Nheyo Dzoutariri Hwomutemo

Kutarisira kwomutemo inzvimbo inotangira udzori hwehurumende inotonga inotonga nehurumende inozvidavirira. Inobatanidza kuhwirudzura kwakarongwa, kuongorora, uye kutarisirwa kwezviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru, zvirongwa, uye miitiro kupfurikidza namasangano emitemo akasarudzwa. Iri basa harisi rokungova bedzi pamutemo; idziviriro yebumbiro remitemo yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa simba, kufumura tsvina kana kuti uori, uye kuvimbisa kuti masangano ehurumende aite mitemo nenzira yokutendeka sezvinoitwa. Pasina utarisiri hwesimba, nheyo yokunzvera nedzikano zvinodzikamisa zvinoderera, uye kuvimba navanhu mumasangano anoshataputsa.

Mavambo Enhau Nemhindumupindu

Murangariro woutariri hwemitemo unotevedza mavambo awo kumiitiro yeparamende yapakuvamba. MuChirungu Bill of Rights (1689), Paramende yakasimbisa maruramiro ayo okunzvera nokudenha ndyiko dzamambo nezviito zvehondo. Mumazana amakore, ikoku kwakashanduka kuva gadziriro dzamadare. MuUnited States, Chibvumirano cheMitemo 1787 nesimba roku “ita kuti Mitemo yose ipedzwe nenzira yakatendeka,” yapa chiremera chokunzvera nokutarisira. Mhaka yedare repamusoro reDare [[FLT:] McGrain v. Daugherty[FLT:] [197] [197]) yakasimbisa kuti Dare rine simba rakafara rokunzvera basa raro.

Nhasi, tarisiro yawedzera munyika yose. Matare eParamende mumiitiro yeWestminster, matare esangano muU.S., uye masangano emitemo mukusimukira hurumende dzinotonga dzose dzinoshandisa mhatsa yezvombo kuti dzinzvere mukuru. Sangano reEconomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) rakacherekedza kuti kutarisira kunobudirira kunoshanda pamwero yehurumende yakakwirira nemwero yakaderera. Dzidza zvikuru pamusoro pemipimo yeOECD nokuda kwokutarisira paparamende .

Ita Zvinodiwa

Madonzo makuru okutarisira mitemo ndeaya:

  • Kuzvidavirira [ - Kuisa mhaka kuti vakuru vakuru namasangano vapindure nokuda kwezviito zvavo, mari inopedzwa, uye miuyo.
  • Traxation - Kubudisa chiedza pamabasa ehurumende aizovanzirwa vanhu nedare.
  • [ - Kurangarira kana mitemo ichisvitsa nharidzano dzayo dzinodiwa uye kurumbidza chinjo apo inokundikana.
  • [[FOL:0] Kubvisa uye Kurega [[FT:1] - Kuzivisa kusatarisira zvakanaka, unyengeri, kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira, uye kuparira kudzivisa mufambiro usakafanira womunguva yemberi.

Izvi zvinangwa zvinoda kuvimbisana kunopfuurira nevanogadza mitemo vanofanira kudzikamisa kutarisira nokuita mabasa emitemo neanobetsera.

Michina Nezvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pakutarisira

Kusarudzwa kwemashandiro anoitwa zvinhu nemitemo kunowanzoenderana nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, kuti nyaya yacho ikurumidzire, uye kuti zvinhu zvinowanika kumatare ndezvipi.

Kunzwa Kwavose Nouchapupu

Kunzwa kunoramba kuri chimiro chinooneka zvikurusa choutariri. Matare anodana zvapupu . “cabinet , vakuru vesangano, nyanzvi dzinozvimirira, vanoridza khwero-ripipidzi /to kupindura mibvunzo pasi pemhiko. Kunzwa kunobatira donzo ramativi maviri: vanounganidza mashoko echokwadi nechiratidzo kuudzori izvo vagadziri vemitemo vari kupa ngwariro. Nzeve dzakakwirira, dzakadai sedzokubata kweposi kana kuti shanduko yehurumende, dzinogona kushandura murangariro wavose nemhindu yokutarisira.

Zvisinei, vhudzi ringakoka zvapupu zvakasarudzwa, nguva yokutaura, kana kuti kushandisa chikuva nokuda kwokuva navakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuongorora uye Matare Chaiwo

Apo nhau dzinoshanda zvikuru kana kuti dzinoda chinyorwa chikuru, vapi vemitemo vanogadza matare ebvunzo. Iyi mitumbi kazhinji kazhinji ine simba rakaderera() chiremera chokumanikidzira chipupuriro nemagwaro (mumiganhu yebumbiro remitemo). MuDare reU.S., sarudza matare akanzvera chinhu chiri chose kubva munhau yeIran-Contatra kusvikira kudenho yaJanuary 6 Capitol. MuUnited Kingdom, sarudza matare akafanana nePublic Maakaunt Committen and the Home Affaits commentsments aunts anobudisa mishumo inobudiswa nemhinduro yehurumende yakarongwa.

Kuongorora kunogona kutungamirira kugadziridzo dzemitemo, matsotsi, kana kuti kuronga nzvimbo chaidzoidzo. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kweDare reSamende reWatergate kwakamanikidzira Purezidhendi Nixon kurega ndokuparira chinjo yezvemari yenhimbe huru. Iyi miuyo inoda shiviriro, vashandi vane unyanzvi, uye zvisaririra zvezvisakiso zvinoshaikwa pane dzimwe nguva mumhoteredzo dzakashaikwa.

Kudzora Mari Nezvirongwa Zvokushandisa

Kudzora nhanho dzechikwama nenzira isingapanikirwi ibasa rakasimba zvikurusa retarisiro yedare. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera zvikarakadzo zvemari, kuita kuti zvipedzerwe mvumo, uye kuraira kubvunzurudzwa kwemitumbi yakadai seHurumende yeMatare Ane Koshesa (GAO) kana kuti masangano makuru okunzvera, masangano emitemo anogona kumanikidza chirango chemari negadziriro.

GAO, somuenzaniso, inobudisa mazana emishumo gore rimwe nerimwe inoyera mapurogiramu ehurumende nokuda kwetsvina, kukopa, uye kushanda. GAO website yepamutemo ye inogovera upfumi hwemashoko nokuda kwamatare anotarisira. Nenzira yakafanana, Office yeProjectives in UK inobudisa fundo dzemari yapamutemo. Magnislature anogona kudzivisa kubhadhara mari kubva kumiitiro inokundikana kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu pamiedzo yakati.

Kuwanazve Mukana Wokubuda Kwezuva

Mamwe masangano emitemo anoshandisa “gadziriro” idzo dzinogumisa tsaona masangano kana kuti mapurogiramu pashure penhambo yakasarudzirwa kutoti yatenderwazve nomutemo. Iri simba rinonzvera nguva nenguva uye rinovimbisa kuti zvinhu zvinoshanda zvinobviswa. Dare reU.S. rakashandisa zvikuru mipimo yokunyura kwezuva mukati mema1970 nama 1980, kunyange zvazvo muitiro wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wakaderedza kushandiswa kwazvo. Paunosanosaidzwa, masangano anosanoumbwa namasangano anobatira zuva kuti abvumikise ukoshi hwavo kana kuti kuparadzwa kwechiso.

Mishumo, Zvisarudzo, uye Zvinorumbidzwa

Kupfuura nzvero dzapamutemo, matare anopa mishumo yenguva dzose pamusoro pokushanda kwesangano, maererano nezvirevo zvemitemo, uye nhau dziri kubuda. Iyi mishumo inowanzobatanidza zviwanwa nerumbidzo(8) kunyange zvazvo isina simba rinobatira, ine dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mushumo wedare unofumura kundikano dzakarongwa unogona kunyadzisa tarisiro muchiito chokururamisa. Uyezve, vaiti vemitemo vangabatanidza gadziriro dzokurega kubhadhara zvikwereti, vachimanikidzira mukuru mukuru kushandisa rumbidzo dzakananga.

Zvipingamupinyi Nezvipingamupinyi Zvokutarisira Zvinobudirira

Pasinei nokuti urongwa uhwu hunokosha, kazhinji kacho utungamiriri hwehurumende hunosangana nezvipingamupinyi zvakakura zvinoita kuti simba rahwo risasimba.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Kunyanyodzora kunoda nguva, mari, uye unyanzvi. Masangano mazhinji emitemo anoshaiwa vashandi venyanzvi, kusvika kuvanzveri vakazvimirira, uye kuronga kuti aite nzvero huru. Munyika dzichiri kubudirira, matare eparamende angava neyamuro shomanene bedzi, nepo bazu guru rinogovera mazana amagweta chaiwo nenyanzvi dzemiitiro. Uku kudzokororwa kazhinji kazhinji kunosiya vaiti vemitemo vanotsamira pamashoko anopiwa namasangano amene akarongwa kuti atarisire.

Kuparadzana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokusawirirana

Apo mumwe mubato unodzora zvose zviri zviviri mukuru mukuru nedare remitemo, mitezo mizhinjisa ingazengurira kunzvera utarisiri hwayo imene. Nenzira yakapesana, hurumende yakakamukana inogona kuparira tarisiro iyo inoiswa zvombo nokuda kwedenho dzokuvhozhokera panzvimbo pokubvisa chaizvoizvo chinetso. MuCongress yeU.S., kumuka kwekupandukira kukuru kwakatungamirira kukukumbirwa kwokutarisira kwakawedzerwa asiwo kumira kutungamirira pamusoro pezvipo zvinotarisirwa, kuzvidza, uye dziviriro yapupu.

Ropafadzo Yakananga Namashoko Zvinowanika

Vakuru vakuru vanowanzodzivisa zvikumbiro zvemitemo zvemitemo, vachidudza zvakavanzika, chengeteko yenyika, kana kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba. Dzidziso yeropafadzo yechiremera muUnited States, nepo yakavakirwa mukudikanwa kwezano rokutendeseka, yakatambanudzwa kunyima mashoko kuDare. Kukakavadzana kwakafanana kuripo mumiitiro yeparamende umo vashumiri vanotaura kuti “chakavanzika checabinet.” Apo matare anoshaiwa kuda kana kuti chiremera chapamutemo chokuita kuti vapfuure vapuena, kutarisira kunova kusina mano.

Kubatanidzwa Kwavose Kwakaganhurirwa Nengwariro Yavanhu Vanobudisa Nhau

Basa rakawanda zvikurusa routariri rinoitwa seri kwemikova yakavharwa nejeko redare, vashandi vapfupi, uye tsamba. Vanhu havawanzooni iri basa renguva dzose. Kunyorwa kwenhau kunokombamira panzwi rinoshamisa nerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kufuratira kuwanda kwenzvero dzemichina uye chinyorwa. Somuuyo, vagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoramba vasingazivi ukoshi hwebasa routarisiri, uye vaiti vemiitiro havatongotongotongo kurudziro yokuisa mariri.

Mashoko Akawandisa Nenguva Yakaoma

Hurumende dzemazuva ano dzinogadzira mashoko akawanda.Majeri anofanira kutaura panguva imwe chete nezvenzvimbo dzakawanda dzinochengetedzwa nemitemo, kudzivirirwa, mhoteredzo, mitero (8) inoita kuti zvisabvire kuva nyanzvi munzvimbo dzose. Dare ringapfuura kuongorora zvinhu nenyanzvi dzokunze kana kuti kuvimba nezviridziro zvokuridza khwero, asi pasina nzira dzakakwana dzokuzvigadzirisa, zviratidzo zvinokosha zvinogona kurasika muruzha.

Mienzaniso Yokuenzanisa: Kutungamirira Kunoita Maitiro Etsika Dzakasiyana

Hapana kana mumwe chete akakodzera hurumende dzose dzinosarudzwa nevanhu.

Congressal System yeUnited States

United States Congress inoshandisa gadziriro yamadare ane masimba akasimba etsigiro akasimba, masangano akazvimirira (GAO, CBO, CRS), uye tsika refu yokunzwa kwokufeyafeya. Matare amire muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare ane chiremera pamativi akati emitemo. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunokurudzira kutarisirwa kwehurumende yakakamukana. Zvisinei, tsika inoratidzirwa nenzira inowedzera nerwisano yechibage, namabhii mazhinjisaiti anowanzodzivirira mukuru mukuru namapoka maduku anoshandisa utarisiri kudenha rumwe rutivi.

Muenzaniso Weparamende yeWestminster

MuUnited Kingdom, Canada, Australia, uye dzimwe gadziriro dzeWestminster, kubatanidzwa kwamapazu avakuru vakuru nemitemo kunoderedza rwisano dzinopfuura. Sarudza matare maduku uye anoshanda kupfurikidza nebvumirano, [1] kazhinji kazhinji neyakawanda yehurumende asi ine chigaro kubva kutsoropoa asi anogona kuraira mapepa uye kushevedza vafundisi kupfurikidza ne “simba rokutumira vanhu, mapepa, uye marekodhi." House of Commons Liaison Common Committee inoita kuti Mutungamiriri mukuru azviito mumarusarudzo kaviri egore. [[FLT:]UK] dare repareji yeSangano rePlamenderomendi rinopa nzwisiso yezvipo mumifungo zvazvinonzvera.

Miitiro yeWestminster inowanzosimbisa “utariri hwenhare”: kunyengetedza, kukurukura zvisina kurongwa, uye kutsoropodza kunovaka panzvimbo perwisano yapamutemo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuukama hunobatira pamwe zvikuru, asi vatsoropodzi vangati kungasabudirira zvikuru mukurangarira mukuru akasimba.

Kuchinja Kunoita Uhwana uye Kusanganisa Madhimoni

Nyika dzakafanana neSouth Africa, Brazil, uye India dzakabatanidza zvinhu zvinobva mumienzaniso yose iri miviri. MuSouth Africa, matare eparamende anonzvera mukuru mukuru, asi mubato mukuru unowanzodzora muuyo. Gadziriro huru yamatare yeBrazil inobatanidza kunzwa kwapachena nefekicha nemabasa ane masimba akafanana nebvunzo dzedare. Mukawanda vechiduku vadzori vehurumende dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzinodzorwa namasimba ehurumende, mupi wesangano wesangano renyika yose. Masangano akadai seInter-Parliamentary Union anogovera minyurosando nerovedzo kusimbisa kutungamirira muparamende munyika yose.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo Nokutarisira Zvinhu

Kutarisira mutemo hakushandi pasina chinhu.

Kutongwa Kwavose Nezvirongwa Zvedare Zvinozarura

Paramende dzakawanda dzava kutongwa nedare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reMitezo uye kubudisa mashoko paIndaneti.Vagari vanogona kupa uchapupu hwakanyorwa, kupinda munzeve kana kuti kutevera hova dzinogara. Dare rinotarisira parinokoka uchapupu kubva kumapoka evamiririri, vanodzidza, uye vanhu vakakanganiswa, vanowedzera kuhunzwisisa nemaonero akasiyana - siyana. Somuenzaniso, muDare reDare reTente reJudiary reDare reSciast rinopa ngwariro huru uye vanoronga michina yeuswa.

Rusununguko Rwemashoko Nemitemo Yokuona Zvakajeka

Vagari navanyori venhau vane mitemo yeFOIA inogona kuvhura mashoko ayo vaiti vemitemo vangapotsa. Uyewo, vaiti vemitemo vanogona kushandisa FOIA zvikumbiro zvokurega kuisa matombo makuru. Vatsigiri vokuona kwezvakajeka vakasunda nokuda kwechinjo dzakadai seGlobal Ligislative Opentive Initive, iyo inokurudzira paramende kuti igamuchire mipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemitemo. FOIA chiwiro cheFUA inzira vagari vemo kuti vapinde mapepa kuti vawaro ehurumende vashake mipimo yemipimo yemitemo.

Basa Renzanga Yezvinobudisa Nhau Neyavagari Vemo

Vatori venhau vanonzvera vanowanzoshanda sechibvumirano kuutariri hwemitemo, vachifumura zvisakarurama neisinoyera izvo zvinonyandura kubvunza kweparamende. Masangano enzanga yavagari vemo (sezviro, Transparency International, Sunight Foundation) anotarisira mibato yedare, yemwero, uye kutsigira chinjo. Muzera remitengo, vanobudisa nhau inobvumira kukurumidza kuunganidzwa pamusoro pokukundikana kutarisira − kunyange inhau yakavharwa kana kuti chinyorwa chakanyimwa.

Dziviriro Dzemapfuti

Varidzi vemirwi yezvigaro mukati memasangano ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wetarisiro. Dziviriro dzakasimba dzapamutemo nokudzivirira kusazivikanwa dzinokurudzira vaviri kuti vazivise chakaipa.

Zvishandiso Zvokutarisira Mugari Akananga

Mamwe masangano akatanga miitiro yokupa mativi yakadai se “horo yedare,”“ dare redare redare repamutemo renyika, kana kuti nzvimbo dzepaIndaneti apo vanhu vanogona kutumira mibvunzo nokuda kwenhengo dzedare. Pavanenge vachiri kuedza, maturusi aya anowedzera kuva epamutemo uye anobatsira matare okutungamirira kuisa zivo yomunharaunda.

Kusimbisa Kutarisira Kwomutemo Kwenguva Yemberi

Kuti utungamiriri hwehurumende hurambe huchibudirira munguva yokutonga kusinganzwisisiki uye yokukurumidza kubudisa mashoko, zvinofanira kuchinja.

Kuongorora Nyanzvi Dzokushanda Uye Kuongorora Kwomunhu Woga

Matare anoda mapoka amagweta, vanzveri vemiitiro, masayendisiti emashoko, uye vanonzvera.

Kuvandudza Kushandiswa Kwemakombiyuta Pakugadzira Mashoko

Hurumende dzinofanira kutevera mipimo yakazaruka nokuda kwemitemo yesangano, kubatanidza bhajeti dzepurogiramu, miganhu yebasa, uye zviito zvokutungamirira. Mitemo inogona kushandisa mashoko anoparadza, mitoo yokushandisa mitsetse, uye miuyo yemiuyo. Hurumende yeU.S. GAO rongedzero yezvokuronga nokuda kwokutarisira[

Kushandira Pamwe Kwevanhu Nemahombekombe

Nepo kutarisira vamwe kusingadzivisiki, mibato mikuru yakadai sokunzvera, kuhwirudzura bhajeti, uye kuyera betsero yepurogiramu nebatira pamwe yeboka. Gavhuna ramatare anotarisira anogona kutenderera pakati pemapoka kana kuti kubatanidza zvikamu zvinopesana. Mipimo yemasanga yokunonoka kuzvakawanwa zvechokwadi, apo inoremekedzwa, inochengeta kuvimbika kwenzvero.

Kushuma Nguva Dzose Ndokutevera

Kutungamirira hakufaniri kuva chiitiko chimwe chete. Mitemo inofanira kutanga mashandiro anoitwa nematare. Dzimwe paramende dzinoda kuti hurumende ipindure kuinenge yawana munguva yakagadzwa yozoshuma kuti iri kufambira mberi. Zvikamu zvemashoko zvinofanira kubatanidzwa nedzosero dzinodiwa pashure pokunge dare ratanga.

Kukurudzira Kutora Rutivi uye Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Mitemo inogona kuwedzera zvinodikanwa zvavose, kuita mabasa okushandura pakutonga, uye kurerutsa nzvimbo dzepaIndaneti kuti dzibudisire mashoko. Inogonawo kuita kuti “horo yeguta” ive nemisangano yedare kunze kwedzimbahwe kuti inzwe zvakananga kubva kumapoka. Kuvimbisa kwakakwirira kunokurudzira kuva pamutemo uye kunoderedza daro pakati pevanogadzira mitemo nevanhu vavanobatira.

Mugumisiro: Basa Risingatsungiririki Routarisiri Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kutarisira kwomutemo hakusi umbozha, asi kuratidzwa kwokushingaira kwekodzero yevanhu yokuziva nokuchengeta hurumende yavo ichizvidavirira. Nokuongorora, kubvunza, uye padzimwe nguva kuchinja kwokumanikidza, vabati vanovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru anoramba ari mushandi womutemo uye anofarira vanhu, kwete mukuru mukuru pamusoro payo. Zvinetso zvokushaya mari, kushayiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mashoko okusada kuonekwa zviripo ndezvechokwadi, asi vanogona kukurirwa nokuzvipira kwesangano, kuzvipira kwechibhapatiti, uye kuvimbisana kwehurumende. Munguva apo masangano ehurumende inotonga hurumende inotonga vanhu anotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzechidhiragi uye kusavimba navanhu vose, zvinosimbisa kutarisirwa kwemitemo yemitemo kuvakazve kutenda kwakananga mukutonga. Vatarisiri vemitemo vanotarisira basa guru pane kupedza basa guru pane basa repamusoro kupfuura basa rokuita basa rehurumende inotonga hurumende: kuvimbisana nesimba rinoitirwa nehurumende inotonga nehurumende inotonga.