLT] [FLT] [F:] chisarudzo chikuru, vanomirira pamutemo chapakuvamba kutaura kubvisa kubereka kubvisa kubereka kubereka kubereka kubereka nemhaka yokuti inotokwakwakwakwakwakwa kunenge ino inokaka kwakagamuchirwa.

Kodzero Dzepfuti Nokuchengeteka Kwevanhu

nenhau dzeChimbichimbi (] McDonald v.Guta reChicago, New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT]]]) inoratidzira udzori hwetsika dzepakuvamba munharaunda ino. Chisarudzo chinoda mitemo yepfuti kuti iwirirane namagamuchidzanwa enhau emitemo yepfuti, muedzo wenhau yakare. Vararami vemitemo vanotaura kuti uku kurangarira zvinhu zvazvinofanana noukuru hwomuguta, kupfuradzi, uye zvombo zvakakwirira. Kudzorwa kwepfura kunopfuurira pamusoro pekuedza kana kuti kugona kuwirirana nokuko.

Simba Renyika Neparadzano Yesimba

Kurerekera kumavambo kunowanzotsigira murangariro wakaganhurirwa wesimba rehurumende, achiganhurira Dare raro ramasimba akaverengwa nokusimbisa kuparadzana kwakasimba kwamasimba. Rehnquist naRoberts Courts vakashandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba kurova mativi eRhakasa Rwisano Navakadzi ( United States v. Morrison]) uye Afford Carence Act’s Médicaid ([[FLT:]NFIB v. Seberius]). Vagari vemitemo vanoramba kubvumira chiremera chakafara pasi pezvokutengesa Claus naFather Claus, zvikurukuru kukurukura zvinetso zvenyika sezvinetso zvoutano. [[FLT] simba rokudzora rakafara uye kupesana kwesimba rokutonga kwesimba rinopesana naronze.

Kunyanyisa Nokuvharidzira

Kunyange zvazvo ichiratidzirwa kazhinji kazhinji sezvinopesana, kuvamba nokushandisa pamutemo kunogara kuripo hakuna kuvhiringidzwa nguva dzose. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti “chinjo inoraramira” inobvira: revo yapakuvamba yamashoko ose akadai se“ destrugel newechienzi” ingabvumira nokuda kwokubatanidza zvishandiso. Somuenzaniso, revo yeSeeth Amendment yakanzwisiswa kurambidza zvirango zvaiva noutsinye muna 1791, asi mutoo wokusarudza nawo utsinye unogona kutsamira pamipimo yazvino uno pasina kuchinja nheyo yapakuvamba. Mutongi Scalia amene akabvuma kuti revo yapakuvamba haisati haisi hayo inodzivisi hayo hayo hayo yakarerusi hayo. Nomutoo woga yoga inobatanidza kunzwisisa mashoko enhau. [FLD:]

Uyezve, uzivi hwose hunogoverana musengwa kuBumbiro reMitemo semutemo unosunga mutemo, uye vose vari vaviri vanotaura kuti vanogovera pamutemo kuhwirudzuro. Kusabvumirana kuri pamusoro penzira yokuziva nayo nokushandisa mutemo iwoyo. Mumutoo, ruramisiro zhinji dzinoshandisa pamagamuchidzanwa ose ari maviri zvichitsamira panhau yacho, kuchiparira ganhuriro yakavhengana iyo inobvisa ganhuriro yakapfava. Pfundo rinokosha nderokuti kududzirwa kwemitemo nenzira isingadzivisiki kunobatanidza rutongeso, uye chisarudzo chemipimo yechimiro chechimiro chendangariro icho rutongeso rwacho chinoshandiswa.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pedzidziso yapakuvamba nepfungwa yeBumbiro reMitemo mhenyu haisiwo zvayo vhiringidzo yedzidzo; imhaka huru mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Kurerekera kunogovera dzikamo, kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, uye batano negadziriro yeSangano reChigadziro chipenyu, nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richigovera kuchinjika, kuchinjika, uye mutoo wokutaura pamusoro pekusaruramisira uye mipimo inochinja. Zvose mitoo yose iri miviri yakaumba mitemo yeDare reSimende reMite yeMitemo ine chokuita nemitemo inotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemamiriyoni nemitemo inorwisana, kodzero yokubereka, roorano, kuva wogariro, uye simba rehurumende. Rudzirwowo ruchagovera kurukurirano pamusoro penzira pamusoro pokurava kurava rugwaro rwaro. Kunzwisisa iyi mifungo inopfupikisa vagarikano.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamavambo eChinyorwa, ona [[FLT: 0] chiOriarialism Blog[; nokuda kwemurangariro mupenyu webumbiro remitemo, Brennan Center yeChiratidzo[ inopa zviteshi zvinowanika. Kukakavadzana kwacho hakutongovikirwa, uye chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kurwisana nakanakisisa sei kukudza rugwaro nenheyo zveBumbiro-mitemo nepo chichinodzora nyika yakasiana- siyana neyasimba.