Gakava pamusoro penzira iyo vatongi vanodudzira nayo Bumbiro reMitemo rave riri nhau huru muhurukuro yapamutemo yeAmerica. Mifungo miviri yakatanhamara muiyi kurukurirano ndi uzivi hwemavambo uye kusatora rutivi kwemitemo[. Kunzwisisa ukama hwavo hunobetsera kujekesa rwisano dzinopfuurira mukududzirwa kwemitemo. Nepo uzivi hwose hunotsvaka kudzvinyirira ndokuvimbisa zvisarudzo pamutemo panzvimbo pezvido zvomunhu oga, kubatana kwavo hakuna kupfakata kana kuti kupfuurira. Iyi nyaya inonzvera mavambo edzidziso yapakuvamba yokusatora rutivi, uye inonzvera kusawirirana nenhau apo inomuka apo kunzvera kwakaisvonaka kunenge kwakafanira rutongeso.

Kunzwisisa Kutanga

Kurerekera kuchechi imhuri yerondedzero pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Pamavambo, kuvamba kwaro kunodavira kuti revo yorugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo yakagadzwa panguva yokusimbiswa kwayo. Iyi revo yakagadzwa inokudzwa uye inofanira kumanikidza vatongi nhasi. Uzivi hwakaoneka zvikuru mukupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri sedavidzo kuchinoitika chinozivikanwa cheWarren Court uye zvisarudzo zvakakomba zveRoe v. Wade nhambo.

Kune misiyano inoverengeka yedzidziso yapakuvamba, asi mifungo miviri inopesvedzera zvikurusa ndiyo donzo remavambo uye revo yavanhu yekare[. Kuvamba kunotsvaka kunzwisisa icho vagadziri vamene vakadavira Constitution vaireva. Iyi shanduro yakatsigirwa nenhamba dzakafanana naAttorney General Edwin Meese na, muchimiro chakajeka zvikuru, naMutongi Robert Bork. Nhamba yapachena, nokupesana, kubvunza kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yeratioti angadai akanzwisisa rugwaro kureva. Iyi shanduro yakajekeswa zvikuru naMutongi Antonin Scculai uye yazova nesimba guru pakati pevambo, kubatanidza vatongi vakawanda venhau vaGenest Thomas naVarence.

Vatsigiri Vanokosha Nenharo Dzavo

Mutongi Scalia akataura kuti umwari hwapakuvamba ndiwo mutoo bedzi wapamutemo wokududzira nemhaka yokuti unoremekedza muitiro wedemokrase. Kupfurikidza nokunamatira kurevo yapakuvamba, vatongi vanodzivisa kuisa mipimo yavo vamene uye panzvimbo pezvo kumanikidzira zvisarudzo zvakaitwa navanhu kupfurikidza navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa uye kokorodzano dzokubatanidza. Mubhuku rake Matter of Postry, Scalia akanyora kuti chiMutendiso wapakuvamba “ndiyo bedzi unodzivisa Bumbiro remitemo kuva chinyorwa chipenyu kudzorwa nezvishuvo zvechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe."

Mutongi Robert Bork, mu Kudzivisika kweAmerica , kwakaita nhau yakafanana, kurwisana kuti mutoo upi noupi usiri wemavambo nenzira isingadzivisiki unoparira vatongi kumira pabhenji. Murangariro waBork wokusatora rutivi wakanga wakasimba: mutongi anofanira kushandisa nzwisiso yapakuvamba pasinei zvapo nebvumirano yomunhu oga kana kuti kusabvumirana nomuuyo. [[FLT:] Kuverenga kuhwirudzura kwebasa reBork's.

Kumuka Kwokuvamba Mumatare

Chitendero chakabva parondedzero yedzidzo kuenda kumuitiro wokutonga mukati medare reReagan. Kugadzwa kwaScalia kuDare rapamusoro-soro muna 1986, kwakatevera naThomas muna 1991, kwakapa chisaririra chakasimba pabhenji rakakwirira zvikurusa. Mumakumi matatu amakore apfuura, kurangarira kwepakuvamba kwave kuoneka muzviitiko zvechiono, kubatanidza Delity of Columbia. Hella [FLD] [FLT] [2008], apo Dare raivimba nerevo yapakuvamba yeChimbishingidzo cheChipiri kuti rizivise kodzero yomunhu oga yokutakura zvombo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, State New Rifle & Polistson Association.[Brut:]

Basa Rokusatora Rutivi Kwokutonga

Kusatora rutivi mukutonga inheyo huru iyo inobatanidza kuvamba kwechiito chekutonga.Inotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kusarudza nhau dzakavakirwa pakusatora rutivi, dzakafanotaurwa pamipimo yemitemo panzvimbo pezvamatongerwe enyika zvomunhu oga, tsika, kana kuti tsitsi nokuda kwebato.

Kuumbwa kwekusatora rutivi kwedare kunopesvedzera zvikurusa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo kwakabva kuna Purofesa Herbert Wechsler munyaya yake ya1959 inoti “Kuna Neutral Principles of Constitution.” Wechsler akataura kuti Dare Gurusa redare rinofanira kudzikamisa zvisarudzo zvaro mu “nheyo dzisingatsigiri pamutemo” idzo dzinoshandiswa zvapachokwadi kunhau dzose dzakafanana, kunyange kana mugumisiro wacho usati wave wakakurumbira mune zvematongerwe enyika. Iye akatsoropodza zvisarudzo zvakafanana ne Brown v. Board yeDyraship nokuda kwokukundikana kujekesa nheyo dzemitemo dzakadaro, kunyange zvazvo pakupedzisira akatsigira mugumisiro yacho. Isuslerler rondedzero yekurukurirano yezvinoreva makumi amakore pamusoro pezvinoreva kuti mutongi ave asingatori rutivi.

Kusatora Rutivi Sechirambidzo Pakuda Kutonga

Nokuda kwavatsigiri vazhinji, kusatora rutivi idzoro. Kunoda kuti vatongi vaparadzanise mirangariro yavo yomunhu oga nomutemo. Iyi donzo ripiwe mumhiko yekutonga, muchinodikanwa chekodhesi nokuda kwefungira mano akaipa, uye mugamuchidzanwa remirangariro yakanyorwa inoruramisa miuyo kupfurikidza nenongedzero kuchiremera chapamutemo. Kusava norutivi hakurevi mutemo umene kuva usingatori rutivi rungava rusaruraganda(8) asi panzvimbo pezvo kuti kushandiswa kwomutemo kusingasaruri.

Chikoro chapamutemo chemifungo, chakabatanidzwa naHenry Hart naAlbert Sacks, chakasimbisa kuti mutemo isangano rinoparira uye kuti vatongi vanofanira kurangarira nenheyo. Vakataura kuti dare remitemo risina revo rinokosha kuchengeta chivimbo chavanhu mumatare. Apo vatongi vanoonekwa savatambi vanotsiva, kuva pamutemo kwetsika yose yepamutemo kunoputsa. Dzidza zvikuru pamusoro pechikoro chepamutemo paHarvard Law Today.

Kugadziridza Kwoufundisi Pakati Pokusatora Rutivi Rwokuvamba Nokutonga

Pakuringa kwokutanga, kusatora rutivi kwokutanga kunoratidzika kuva kwakafanana nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Vose vari vaviri vanoomerera kuti vatongi havafaniri kuisa mipimo yavo vamene. Chitendero chegamuchidzanwa chinotaura kupa mutoo wedonzo renhau() unotarira kurevo yenhau (icho chinoganhurira chisarudzo chedare). Kana basa romutongi riri kungowana icho Bumbiro remitemo raireva apo raitenderwa, ipapo mipimo yomunhu oga haisati ichiita basa. Izvo chaizvoizvo kutaura kwakaita Scalia: “Mutongi uyo anoda miuyo nguva dzose ari mutongi akaipa."

Vazivi vemavambo vanowanzopa mutoo wavo senzira bedzi yokuwana nayo kusatora rutivi. Kusvika kwevasati vari vamavambo, vanotaura kudaro, kukumbira vatongi kubata Bumbiro remitemo sechiredhi. Mutsigiri wemitemo mupenyu, mudivi remavambo, haagoni kuva asingatori rutivi nemhaka yokuti mutoo umene unotsamira pamirangariro yomutongi pamusoro peicho chinova chinova chakatanhamara. Kudzora kana kuti “kuchinja". Chitendero, kupfurikidza nokuturikira kurondedzero yenhau yakatsiviwa, unoratidzika kuva unobvisa chisakiso chedare muchinoitika.

Kutaura Kunoita Kutanga Kuti Tive Vasingatori Rutivi

Kutanga kunoshanda kupfurikidza nemitoo inoverengeka iyo vatsigiri vakwo vanotaura kuti kunotsigira kusatora rutivi:

  • Kugadziridza manyorero: revo yeBumbiro reMitemo yakapedzwa pakunatsa. Vatongi havaigadziridzi; vanoishandisa.
  • Ufakazi hwenhau: Tsananguro inomanikidzirwa namaduramashoko, kurukurirano dzapamutemo, uye zvishandiso zvapamutemo panguva imwe. Basa romutongi nderenhau, harisi retsika.
  • Kushandiswa kweProtostritive: mirau yeChorst inoshanda muzvinoitika pasinei zvapo nechizivikanwo kana kuti migariro yepati. Hapana nzvimbo yetsitsi kana kuti fungira mano yakaipa.
  • Irevo yomutemo yakafanotaurwa inobvumira vagari vemo kuziva zvinodiwa nomutemo. Uku kudeya kutaura chiratidzo chokusatora rutivi.

Nokuda kwavanamavambo, kubva kupi nokupi murevo yapakuvamba kusiana nokusatora rutivi. Mutongi Thomas akawanzoita iyi kurukurirano mukupesana, achipomera ruzhinji rwezvisarudzo zvarwo zvamatongerwe eBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba. Mu Obergefell v. Hodges [2015], Thomas akanyora kuti kuziva kworuzhinji maruramiro eroorano imwe cheteyo ku “haana hwaro muBumbiro reMitemo" uye kuti chisarudzo chakaratidzira mirangariro yeDare amene yetsika panzvimbo yomutemo.

Pfungwa Dzokushushikana: Pazvakaoma Kutsigira Zvaiva Muungano Pakutanga

Pfungwa yokuti munhu haafaniri kupindira mune zvematongerwo enyika inoda kuti munhu anzi haasaruri, asi pfungwa yokuti munhu aikwanisa kuva munhu asina kwaakarerekera inoita kuti afungire vamwe kana kuti asava nechokwadi kuti pfungwa iyoyo haichakoki.

Kukosha Kwouchapupu Hwenhau

Kusava nekwawakarerekera kunoda kuti ushandise mutemo sezvawakaita, kwete sezvaungashuva. Asi ufakazi hwenhau hunowanzova husina kujeka. Vatsigiri vakasiana vanogona kurava gakava rimwe chetero ndokusvika kumhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro peizvo revo yavanhu yapakuvamba yakanga iri. Somuenzaniso, nyanzvi navatongi vakarangarira kwenguva refu kana revo yapakuvamba yeChimbichimbichimbidziro yaidzivirira kodzero yomunhu mumwe kana kuti maruramiro akabatanidzwa akabatanidzwa kubasa rehondo. Idi rokuti Dare Rapamusoro rakakamurwa 5-4 mu Heller inokarakadza kuti chimufungo chapakuvamba chimene hachisati chichibudisa mhinduro dzakasiana. Apo kukwikwikwidzana kwapakuvamba kunoitwa namashoko enhau. Chisarudzo chacho chinofanira kuvhura mumifungo chamashoko chaiwo. Chisarudzo kunziro chamashoko chapakuvamba chinoreverwa kunziripo.

Chinetso Chekodzero Dzisina Kupiwa

Kuzvimirira kunorwisana namaruramiro asina kududzwa zvakajeka murugwaro. Ninth Amendment inotaura kuti kunyorwa kwamaruramiro akati “hakufaniri kurangarirwa kuva kunorambwa kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu.” Asi vatangi vanonetseka kupa kuti kugadziriswa kwemipimo nemhaka yokuti chinyorwa chenhau hachina kutsarukana. Mutongi akazvipira kukuvara. kunyange zvakadaro angawana kuti maruramiro , kuvandikano kana kuti kuvandika kwomuviri kwakavakirwa zvikuru munhau negamuchidzanwa zveAmerica. Asi kuvamba kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunobata kutaura kwakadaro nenyumwiro, kunotungamirira kukurambwa kwekodzero idzo mutongi asingatori rutivi angaziva. Kunyangira kumusoro [FLT:] [FF:].[3]

Kutanga uye Kushamwaridzana Kwevanhu

Imwe rwisano inomuka nemhaka yokuti revo yapakuvamba yakaitwa munzanga yaidzvinyirirwa zvikuru nemipimo yazvino uno. Bhishopo inodzivirira pakuvamba uranda, yairamba vakadzi vhoti, uye yaibata mapoka mashoma edzinza sevanhu vashomanene. Mutongi wepakuvamba uyo anoshandisa nenzira yokutendeka revo iyoyo angadikanwa kutsigira miuyo iyo mucherekedzi asingatori rutivi aizorangarirawo kuva isina kururama. Somuenzaniso, kana mhaka pamusoro porusaruraganda yakaunzwa murevo yakaiswa pasi perevo yapakuvamba yeGazetempiti yeInth Amendmentation, vamwe vapakuvamba vakarangarira kuti vagadziri vemitengi vemite vemitego pamusoro pezvikoro. Zvirokwazvo, Dare rimwe chetero rakakarakadza kudzorongeswa kusaruramarefemo muruwa rweColumbia. Mutongi akazvipira kusava nereveri anonzwawo kutsigira nzvimbo yapakuvamba vanganzwawo kuva nechinzvimbo chapakuvamba kuti “vaduku nhasi varangarire kuenonekwezvo kuenty.

Ichi chinetso chakatungamirira vatangi kuti vagamuchire chinonzi “chinjo dzepakuvamba dzinorarama dzebumbiro remitemo” kana kuti“ ruoko rwakafa” zvigadzikiso, umo ivo vanotaura kuti nheyo hurusa dzeBumbiro remitemo − zvakadai sokuenzana() dzinofanira kushandiswa kumigariro yazvino uno. Asi ikoku kusunda kunobvisa revo yapakuvamba nokuda kweruramisiro, kuchinetesa kutaura kwokuti umwari hwapakuvamba inzira yechienzi isingatori rutivi.

Zvibvumirano Nezvinonyengedza Zvinobva Mukukwikwidzana

Vatsoropodzi, zvikurukuru vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo navezvokuvamba, vanotaura kuti kuvamba kunokundikana kupa chipikirwa chakwo chokusatora rutivi. Vanoonesa kuti vatongi nomutoo usingadzivisi vanoshandisa kungwarira mukusarudza manyuko enhau okupa mbiri, kuti ihuru sei kuumba gamuchidzanwa rakafanira, uye mweroi wokugamuchira. Purofesa Jack Balkin weYale Law School, somuenzaniso, akapikisa kuti chiMutengo chepakuvamba chinowirirana nemigumisiro inofambira mberi kana munhu akatevedzera “muitiro wokutanga wetsika yapakuvamba. ” Asi iyi shanduro yemitemo yepakuvamba inooneka yakasiana zvikuru neshanduro yorumano inotsigirwa naScalia.

Imwe rondedzero inobva munyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti kusatora rutivi kumene ingano. Vanoti kududzira kwose kunobatanidza zvisarudzo zvinokosha uye kuti kuvamba kunofukidza zvisarudzo izvozvo kupfurikidza nechitarisiko chokunyepedzera chokusabvumirana. Mukuwirirana nouyu murangariro, uspirist haasati ari asingatsigiri zvikuru kupfuura mimwe mitoo, inongova nzira yakasiana bedzi yokusvika nayo pamiuyo inowanzoda nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzechete yetsika. Nzvero dzeEmpiraicism dzakaratidza kuti vatongi vemavambo vanokombamira pakuvhotera, kunyange zvazvo kurukurirano yacho isina kukwana. [[FLT:] A fundo inobva kuSaume Journal inonzvera miitiro yokuvhota.

Kugamuchira Kwakabva Kuvanodavira Mavakatanga

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba dzinopindura kuti izvi zvinobatanidza mutoo wenhau nemigumisiro yawo. Vanopikisa kuti kudavira pakuvamba hakusati kuri pamusoro pemiuyo; kuri pamusoro pebasa. Kana revo yapakuvamba ichitungamirira kumuuyo mutongi asingadi, mutongi anofanira kupfuurira kuitevera. Idi rokuti vapakuvamba pane dzimwe nguva havabvumirani pakati pavo vamene rinobvumikisa bedzi kuti kunzvera kwenhau kwakaoma, kwete kuti mutoo wacho wakashata. Uyezve, vanoomerera kuti kurarama mutevedzero wemitemo kunotapurika zvikuru nemhaka yokuti haina chitsikiso chipi nechipi chakasimba. Mumurangariro wapakuvamba, kudavira pakuvamba hakusati kuri kusatora rutivi kwekare asi kudzokorodza.

Kubvuma: Kutanga uye Kusapindira Mumatare Anhasi

Dare rapamberi pezvi ndiro rinonyatsoita kuti pave nemavambo. Mutongi Thomas, Aloto, Gormoth, Kavanaugh, naBarrett vose vane kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwakasiyana - siyana. Kunyange zvakadaro zvisarudzo zveDare pane dzimwe nguva zvinoratidzira kuvhunika mukati memusasa wepakutanga. [[FLT: 0] Bruen[FL] [FLT] [1], vakawanda vakashandisa muedzo wenhau wakaoma, asi Mutongi Kavahaugh akakarakadza mutoo unochinjika uyo ungabvumira kuteverwa kwetsika. Mutongi Barrett, mukati mokunzwa kwake, akaratidzira kuti akanga achiri kutanga mirangariro yake pamusoro pedzidziso yetsika yapakuvamba, uye mukushandisa dzimwe nguva akabva pamuenzaniso worumano.

Zvikamu izvi zvinosimbisa kurwisana kuri kuramba kuchiitwa kuti pave nedzidziso dzokuti munhu aisapindirana.

Nguva Yemberi Yenharo

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinopfuurira kuvandudza rondedzero yedzidziso yepakutanga. Dzimwe, kufanana naPurofesa Randy Barnett, dzinotsigira “revo yapakuvamba yemavambo” idzo dzinosimbisa revo yorugwaro panzvimbo pevavariro dzavagadziri vemitemo. Vamwe, kufanana naPurofesa William Baude, vakaedza kuratidza kuti dzidziso dzepakuvamba ndiwo mutoo bedzi wapamutemo pasi peBumbiro remitemo paro. Zviitiko izvi zverondedzero zvingajekesa ukama nekusatora rutivi, asi havangagoni kuhupedza chose chose. Chero bedzi vatongi vanofanira kusarudza pakati penhau dzinokwikwikwidzana, kusapindirana kwenhau kwekare uye kusatora rutivi kwedare kuchapfuurira.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pechisarudzo chapakuvamba nokusatora rutivi kwedare hwakaoma uye huzhinji. Chitendero chorusarudzi chinoshuva kuva mutoo wokusatora rutivi zvikurusa wetsananguro yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokuisa zvisarudzo murevo yakatsiga yenhau. Mumativi akawanda chinodzivisa kuzvisarudzira kwedare, kuremekedza maruramiro ehurumende, uye chinogovera mamiriro ezvinhu asina kusiana. Bva mufungo wokusatora rutivi unoraira zvinopfuura mutoo wacho chete. Chinotongedzero chenzira yacho yokushandisa mutoo iwoyo usina rusaruro, kusatora rutivi, kana kuti kuputsa mipimo yomunhu oga. Nhau yenhau inodzoreka, chinetso chekodzero dzisina kubatana nemitemo, uye nhaka yokusaruramisira yomunguva yakapfuura yose inoramba kuti mavambo apara miuyo yomuzvarirwo. Mukakavadzano pakati pavavaraidzi vokutanga navatsorori vavo pakupedzisira inhau yezvidikanwa zvoudzorero zvomene. Sezvicho inogona kupedza zvizere kupfuudza mifungo yenhau yomutemo yemitemo yapakuvamba neyo inokosha zvikuru.