Upfumi hweHurumende Hunovharwa: Kutapura Kwahunoita Zvemari neMabasa eUnited States

Kunzwisisa Kurasikirwa Kwechokwadi Nemamiriro Ezveupfumi Nevane Ropafadzo Vezvematongerwe Enyika

Apo vezvamatongerwe enyika muWashington vanokundikana kubvumirana pamabhiri okushandisa mari, miuyo inodzosera mberi zvikuru kupfuura horo dzemarble dzedzimbahwe. Hurumende inomirira kupfuura horo yezvamatongerwe enyika [$5:1] kudengenyeka kwapasi kwezvemari kunozunungusa nheyo dzebudiriro dzeAmerica, kuchitapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kumari inorongwa yemhuri imwe neimwe kusvikira kuchivimbo chenyika yose. Nepo misoro yenhau inonangidzira ngwariro pamifanikiso yakavharwa navashandi vakashaidzwa, pesvedzero dzechokwadi [FLT] dzehurumende dzezvokuvhara zvinhu [[[FLT]: 3]] dzinoita kuti zvive zvakadzika miuyo inotapura chinenge chikamu chiri chose chemari.

mari yehurumende inoramba kuparadzwa kwezvemari inotambanudzwa zvikuru kupfuura kudzongonyedzwa kwapakarepo kwamasangano ehurumende. Zuva rimwe nerimwe rokudzima rinobvisa mamirioni kubva GDP, rinosekesa chivimbo chebhizimisi, rinodzongonyedza misika yemari, uye rinoparira kusaziva kunogara pashure pekuvhurazve kwehurumende. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinoparira zvoupfumi zvinobetsera vagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro kunzwisisa chikonzero nei kupfumisa kupfumbana kwemari kunotakura purofiti yakadaro nokuda kwebudiriro yeAmerica.

Kushandiswa Kwemari Kunokanganisa Kushanda Muhurumende

Kunyoresa Kwepamutemo Nezvemari

Hurumende inodzima yakakomba apo Congress inokundikana kupfuudza mutemo wemitemo wehurumende unotsigira mabasa ehurumende chiremera chemari chisati chapera. MuAntideficiency Act ya 1884, masangano ehurumende haagoni kupedza mari pasina mvumo yesangano, inomanikidzira kugumisa mabasa asiri makuru apo mari inobviswa.

Iyi haisati iri vhiringidzowo zvayo yechinguvana(idzo kuputsika kukuru kwebasa guru rehurumende rokuchengeta mabasa. Muitiro wokudzima unonyandura nhevedzano yakaoma yemiitiro yapamutemo neyoudzori iyo inotema kuti mibatoi inopfuudzira uye inoregai, ichiparira kudzongonyeka kwemari kwapakarepo.

Kuparadzana Kwezveupfumi

Musiyano pakati pe wemabasa ehurumende anokosha neasiri anokosha pakudzimwa unoparira muganhu wemhindu unosarudza kuti ndiani anoshanda, ndiani anobhadharwa, uye mibato yemari inopfuurira:

[ Mabasa makuru anopfuurira[ anobatanidza:

• Kuzvidzivirira kwerudzi uye kuchengeteka kwenyika yokumusha
• Kudzora ndege uye kuvhiyiwa kweTSA
• Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwehurumende namajeri
• Vane zvipatara uye vanorapwa nokukurumidza
• Kushandiswa kwemagetsi uye kushanda kwedhamu
• Kuparadzirwa kwenzvero yeSocial Security (kunyange zvishandiso zvitsva zvinomira)
• Kutumirwa kwetsamba nomuUSPS (inongozvitakura)

Mabasa enzvimbo dzinoshandiswa anomisa anobatanidza:

• Mapaki enyika yose namamiziyamu
• Kushanda kwesangano rinofambisa zvinhu kwakawanda
• Kugadzirwa kwechikwereti cheFederal (SBA, FHA, kukura kwomumaruwa)
• Kugadzira mutero (kuchidzima nguva dzokuvhara)
• Kuunganidzwa kwemashoko emitemo uye ezvemari
• Mabasa edare reFederal (pashure pokunge utsi hwemari yemari yasara)
• Kutsvakurudza kwesayenzi uye kupa zvipo

Iyi boka rinoparira vakundi vezvemari vanokurumidza navakundi, namasangano anopfuurira nenzira inowanzo apo mamwe anotarisana nekangaidziko yakakwana.

Nhoroondo: Kudzidza Kubva Pakumbovharwa

Chifo chamavambo egadziriro yemari yazvino uno yemari yakarongwa muna 1976, United States yakawana 222 mikaha yokushandisa mari inotungamirira kukuvhara, nemiuyo yemari yakasiana - siana:

Major inodzima uye ndyiko dzadzo dzemari

• 19995-1999 (mazuva 26 hwerengedzo): Ndyiko ye $1,4 bhiriyoni, yakatapura vashandi 800 000
• 2013 mazuva 16): Kuderedza GDP ne $24 mabhiriyoni, kukura kwe Q4 ne 0.6%
• 2018-2019 [mazuva 35]: Chitengo che $11 bhiriyoni muGDP, $3 mabhiriyoni chinorasika zvechigarire

Kudzima kumwe nokumwe kwakadzidzisa zvidzidzo zvinorwadza zvemari, bva kuvharwa kwenzvimbo nokutora nguva kwakawedzera panzvimbo pokuderera, kuchikarakadza masimba ezvematongerwe enyika achikurira nenzira inowedzera kurangarira kwezvemari.

Migumisiro Yemari Yokukurumidza: Mashangu Okutanga

Kupesana Kwebasa Rinoshanda Nehurumende

Tsitsi yapakati pavashandi vehurumende inoparira kuvhunduka kwemari kwokutanga. Nevashandi vehurumende vehurumende vanenge mamiriyoni 2,1, kumisa kunotapura vashandi vakuru kupfuura basa rose ramakambani akadai seWalmart kana kuti Amazon.

Vashandi vakashaikwa (zvikurukuru 800 000 850 000 mukati mekuvharwa kwakazara) vanofanira kurega kushanda nokukurumidza uye havagoni kugamuchira muripo kutozosvikira mugumo wokudzima. Ava vashandi vakatarisana:

• Kurasikirwa nemari nokukurumidza kunotapura chikwereti chemba, rendi, uye mari yemari
• Kusanyatsoziva nezvokupedza nguva yakawanda kuchiita kuti kuronga mari kuome
• Ganhuriro dzokutsvaka basa rechinguvana nemhaka yemitemo yetsika
• Kunetseka mupfungwa kunokanganisa basa kunyange pashure pokunge wadzoka

[ Vashandi vakasaidzwa vanofanira kushanda vasingabhadharwi (inenge 420 000 mukati mekuvharwa kwakazara) vanotarisana nezvinetso zvakasiyana:

• Kushaya mari uku uchiita basa
• Kusakwanisa kutsvaka imwe mari uchishandira nguva yakazara
• Kushaikwa kwakawanda sedzvinyiriro yemari kunowedzera
• Zvinetso zvetsika zvinotapura kunaka kwebasa nokushanda zvakanaka

Dambudziko Rokugadzirisa Zvinhu: Vakatambudzwa Vakakanganwika

[ Makambani okuvaka mukati mokuvhara kazhinji kazhinji anotarisana nemiuyo yakashata zvikuru kupfuura vashandi vehurumende. Kusafanana navashandi vehurumende avo vanogamuchira mari inodzorwa, makambani okuvaka (*) kubva kuvagadziri vedzimba kuenda kunyanzvi dzeIT(] kunayazve mari yakarasika.

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa vanenge vagadziri mamiriyoni 3,7, vanodokupeta kaviri vashandi vasiri varwi vomuhurumende.

• [ Kurasikirwa nemari yaunotambira pasina bviro yokudzosa mari
• Kusava nechokwadi [ semakambani anoisa kana kuti kubvisa vashandi
• [ kukundikana kwemabhizimisi nokuda kwevavaki vaduku vasina matura
• Kudzosa zvisarudzo pachikwereti, marendi, uye mibhadharo yomugove

Imwe ongororo yakaitwa yakawana kuti vashandi vanogadzira vakarasikirwa nemari inofungidzirwa kuva $2,5 000 000 (Z $4,50 000 000) mumiripo pa2018 - 2019 chete, mari isina kuzombodzoka kuupfumi.

Vatengi Vanopedza Kudya

Chitsama chinoshandiswa mukati mokudzimwa kwehurumende chinoderera zvikuru munharaunda dzakatapurwa. Vashandi veFederal navavaki vanoderedza chaizvoizvo kupambadza ne50-75% mukati mokudzima, kuparira miuyo yapakarepo:

[ Hashington D.C. nharaunda yemetro (na 15% yavashandi vari mubasa rehurumende) inoona:

• Kutengesa maresitorendi kunoderera ne20 - 30%
• Kutengeswazve kwemari kunoderera 15 - 25%
• Mabhizimisi ebasa anorasikirwa ne 10-20% yemari
• Kutenga nzvimbo kumira

Kombuti dziri pedyo nezvivako zvehurumende dzinotambura kuderera kwakafanana:

• Mataundi makuru emauto anoona mari inoshandiswa munzvimbo iyoyo ichiderera ne30 - 40%
• Nzanga dzezvipata dzenyika dzinopakwa dzinorasikirwa na50 - 80% yemari
• Nharaunda dzokutsvakurudza dzeFederal dzinoona kuderera kweupfumi kwe20 - 30%

Kuderedza mari yaishandiswa kunoparira uwandu hwakaipa, uko madhora emari inotambirwa nehurumende anoderedza basa remari ne $1,50.00.

Kurwisana Kuduku Kwemabhizimisi

Mabhizimisi maduku mukati mokudzima kwehurumende anotarisana nedenho dzakawanda dzinotyisidzira kupukunyuka kwavo:

Makambani okuvaka ehurumende anofanira kupfuurira kubhadhara vashandi napamusoro pasina mutengo:

• Njodzi dzinoitika dzomugariro wokufamba kwemari dzinomanikidza kushandiswa kwomutsetse wechikwereti pamwero yemubereko wakakwirira
• Kunonoka kubhadhara mari yebhizimisi, kudzvinyirira ukama hwevatengesi
• Kuyera kwechikwereti kunoderera, zvichiwedzera mitengo yokukwereta mune ramangwana
• Vamwe havatongonayi, ne 20 30% inokundikana mukati megore rimwe rokuvharwa kwenguva refu

VATSVARI vechikwereti [ havagoni kuwana mari inotenderwa mukati mokuvhara:

• Kukura kwebhizimisi kunomisa projekiti yepakati
• Kunonoka kutenga zvinhu zvokushandisa, kuchikanganisa basa
• Kuperevedza kwemadzimbahwe kunoshanda kunotangira
• Kutambura kwokukwikwidzana kunomuka mukurwisana namabhizimisi nemari yomunhu oga

[ register rescreen nerezenisi zvemabhizimisi anotsamira pamunhu

• Chigadzirwa chitsva chinononoka pasina FDA
• Kupinza munyika/kutumira mabhizimisi echiteshi chengarava kumirira pasina kugadzirwa kwetsika
• Basa rokuvaka rinomisa kumirira mvumo dzehurumende
• Mapikicha uye mari zvinosundwa pasina kuongorora SEC

Kuita Kwokutengeserana Kwemari: Wall Street Watchs Washington

Kuzara Kwemastock

Stock kushambadza mukati mokudzima kunoratidza zvikurukuru miuyo yakawedzerwa yepaji nemuchikamu:

Kupfuura miuyo yose yemisika inobatanidza:

• S& P 500 munhau vanorasikirwa 0,0.2% pavhiki yokudzima
• Volatility Index (VIX) inowedzera 15-25% mukati mokuvharwa
• Kutsemura mavhoriyamu kunoderera 10 - 15% sezvo kusava nechokwadi kunokura
• Misika yepasi pose inowanzopfuura yeUnited States inotengesa zvinhu

[ Miuyo yakajeka [ inosiana zvikuru:

• Vagadziri vezvombo vanotarisana nokukurumidza nokutengeswa kwesimba
• Kushanya uye mutsa zvinoderera 5-10%
• Vagadziri vezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu vehurumende vanoderedza 8-12%
• Munharaunda yeD.C., vanotenga zvinhu zvavo vari pasi pe10-15%
• Zvokushandisa nezvokudya zvinotengwa zvinowanzowana se "nzvimbo dzokuchengeteka"

Kutengesa Zvisungo uye Kufarira Kunofambira Mberi

Hurumende inodzima muuyo wemhindu [ inoita zvinhu zvakaoma kunzwisisa:

[[[FRANT:0] Tsinga dzemari dzinotapura [

• Kupa kwenhambo pfupi kweTreasury kazhinji kazhinji kunokwira mativi 5-15
• Kuterama kwenguva refu kungaderera sezvo kariro dzokukura dzinoderera
• Kutenga nevemari kunowedzera pasina vatengi vehurumende
• Mibvunzo inodikanwa kunze kwenyika inomuka pamusoro pokutsiga kweU.S.

[[FFL:0] Migumisiro yomusika yeCredit:

• Chisungo chinowedzera zvinhu 10 - 20
• Zvibvumirano zvehurumende munharaunda dzinozvimirira zvakatarisana nokutengeswa
• Mitengo yokuchinjana kwechikwereti yakarongwa nokuda kwechikwereti cheU.S.
• Masangano anopa nyevero pamusoro pokudzora kwemari

Migumisiro Yemari Nenyika Dzakawanda

U.S. dola mukati mokudzimwa kwehurumende kazhinji kazhinji inonetesa mukurwisana nemari huru:

• Indekisi yeDollar inowira kazhinji kazhinji 0.5% pavhiki kuvhara
• Kufamba kwakakotsekana kunotamira kuSwitzerland franc neyen yeni yeJapan
• Masheya emusika anosangana nengozi yokusada kutengesa
• Mavhoriyamu eCryptocurrency anowedzera sezvimwe zvitoro zvoukoshi

Kuoma kweupfumi hwenyika yose kunosanganisira:

• Kuderedza kuisa mari yakananga mune imwe nyika muzvinhu zveU.S.
• Zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvenyika dzakawanda zvakanonoka uye kutaurirana
• Mibvunzo pamusoro poutungamiriri hweUnited States mumasangano ezvemari enyika yose
• Kutsvagira zvimwe zvivako zvemari zvakanakira

Migumisiro Yemasangano Ezvemari: Vakundi Navanorasikirwa Nayo

Kushanya Nomutsa: Kutambura Kunokurumidza

indasitiri yeTHS apo inodzima inotarisana nokurasikirwa kune ngwavaira, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzinotsamira pakukwezva kwomubatanidzwa:

Kushanya kweNational paki kunowana $22 mabhiriyoni U.6 pagore uye kunotsigira mabasa 341. Mukati mokudzima:

• Nzanga dzinofamba nomumugwagwa dzinorasikirwa ne $67 000 zuva nezuva
• Hotera dzinoona 60 - 80% mwero yokudzimura
• Vashanyi vanorasikirwa nemari yose inotambirwa mumwaka
• Maresitorendi nezvitoro zvinoderedza vashandi 30 - 50%

Shashington D.C. kushanya [ (vashanyi vane mamirioni 24 egore negore) vanotambura nenzira yechienzi:

• Kuvharwa kweSmithsonian kunotapura shanyo dzegore negore dzine mamiriyoni 30
• Kuvharwa kwematombo echinyakare kunoodza mwoyo mamiriyoni evashanyi
• Rwendo rwechikoro runomisa mhiri kwematsutso uye mwaka yemwaka
• Kunyora mabhuku ekokorodzano kunoderera kwemakore anotevera

[ Kushanya kwemarudzi ose kunotarisana nokukuvara kusingaperi:

• Visa inononoka kuderedza nhamba dzevashanyi vokumwe 15 - 20%
• Vafambi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika havakurudziri kushanya
• Nzvimbo dzinoitirwa makambani dzinowana mari yokutenga pamwe chete
• Kukuvadzwa nemavara anoramba aripo makore akawanda pashure pokuvharwa

Zvikwereti Zvemakomba: Mabhizimisi Ane Mazango

Musika chaiwoiwo wenzvimbo mukati mokudzima unowirwa nevhiringidziko huru:

[ zvivako nenzvimbo[ zvinotarisana nedenho dzakawanda:

• FHA neVHA zvikwereti (30% zvemusika) hazvigoni kugadzirwa
• Zvikwereti zvokumaruwa zveUSDA zvinomira zvachose
• MASHOKO anononotsa kubhadhara mutero anodzivisa kuwana mari
• Inishuwarenzi yemafashamo nomune FEMA haigoni kupiwa

Uku kudzongonyedzwa kunoparira:

• Kutengesa mumusha kukaderera 10 - 15% mukati mokuvharwa
• Kunonoka kupedza kutengwa kunoitwa nevezera rekutengeserana
• Kuderedzwa kwemitengo sezvo vatengesi vanopererwa nezano rose
• Kuwedzera mari yavanotenga kunobatsira vatengi vakapfuma

[[FOR:0] nzvimbo nenzvimbo [ zvinoshayikwa ne:

• Mibhadharo yerendi yehurumende inononoka kana kuti inomira
• Kuderedzwa kwechinodikanwa mumisika inotsamira hurumende
• Basa rokuvandudza rinononoka kumirira mvumo
• Kubhadhara zvikwereti zveSBA hakuwaniki

Kurima: Kurwadziwa Nezvemari Mumaruwa

chikamu chezvokurima mukati mokumisa chinotarisana nedenho dzechienzi dzinotapura upfumi hwomumaruwa:

[ Mari yemari nechikwereti[[[FT:1] zvinorega kugadzirwa:

• Madhora ane mabhiriyoni 20 emadhora anononoka kupiwa mari gore negore
• Kushandisa zvikwereti nokuda kwomwaka wokusima kusingawaniki
• Mibhadharo yeyamuro inomira
• Mibhadharo yepurogiramu yokuchengetedza inomisa

[ Misimu yezvokurima nemishumo[ kumira:

• Mishumo yezvirimwa zveUSDA yokuti inotungamirira misika inotengeswa zvinhu inoguma
• Kuongorora zvokudya zvisina ngozi kunoderera zvishoma
• Zviratidzo zvokutumira kunze kwenyika zvinononoka, zvichichinja kutengeswa kwenyika dzakawanda
• Kutsvakurudza pamusoro pezvipembenene uye kutarisirwa kwezvirwere kunomira

Tsika dzemari [ wanda:

• Kutengeswa kwemidziyo yomupurazi kunoderera ne20 - 30%
• Mabhangi omumaruwa anotarisana nechikwereti chakawedzera
• Mabhizimisi okugovera mari anoderedza uwandu hwezvinhu
• Mabhizimisi maduku etaundi anorasikirwa ne1525% yemari

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nokuzvivandudza: Fambiro Mberi Yakatserikanwa

Tsvikiro yebato retechnology yedzimidzo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo inotambanukira kupfuura zvibvumirano zvehurumende zviri pedyo:

[ kunzvera nokubudirira kudzongonyedza:

• NSF neNIH zvinopa mari inosvika mabhiriyoni 50 emadhora gore negore
• Zvirongwa zvokutsvakurudza zvepayunivhesiti zvinomisa kuderera kwepfungwa
• Paten neratidziro zvokumira kugadzira
• Kutakurwa kwounyanzvi kubva mumarabhoribhu ehurumende kunomira

[[[FRANT:0] kubvumira kuri mudare kunononotsa[:

• ZVINOTSIGIRA ZVINOTARISWA NEFDA
• Marandidzirwo emarudzi akawanda eFC uye kubvumira kutengeswa kunomira
• EPA inobvumira nzvimbo kunonoka
• Ruzivo rwokugadzira ndege runomisa zvitupa zvokufambisa

Kunonoka uku kunokonzerwa:

• Kunofungidzirwa kuti mabhiriyoni US $2 (Z $26 000 000) vhiki nevhiki mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva kwakarasika
• Kusava nechokwadi kwokukwikwidzana kurwisana nevanokwikwidzana munyika dzakawanda
• Kuzengurira kuva dzimbahwe mumaindasitiri anodzorwa
• Kutama kwetanhama kunyika dzakagadzikana zvikuru

Migumisiro Yemari Yenguva Refu: Mabhara Asingarapi

Kurasikirwa Nezvakagadzirwa uye Vadzoreri

[ Kugadzirwa kweGovernment pashure pokudzima hakutongonayizve zvizere:

[[[FT:0] Kurasikirwa nokubereka zvibereko:

• Vhiki rokutanga shure rinoona bedzi 60 - 70% yezvibereko zvenguva dzose
• Kubereka kwakazara hakudzoki kwevhiki 4-6
• Zvimwe zvirongwa hazvimbofi zvakatangazve pashure pokunge simba rapera
• Zivo yesangano inorasikirwa navashandi vanoenda

Kuunganidza kunoparira kudhonza kunogarisa:

• Kugadzirwa kwemasero anodzorwa nepasiport kunopfuurira mwedzi 3-6
• Mitero inononoka kuchengetwa munguva yokurongedza
• Mvumo nerezenisi zvinononotsa bhizimisi mwedzi 6-12
• Zvirwere zvokutamira kune dzimwe nyika zvinowedzera makore okumirira nguva

Hurumende Inopa Nhauro Office inofungidzira kuti zuva rimwe nerimwe rokurambidza rinoda mazuva 3 ne5 ebasa rokunaya, kureva kuti kuvharwa kwezuva 30 kunoparira mazuva 90 - 50 okusanoita kwakaderedzwa.

Kubhururuka Kweguta Guru Revanhu

[ Vashandi vanodzorwa pashure pokunge vadzima vanova vanodenha nenzira inowedzera:

[ Kubuda kwapakati kunokurumidza nokudzima kumwe nokumwe:

• Mwero yokurega basa inowedzera 15-20% pashure pokuzvinyima
• Vaiti vemabasa vakakwirira vanoenda kunzvimbo yakavanzwa
• Chinetso chokudzosera chinowedzera 30-40%
• Zivo yesangano inorasikirwa zvachose

[[[FFT:0] Mabasa eKontratract anodzongonyedza:

• Vavaki vane unyanzvi vanowana mabasa echikamu akavanzika echigarire
• Mabhizimisi maduku ari pedyo panzvimbo pokuvharwa nemamiriro okunze munguva yemberi
• Vashandi vemunyika dzakawanda vanodzokera kumusha kana kuti kunogara kune imwe nzvimbo
• Kukwanisa kuvandudza simba kunoderera zvachose

Chivimbo Chebhizimisi Nemari

Kutenga kwebhizimisi mukati mokudzima kusava nechokwadi kunoderera zvikuru:

[[[FUM]] Chitsama chemari [ chinononoka kana kuti chinodzima:

• Kubikira kwebhizimisi kunoderera 0.5% pavhiki
• R& D inoderedza kudyira mumativi akatapurwa 10 - 15%
• Mazaya echando anovharwa nechando kupfuura nguva yokuvharwa
• Zvirongwa zvokuwedzera zvinochinjirwa kune dzimwe nyika

Kudzongonyedzwa kwenguva refu:

• Zvirongwa zvemazano akanaka zvinofunga kuti kuvharwa kwemvura kune ngozi
• Mari yezvibvumirano zvehurumende inodiwa pakusava nechokwadi
• Kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda kunodzivisa kubatanidzwa kwehurumende yeUnited States
• Kuisa mari yokuvandudza kunoitwa kuti iende kumhoteredzo dzakagadzikana zvikuru

Nzvero yeBusiness School [ inoratidzira kuti kusava nechokwadi kwomuitiro kubva mukudzimwa kunoderedza kuiswa kwemari ne 15-20% muzvikamu zvinotsamira pahurumende, tapuro dzinogara makore maviri namatatu.

Kuwedzera Kwemari Netapuro Yesimba

GDP inodzorwa nehurumende kuvhara [ misanganiswa nokufamba kwenguva:

[[FUNDO:0] DEMP kurasikirwa neGDP:

• Vhiki rimwe nerimwe rokudzima rinoderedza GDP ne 0.1-0.2%
• Miuyo mizhinji yokuwedzera kukura yakananga kurasikirwa ne 1.5-2x
• Zvemari zvomunharaunda zvinorasikirwa neavhareji ye2-3x yenyika
• Kunaya kunowanzotora nzvimbo mbiri ne3

[ Kurasikirwa kwemari kwakaderera[:

• CBO inofungidzira 30% yokudzima kurasikirwa kusingatongowanikwizve
• Kukura kunobatanidza kunoderedza mukana wenguva refu
• Kunonoka kuvandudza kunoparira kusabetsera kwechigarire kwamakwikwi
• Kurasikirwa nedzimbahwe ravanhu kunoderedza kukura kwebasa

Kugadzira zvinhu zvoupfumi zvinoratidza kuti kutadza kumisa kumisa kwaderedza kukura kwemamiriro ezvinhu okuAmerica ne0.0.2% gore negore kubvira muna 2010, zvichimirira mazana emabhiriyoni evanhu vasingachafari.

Kusaenzana Kwenharaunda Nekwekuzvimirira: Marwadzo Akaenzana

Kunangidzirwa Kwenzvimbo Yoga Kwetapuro

tapuro yemari yenzvimbo yokudzima inosiana zvikuru nokuvapo kwomubatanidzwa:

[[FT:0] Tsika dzinokwirira zvikurusa[:

• Shashington D.C. Metro: 30% yemari yakazvimirira yehurumende
• [ , VA: Kushandiswa kwehondo kunodzora
• [[FFL:0] Hluntsville, AL: NASA nevanogadzira dziviriro
• [ Colorado Stuping, CO: Kuisirwa kwehondo
• San Diego, CA: kushanda kwengarava nemuganhu

Nzvimbo idzi dzinosangana neizvi:

• Urovha hunowedzera mapfundo 2-3 muzana
• Mitengo yedzimba inoderera 5-10%
• Kutengesa kunoderera ne20 - 30%
• Mitero yomunharaunda inowa 15-20%

[

• Zvemari zvechikamu cheNortheast
• Mizinda yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu isina kuwanika zvikuru nehurumende
• Nzvimbo dzinorimwa dziri pakati pekubhadharwa kwemari nehurumende
• Matunhu anogadzira simba nokubudirira kwemunhu oga

Kusiyana Kwemisiyano Yevanhu

Kuparadza kunoitwa nechiverengero chavagari vemo kunoratidza miuyo isingaenzaniswi:

[[[FT:0] Mwero unogamuchirwa unotapura [:

• Vashandi vomuhurumende vanotambira mari shoma vanoshaya mari
• Vashandi vanobhadharwa (kakawanda vanobhadharwa mari shoma) havapi muripo wekudzosera
• Vashandi vanotambira mari yakawanda vane nzvimbo dzokuchengetera zvinhu uye dzimwe nzvimbo
• Kusaenzana kwepfuma kunowedzera nokuvharwa kumwe nokumwe

[[[FT:0] muganhu nemapoka [:

• Vanhu vokuAfrica vakanyanyoshanda (18% vs. 13% munyika yose)
• Vavaki vechiHispanic vakatapurwa zvikuru kwazvo
• Mabhizimisi maduku ari kugadzirwa nevemabhizimisi haawani chikwereti
• Kutapura kwenzanga kunopa ngwariro munharaunda dzomumaguta dzakasiyana - siyana

Age-tapuro dzinobatanidzwa[:

• Vaduku vari kushanda havana mari
• Vashandi vepakati vetarisiro vanotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzechikwereti nedzekuchengeta chikwereti
• Vashandi vanodokuva vanokurumidza kuenda
• Vana vanorega basa vanotambura nemhaka yemabasa ehurumende

Kukamurwa Mumaruwa

Urban mukati mokudzima chiso chakanangidzirwa asi chinooneka miuyo:

• Zvivako zvehofisi zveFederal hazvina chinhu
• Masangano okufambisa anorasikirwa nemari inotakurwa
• Mabhizimisi ari pasi anorasikirwa neboka rezvokudya zvamasikati
• Masangano etsika anopfiga

Nharaunda mukati mokudzima ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakapararira asi rwakadzika:

• Kunonoka kuripa mari yezvirimwa mumwaka wakaoma
• Zvikwereti zvokumaruwa zvinomisa
• Kutarisirwa kwenyika kwakarongwa kunoguma
• Mabhizimisi etaundi maduku anorasikirwa nemari inoshandiswa nehurumende

Mitengo Yakavanzwa: Kuyera Isingatsungiririki

Migumisiro Youtano Hworuzhinji

utano hwePublic mukati mekudzima kwehurumende hunoshata munzira dzinodarikira:

[[[NHAU]] Kunzvera [[[FT] 1] kunonetesa:

• Kuongororwa kwechikosoro cheCDC kunoderedza 40%
• Kuongorora zvokudya zvisina ngozi kunodonha 60%
• Kutanga kwehosha kunononotsa
• Kushandira pamwe kweutano munyika yose kunomiswa

[[FURO:0] Health [ vhiringidziko:

• KUONGORORWA kwechipatara kunomira
• Mabasa eUtano okuIndia anoganhurirwa
• purogiramu yezvokudya zveWick inotarisana nokusava nechokwadi
• Utano hwepfungwa hunowedzerwa nokunetseka mune zvemari

Kunzvera kunoratidzira vhiki imwe neimwe yokumisa miti inowirirana ne:

• 1-2% wedzero mushanyo dzomukamuri rekurumidziro
• 3-5% kuwedzera mushanyo dzoutano hwendangariro
• 2-3% kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga mudzimba
• 5-10% kuwedzera mukurapwa nezvinodhaka kunodiwa

Mitengo Yemhoteredzo Nechengeteko

[ dziviriro yemagamuchidzanwa mukati mokudzima inorega:

[[[FRANT:0] kudzikamisa mutemo [ kunomira:

• Kuongorora EPA kunomira pamiti yemakemikari
• Kuongorora kudzivirira ngozi kunomira
• Kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo yenyukireya kunoderera
• Kuongorora tsvina ine ngozi

[[[FF:0] Kukuvadza kwehwaro[[FT:1] kunoungana:

• Kurasa zvisiri pamutemo kunowedzera 20 - 30%
• Kuputswa kwokushatisa hakuonekwi
• Kuuraya mhuka dzinogara dziri kutowedzera zvikuru
• Mashoko arimo anoratidza kuti mamiriro okunze haana kumira zvakanaka

[ chengeteko yePuble inoshata:

• Zvokudya zvinoyeuka kunonoka
• Kuongorora kwokuchengeteka kunomisa
• Kuongorora kudzivirira ngozi kunoitwa kumabasa kunomira
• Kuongorora kuchengeteka kwezvifambiso kunomira

Dzidzo Nokutsvakurudza Zvinokanganisa

Tsika yokudzima miuyo inotambanukira kupfuura mamiziyamu akavharwa:

[[[FT:0] K-12 dzidzo kudzongonyedzwa:

• yamuro yedzidzo yakarongwa
• Purogiramu yechikoro yezvokudya zvamasikati inotsigira kusava nechokwadi
• Masangano chaiwo edzidzo anoderedzwa
• Zvikoro zvemaIndia okuAmerica zvinotarisana nokuvharwa

[[[FRANT:0] dzidzo yakakwirira zvikuru[ denho:

• Kunzvera kunobvumira kutonhora pakati peproject
• Mudzidzi anononoka
• Zvinetso zvevhiza yevadzidzi munyika dzakawanda
• Kunonoka kwokuyamura kwevadzidzi

[ purofiti [ inoparira kurasikirwa kwechigarire:

• Fundo refu dzinorasikirwa namashoko asingachinjiki
• Kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda kunoguma
• Kutadza kukwikwidzana kurwisana nemamwe marudzi
• Pombi inobvisa utachiona inovhiringidza

National Science Foundation tserescope inofungidzira zuva rimwe nerimwe rokumisa kunonoka fambiro mberi yesayenzi pavhiki rimwe, nokumwe kunzvera kwakabvumiraniswa kwechigarire.

Kukwikwidzana Kwamarudzi Ose: Maronda Okuzvikuvadza eAmerica

Kumira Kwenyika Yose Kwezvemari

U.S. makwikwi enyika yose mukati mokudzima anoputsa nenzira isingachinjiki:

[ Kukuvadza kwenzwisiso kwemarudzi ose:

• Masangano anoyera chikwereti anopa nyevero
• Kutenga mari kune imwe nyika kunoderera 10 - 15%
• Bhokisi renhau dzemari yedollar
• Kuvimbika kwevatungamiriri kunoderera

[[[FRANT:0] miuyo yeTrade[:

• Marezenisi anotengesa kunze kwenyika anononoka kudyira mabhiriyoni
• Kutaurirana nezvebhizimisi kunosundirwa mberi kana kuti kukundikana
• Makambani enyika dzakawanda haashandi pamwe chete neUnited States
• Kutadza kupindirana kwemarudzi

[ makwikwi ezvemari pakati:

• London neSingapore dzinowana bhizimisi remari
• Marongedzero amarudzi ose anodzivisa kuchinjana kweU.S.
• Mabhangi okumwe anoderedza kuvhiyiwa kweU.S.
• Kugamuchirwa kwokurera vana nechepfu kunowedzera

Kuchinja uye Kutungamirira Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

U.S. muuyo wokudzima unotyisidzira utungamiriri hweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu:

• China neEurope dzinowana betsero dzokunzvera
• Chipo chenyika dzakawanda chinosarudza nyika dzakagadzikana
• Muzinda mukuru wezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemhepo unoyerera uchienda kumisika inozivikanwa
• Kuchinja kwetsika dzemakombiyuta kunoitwa kune dzimwe nyika

Kudzima kumwe nokumwe kunoita kuti America isakwezva zvikuru:

• Kushanda pamwe chete pakutsvakurudza munyika dzakawanda
• Vadzidzi vokune dzimwe nyika vanonyoresa
• Kutama kune unyanzvi
• Kugadzirwa kwemichina

Kuzvidzivirira Nemari Nekuchengeteka

Nhete yenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu mukati mokudzima inotarisana nedenho dzechienzi:

• Kutsvakurudza kwakarongeka kunomira kamwe kamwe
• Kumira kwokuchenesa chengeteko
• Kunonoka kutengesa zvombo munyika dzakawanda
• Kugadzirira kurwa kunoderedza

Kuoma kweupfumi kunosanganisira:

• Madhora mamiriyoni 100 pazuva ari mumabhizimisi anononoka
• Vavaki vaduku vokuzvidzivirira vanokundikana
• Vatengi vemarudzi akawanda vanotsvaka zvimwe zvinhu
• Kubatsira kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunoderera

Mhinduro Nezvirongwa Zvokuparadza

Zvirongwa Zvemitemo

Kutanga hurumende kudzikamisa kupfurikidza nokuchinja mutemo:

zvisarudzo zvinopfuurira nenzira inoshanda[ zvaizochengeta mari pamwero yakare:

• Kubvisa sechombo chezvamatongerwe enyika
• Chinogovera Dzikamo Yokuronga
• Kuderera kwokusava nechokwadi kwemari
• Inoramba ichiita mabasa anokosha

Hurumende yokudzimisa Mutemo wokudzivirira [ zvikarakadzo zvinosanganisira:

• Congress inobhadhara mari inoderedzwa pakumisa
• Zvinodiwa kuti pave norusando rwokugadza vanhu kusvikira parusarudzo
• Sirini yezvikwereti inongozviitikira yowedzera
• Kutenderera kwemabhajeti kwemakore maviri

Kupindira kwepasi yeruwa:

• Kutsigira nemari kwehurumende nokuda kwezvivako zvehurumende
• Kushaya mabasa kwokukurumidzira
• Bherai mari yezvikwereti zvevashandi vehurumende
• Varegeredzi vemitero yenzvimbo nokuda kwavashandi vanotapurwa

Kuronga Kupfuurira Kwebhizimisi

[ Gadziriro yebhizimisi nokuda kwokudzima inova inokosha:

[[[FURO:0] urongwa hwemari[:

• Iva nemari yakawanda mazuva 90
• Kuparadzana kubva mumari yomubatanidzwa
• Gadzirisa mitsetse yechikwereti usati wavharwa
• Funga nezvezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakudzima inishuwarenzi

[[[FRATI:0] Kuronga [

• Kudziridza mapoka anopindura achidzima
• Ita urongwa hwekubatsira vashandi
• Ziva zvimwe zvinowanikwa pamari yaunopiwa
• Kuvaka kushandira pamwe kwevamwe vari muchikamu

[[[FURO:0] mutariri [:

• Mutengo unopedza ngozi mumabasa
• Batanidza simba ramashoko okushandisa
• Chengeta mhatsa yenzvimbo
• Kudziridza zvirongwa zvokushanda

Kugadzirira Kwemari Kwoga Kwoga

[ Mari yemunhu oga mukati mokudzima inoda kuronga:

[[[FURO:0] Vashandi vebasa vanofanira[:

• Vakirira mari yekurumidziro mwedzi 3-6
• Nzwisisa zvinodzivirira vanokweretesa
• Ndyiko dzemagwaro dzemitero
• Ongorora zvirongwa zvokudzima rubatsiro

[[FOL:0] Zvibvumirano zvinofanira[[:

• Chengeta mari yaunoda kuti ive yakawandisa
• Ita kuti hova dzemari dziwande
• Nzwisisa kusakwanisa kushandira
• Inema network kunze kwokubatana kwehurumende

[[[FM] Mitezo yekomuniyumu inofanira[:

• Kutsigirwa kwakabatsira mabhizimisi omunzvimbo iyoyo
• Mutsigiri wemhinduro dzezvamatongerwe enyika
• Vazvipire nokuda kwepurogiramu dzebetsero
• Ronga kufamba nengozi dzokudzima

Nzira Iri Mberi: Kugumisa Kuvhakacha

Kunzwa Kufurirwa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa nei hurumende ichidzima zviitiko kunoratidza kusanzwisisana kwezvemari:

Tsitsi dzechimurenga dzakakunda mufungo wemari:

• Kutyisidzira kwokuvhakacha kunopa mukana wokuronga
• Kugadzirira zvivako kupfurikidza nerwisano
• Ngwariro yezvinzvimbo zvamatongerwe enyika
• Mikana yokukurumidza kupiwa mhosva

Ndyiko dzemari hadziwirirani nendyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika:

• Vezvamatongerwe enyika havatsungiri kurasikirwa nemari
• Kushandisa mari yakawanda kunobatsira.
• Zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvenhambo pfupi v. nhindi refu dzenhambo yezvemari
• Kusvika paasmmetic kunokanganisa kuwanda kwebasa

Kuvaka Gadziriro Yemari

Kugadziridza mamiriro ezvinhu pakudzima kunoda chinjo dzakarongeka:

[[[FT:0] Kuchinja kwemasangano [[[FTL:1]:

• Deredza kuisa mari muhurumende
• Simbisa mamiriro ezvinhu uye nzvimbo
• Itai kuti pave nezvimwe zvinhu zvakavanzika pane mabasa ehurumende
• Itai kuti zvinhu zvive zvakanaka

[[FF:0] Madenderedzwa[:

• Kutanga kupiwa simba rokutonga
• Kuedza kwebhizimisi kurambidza kuparadzwa
• Kunangidzirwa kwenhau patapuro dzemari
• Kuda kutsiga kwenyika dzakawanda

[[[FF:0] Kugadzirisa [:

• Bhangidha remiripo yehurumende
• DAMBUDZIKO REBASA
• Gadziriro dzinoparadzirwa dzokutsungirira
• Kushandira pamwe kwevoruzhinji

Kuongorora Kwechokwadi Kunoenderana Nemari

Pakunzvera upfumi hwehurumende hunodzima, nhamba dzinotaura nhau yakajeka:

[[[FRA:0] Kokorosi[[CHOKWADI:1]:

• Mabhirioni $11-24 murasikidzo yeGDP painovharwa zvikuru
• Mabhirioni 3 000 mukuvadziko yechigarire yemari
• Zviuru zvemabhizimisi akakundikana zvishoma
• Kurasikirwa kukuru nechivimbo uye makwikwi

[[FFO:0] Bhenefit[[FFL:1]:

• Zero rinotsigirwa mune zvemari
• Hapana mari yaakachengeta (mabhizimisi anodarika mari yaakachengeta)
• Hapana gadziriro inovandudza kubva mukushandiswa kwemicheto
• Hapana kubudirira kwehurumende kwakawedzerwa

Chisarudzo chezvemari chakajeka: Kuvhara kunomirira kurasikirwa chaikoiko kweurema hwesimbi kuupfumi hweAmerica.

Mugumisiro: Kushanda kwemari

yemari yehurumende inodzima inozivisa kundikano huru muhurumende yeAmerica inoshandura kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuva ngwavaira dzemari. Kudzimwa kumwe nokumwe kunobvisa mabhiriyoni kubva muGDP, kuparadza mabhizimisi, kudzongonyedza upenyu, uye kunonetesa mugariro wenyika yose wemari yeAmerica (* zvose pasina kuwana muuyo wakananga wezvemari.

Nhamba dzacho dzinongotaurawo nezvenyaya yacho chete. Chinoitika chinenge chiri mushandi wehurumende anosarudza pakati perendi nezvokudya, muridzi muduku webhizimisi achiona makumi emakore ebasa achitsva, mutsvakurudzi achiona zvidzidzo zvekubudirira zvichiparadzwa, kana kuti nzanga ichiona kuparara kwenheyo yayo yezvemari.

Hurumende dzinovhara mabasa nemari munzira dzinotambanukira kure kupfuura kudzongonyedzwa kwapakarepo. Dzinoparira mavanga asingagumi pakugadzirwa kwebasa, kurasikirwa kwechigarire mukuita zvitsva, uye kuvadziko yechizvarwa kukushanda kwehurumende. Kudzimwa kumwe nokumwe kunoita kuti kutevera kuve bviro huru kupfurikidza nokudzosa kusashanda zvakanaka kwetsika uye kuendesa chipo kure nebasa ravose.

Nzira iri mberi inoda kuziva kuti kuvharwa hakusati kuri zviitiko zvezvamatongerwe enyika chete, uye kuti injodzi dzemari dzinonetesa budiriro yeAmerica, makwikwi, uye chengeteko. Chigadzikiso hachina kuoma: zvisarudzo zvinopfuurira zvinozviitikira, mitemo inodzivisa, kana kuti mamwe masangano ayo mamwe matsva ose akatangwa. Chinoshaiwa zivo asi kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutozosvikira America isarudza kuti kuterama kwezvemari kunopfuura nzvimbo dzemitambo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvharwa kuchapfuurira kutora ukoshi hwavo mukukura kwakarasika, mabhizimisi akaparadzana, uye nguva yemberi dzakaderera. Mubvunzo hausi wokuti tinogona kudzivirira kuvharwa kwedokero(zvingabvira kuti tinogona kuzviita. Zvemari zvinojeka: zuva riri rose rokuparadza rinoita kuti America ive murombo, ive shomanene, uye ishomanene makwikwi. Mubvunzo chaiwo ndouyu uri apo tichati pakupedzisira wakakwana.