Kunzwisisa Kunoshanda Uye Kudzikama

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inheyo yenheyo yenheyo yehurumende yeU.S., yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu rimwe kuva rine simba zvikuru. Mapazu matatu(akakamura, anotonga, uye anenge) ane mitoro yakasiyana uye mano okuganhurira masimba edzimwe. Iyi purogiramu yakagadzirwa namaune neFramers of the Constitution, inopesvedzerwa nenyanzvi dzeNyereso dzakadai seMontesquieu, uyo akapikisa kuti masimba aikosha kusunungura. [[FLT: 0] Mu [FLT: 1], zvikurukuru 51. James Mascloved , James Mas akanyora kuti "Kudarukirwa kunofanira kuitwa kuti kukunda chinzvimbo," kutsanangura kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rizodzivisa sei kubatanidzwa nevamwe.

Cheki dzinoshanda mumirayiridzo mizhinji. Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress; Congress anogona kudzora ikoko nevoruzhinji vaviri, kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, uye kubvisa Purezidhendi. judia anogona kuzivisa mabasa eCongress kana kuti mabasa evakuru vakuru asingawiriraniswi kupfurikidza nefundo yedare. Chibvumirano chinogona kuchinja chimiro nechiremera zvedare rehurumende (hakusi pashure peidi rokubvisa zvisarudzo), uye Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi venyika nesimbiso. Iyi gadziriro inowirirana inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rinogona kudzora, asi kushanda kwayo kunotsamira pabazu rimwe nerimwe richiva rinodisa kusimbisa maruramiro acho.Nyamu hurusaru mumativi edare.

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare

Pasi apa pane zvisarudzo zvezvinokosha zvinoratidzira kuti Dare Gurusa rakamanikidzira sei, rakajekeswa, uye padzimwe nguva rakasimbisazve dzikamo pakati pamapazu. Mhaka imwe neimwe inonzverwa nokuda kwemamiriro ayo ezvinhu echokwadi, kurangarira kweDare, uye tapuro yaro isingagumi pakuparadzaniswa kwamasimba.

Marbury kana kuti Madison (1803)

Iyi nhau yakatanhamara yakatanga nheyo yehwirudzuro yedare, ichibvumira Dare Gurusa kubvisa mitemo inorwisana neBumbiro reMitemo. Yakagadza muenzaniso nokuda kwebasa reDare mukududzira mutemo nokunzvera masimba amapazu. Mhaka yacho yakabva pakugadzwa kwokupedzisira kwaPurezidhendi John Adams. William Marbury, muFederal, akagadzwa seruramisiro yorugare asi basa rake harina kupiwa Thomas Jefferson asati atora basa. Munyori weHurumende, James Marbury, akaramba kuiendesa zvakananga. Marbury aighing Act yeDare guru pasi pe Jadiat ye1789, iyo yakapa Dare racho simba rokutonga ramabhishopu munhau yakadaro.

Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akatarisana nechinetso: kuraira Madison kuendesa dare sezvingabvira kwaizofuratirwa, kukuvadza chiremera cheDare. Panzvimbo pezvo, Marshall akatonga kuti Marbury akanga ane maruramiro kusangano rake asi kuti rutivi rweChiito chaJudiary rwakabvumira Dare kunzwa nhau yacho nenzira yakananga kwakanga kuri kusabvumirana nemhaka yokuti kwakakudza chiremera cheDare chapakuvamba kupfuura icho Chikamu III cheMitemo yeMitemo. Nokuda kwenguva yokutanga, Dare Rapamusoro rakaparadza chiito cheDare. Marshall akanyora zvakakurumbira kuti "iruwa nebasa redare rokutonga kutaura zviri pachena kuti mutemo wacho." iyi nhau yakasimbisa basa reDare sebazu rakaenzana rinokwanisa kunzvera zvose zviri zviviri chibvumirano.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Munhau iyi, Dare Gurusa rakatsigira simba reCongress rokuumba bhangi renyika yose ndokuramba hurumende yeMaryland kodzero yokuribhadhara. Iyi chisarudzo chakasimbisa ukuru hwomutemo wehurumende pamusoro pomutemo wenyika uye chakasimbisa masimba airehwa eCongress. Mhaka yakatanga apo Maryland akaraira mutero pabazu reBank yeBank reChipiri reUnited States, achikarira kuudzinga bhizimisi. James McCulloch, mubhangi wemari, akaramba kubhadhara mutero. matare ehurumende akamutonga, uye mhaka yakasvika paDare Rapamusoro-soro.

Achinyorera Dare rakabvumirana, Mutongi Mukuru Marshall akarangarira kuti kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risina kupa zvakajeka Congress simba rokuita bhangi, rakapa Congress simba rokuita masimba aro akaverengwa kupfurikidza "zvinodikanwa uye zvakafanira". bhangi rakanga riri chishandiso chakakodzera kutungamirira nhau dzorudzi. Panhau yomutero wehurumende, Marshall akatonga kuti "simba remutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza," uye sezvo Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yehurumende zviri zvakakwirira, magnome okusagona kudzongonyedza mabasa omubatanidzwa. [FLT]] MCulloch. [panhau yehurumende inhau yehurumende imuenzaniso wapamutemo wokusimbisa kutsigira chiremera chomubatanidzwa, kupfurikidza nokusimbisa mugariro womugariro wapamutemo, zvichidzorwa mukuwirirana nesimba ramasimba makuru. [FLT]

Youngstown Comment

Nyaya iyi yakanyatsoedza simba rapurezidhendi panguva yenjodzi yenyika. Muna 1952, muHondo yeKorea, Purezidhendi Harry Truman akarayira kuti atore zvirongwa zvakawanda zvesimbi munyika yacho kuti zvisazovhiringidza kugadzirwa kwehondo.

Dare Gurusa, muchisarudzo, chakatsigira makambani esimbi. Mutongi Hugo Black akanyora kuti murairo waTruman wakanga usingashandi nemhaka yokuti simba raPurezidhendi unofanira kubva zvimwe mubato reCongress kana kuti kuBumbiro reMitemo. Congress yakanga yarangarira zvakananga uye yaramba kupa Purezidhendi chiremera chebasa mukukakavadzana kwechitima kupfurikidza neTaft-Hartley Active Act. Dare rakasimbisa kuti Purezidenti, seMutungamiriri weProfende, haana masimba ekurumidziro asingaganhuri kuisa. Mutongi Robert Jackson akakurumbira anoisa chirongwa chemirire chemiitiro yemibato nokuda kwechiito choukuru: apo Purezidhea anoita nechibvumirano, simba rake guru; apo anoita mukushata kwake mukusabvumirwa kwechipo kwechibvumirano (kudzonga), anotsamira pamuuyo wenhauro wenhauro; anotsamira pamigariro yake inopesana nesimba raroto.[5]

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Iyi nhau yakazivisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose pasina kubvumirana, ichiputsa muenzaniso wakagadzwa naPlessy v. Ferguson. Chisarudzo chakaratidzira simba reDare rokudenha nokuchinja mitemo inoputsa maruramiro avanhu, ichibatira senzvero yakakomba pamutemo wehurumende. Brown chaizvoizvo] yakabatanidza mhaka ina dzakasiana kubva Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, uye Delaware. Vateff vakataura kuti zvikoro zvakashatiswa zvakanga zvisina kuenzeka, vachiputsa dziviriro inowirirana yaClaus yeGrameterswoth Relementmentation.

Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren, achinyora nokuda kweDare rinobvumirana, akawana kuti kutsaura mudzidzo yavose kwakaparira kunzwa kwokuderera kune muuyo unokuvadza pavana vatema. Dare rakazivisa kuti "kuparadzanisa nzvimbo dzedzidzo hakuna kuvimbika. Iyi chisarudzo chakapesana zvakananga "kubatana uye kuenzana" nedzidziso [ Prevention [1866] [18696]. Kupfurikidza nokudzosa makumi amakore ehurumende-paration, Dare rakanzvera simba rehurumende rakanga raita kuti Jim Crown mitemo yapamutemo yapamutemo yapamutemo yapamutemo. Yakaisawo judiary mukushora zvakananga vakuru vakuru namapazimendiro, ayo akanga akundikana zvikuru kuita pamusoro pekodzero dzavagari vemo. [FLD] [FFF][5][5]

Wade (1973)

Roe v. Wade akaziva kodzero yomukadzi yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri pasi pekodzero yokuva oga. Ichi chisarudzo chakaratidzira basa reDare Gurusa mukudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga padzose padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, kuratidzira dzikamo pakati pefariro dzavanhu nehurumende. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza "Jane Roe" (Norma McCorvey), mukadzi weTexas uyo akadenha mutemo wehurumende unorambidza kubvisa mimba kunze kwokuponesa upenyu hwaamai. Dare, muchisarudzo chakanyorwa neMutongi Harry Blackmun, rairangarira kuti maruramiro echivande, anorehwa neMenzeve yeGenecleast, akabatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri kwake.

Dare rakagamuchira gadziriro inoyera: mudanho rokutanga, hurumende haigoni kudzora kubvisa mimba; murechipiri, yaigona kudzora bedzi kudzivirira utano hwaamai; murechitatu, pashure pokushanda kwadzo, yaigona kudzivisa kubvisa mimba kunze kwokuponesa upenyu hwaamai. Roe yakashanda secherekedzo padzimba dzehurumende idzo dzakaparirwa nokubvisa mimba, uye yakadzosawo bazu guru rokuisa mitemo yakadaro. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chakanyandura kupfuudzadza kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuurira kusvikira kuzuva rino. Mhaka yacho yakanga ichidzorwa nenzira inobudirira na [FLT:] [FLT:].[5] Madobs. VFF]

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Nyaya iyi yaitaura nezveganhuriro dzesimba rapurezidhendi nenheyo yokuti hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo. Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti Purezidhendi Nixon aifanira kubudisa matepi akarekodwa ane chokuita nemhosho yeWatergate, achisimbisa chiremera chedare rokunzvera simba rehurumende. Mukati monzvero yeWatergate, muchuchisi chaiye wetepi yekurukurirano dzeWhite House. Nixon akataura kuti ropafadzo yechiremera, achipomera kuti kurukurirano dzacho dzakanga dziri dzakavanzika uye kuti mutongi akanga asina chiremera chokumanikidza kuzivisa.

Muchisarudzo chakabvumirana 8-10 (Justice Rehnquist recan), Mutongi Mukuru Warren Burger akarangarira kuti nepo ropafadzo huru iripo kudzivirira chiuto, kukurukurirana, kana kuti zvakavanzika zvorudzi, ropafadzo yavose yokuviga zvaisagona kukurira kudikanwa chaiko kwoufakazi mukutongwa kweutsotsi. Dare rakaraira Nixon kushandura matepi, ayo aiva noufakazi hwePurezidhendi mubutiro. Nixon akabvumirana, uye matepi akatungamirira kukurega kwake nokukurumidza pashure penguva iyoyo. United States v. Nixson muenzaniso mukuru wechikamu chinonzvera bazu rejeni. Irojeka kuti Purezidhendi haazati mugadziriro yokutonga uye inoshanda kumutemo wenyika.

INS v. Chanha (1983)

Mhaka iyi yakarova dare remitemo, Congress yemichina yakanga yashandisa kwemakumi amakore kuputsa zviito zvebazu zvapamusoro pasina kusvitsa mutemo mutsva. Nhau yacho yaibatanidza Jagdish Rai Chanha, mudzidzi weKenya uyo akanga agara vhiza yake. Immigation and Natural Leavization Service (INS) yakaregeredza kutapwa kwake, asi House of Decrections yakapfuudza chisarudzo chokuti adzika pasi pegadziriro yeImmigration and Nationality Act.

Dare rapamusoro rakatonga 7-82 kuti chibvumirano chemitemo chakaputsa kuparadzana kwamasimba eBumbiro reMitemo. Mutongi Mukuru Burger akanyora kuti Congress yaigona bedzi kuchinja mutemo kana kuti kuchinja zviito zvokutungamirira kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakazara wewisciom(kupfuudzira nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri uye kupa kuna Purezidhendi nokuda kwokusaina kana kuti kuvanza miganhu ya 200 yemitemo. Kubvumira imba imwe kumira miganhu yedare kudarika chinodikanwa chebudhari nechiyero chaPumbi waPurezi weMitemo. Inoramba iri muenzaniso mukuru wesimba reFrameom. S]IN.Chad[[[FTRA:1]]

Clinton v. City of New York (1998)

Nyaya iyi yakaedza Line Inter Veto Act ya1996, iyo yakapa Purezidhendi simba rokudzima gadziriro dzakati dzokushandisa nokubetsera mutero pashure pokusaina chibvumirano mumutemo. Purezidhendi Clinton akashandisa mutsetse wechinhu chevhato kudzima gadziriro nhatu, kubatanidza mepu yemitero yeNew York City negadziriro yeMidicaid. Guta nemamwe mapoka akatapurwa akakwidzwa.

Dare Gurusa, muchisarudzo 6-83, rakarangarira kuti Mutsetse wedanho wakaputsa Chipo cha Claus weBumbiro reMitemo. Kunyorera voruzhinji, Mutongi John Paul Stevens akatsanangura kuti Purezidhendi anofanira kusaina kana kuti zvimwe kunyora chibvumirano chose chose; haagoni kuunyorazve kana kuti kuunyorazve. Mutemo wakabvumira nenzira inobudirira Purezidhendi kudzosazve nzvimbo dzomutemo pasina kupfuura nomubhiname uye kuisa muitiro unodikanwa nokuda kwemitemo. Clinton v. City raNew York rakanzverazve mutevengi wesimba rehurumende ndokusimbisazve basa chairo rebazu remitemo mukuita. Mhaka yacho inoratidzirawo kudisa kuputsa mitemo, kunyange dare raidzorongetatemedzero yemitemo.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)

Nyaya iyi yakataura nezvedzikamo pakati pesimba rehurumende nouchangamire hwehurumende pasi peVoting Rights Act ya1965. Act yaida nyika dzakati nenharaunda nenhau yokusarura dzinza mukuvhota kuti awane mvumo yehurumende ("precreace") isati yachinja mitemo ipi neipi yokuvhota. Kubhadharira kwacho kwakanga kwakavakirwa pamashoko okubva muna 1964 na1972. Shelby County, Alabama, yakadenha mutoo wokuti hautori urongwa hwetsikano.

Mutongi mukuru John Roberts, achinyora nokuda kwa 5-4 voruzhinji, akaputsa nzira yokupedzisa nayo, achirangarira kuti yakaputsa nheyo youchangamire hwakaenzana hwehurumende uye yakanga isati icharuramiswa nemigariro yazvino. Dare rakasimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende haingagoni kuisa mutoro wakadaro pahurumende dzakatsamira paufakazi hwechinyakare. Dare raigona kugadzira nzira itsva, asi yakanga isina kuita kudaro. Shelby County v. rakanzvera simba rehurumende yemubatanidzwa wacho (zosenzi Congressssion nebazi guru rekudzo revhotera rama.)

Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Ichi chisarudzo chenhau chapamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi chakabvisa Roe v. Wade na [[FLT][FLT]] Parenthood Parenty v. Casey, ichirangarira kuti Bumbiro reMisssippina haripi maruramiro okubvisa mimba kwakawanda pashure pamavhiki 15. Dare, muchisarudzo chakanyorwa noMutongi Samuel Alito, rakatonga kuti chiremera chokudzora kubvisa mimba ndechavanhu navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa, kwete kudare reMississippia.

Mutongi Alito akataura kuti maruramiro okubvisa mimba haana kuve akadzika midzi zvikuru munhau yorudzi kana kuti kujekeswa mumurangariro werusununguko rwoudzori. Nokudzorera mubvunzo kuhurumende, Dare rakatsinhanisa nenzira inobudirira cheki yemitemo kubva kumitemo yehurumende. Madobs muenzaniso unokosha wekudzora kwedare rinotonga kana kuti kubvisa mimba (jekarudzo). Chisarudzo icho chimene chinodzivisa kusimbisa mutemo wapamutemo warati waichichichichinge chazivikanwa kare. Inoratidzirawo simba rechekero nedziso dzehurumende zvino zvine simba rokubvumidza kana kuti kubvisa mimba, nemitemo yehurumende inodzora yehurumende inodzora.

Kutapura Kwezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Pakuparadzana Kwesimba

Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa neDare Gurusa zvine pesvedzero dzinosvika kure pamutemo nenzanga. Havasati vachingopedza bedzi kukakavadzana chaiko kwapamutemo asiwo vanoumba muitiro wavose ndokupesvedzera dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende. Mathbury v. Madison[[[FLT:]] akapa Dare chombo chikuru. [[FFLT][FLT:] [FFFF] v.[FLT]] [FFFFF:]]

Uyezve, zvisarudzo zveDare zvinogona kusunda mamwe mapazu kuita chiito. Pashure pa Brown v. Boka reDzidzo, Congress yakapa mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo wakatanhamara. Pashure Shelby County, Imba yakapfuudza kodzero itsva dzokuvhotera (John Lewis Reques Active Act), kunyange zvazvo isati yazova mutemo. Pashure pe [[FLT:]] Dos , dzinosundwa kudzivirira kana kuti kubvisa mimba, uye Dare rinorangarirwa kuva nekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri. Kubvisa pamuviri kusingawiriraniswi; kuidzosera pakati pamapazu ose, kunyange zvazvo isati yava mutemo mutsva kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende mumwe nomumwe.

Vatsoropodzi pane dzimwe nguva vanotaura kuti Dare Rapamusoro rinoshandisa simba rakawanda zvikuru kupfurikidza nokudzika mitemo yehurumende. Vamwe vanotaura kuti Dare rinofanira kuva ramasimba makuru mukudzivirira maruramiro, zvikurukuru apo mamwe mapazu anokundikana kuita chiito. Mirangariro yose iri miviri inoziva kuti basa redare mukunzvera nokudzikamisa rinomutsa nharo. VaFramers vaivavarira kuti nenzira iyi ($a judicaria ane simba asi anodzvinyirirwa uyo anoshanda mukati megadziriro yapamutemo. Mienzaniso iri pamusoro apa inoratidza kuti zvisarudzo zveDare racho hazviwanzova shoko rokupedzisira; kazhinji kazhinji vanonyandura mhinduro dzinobva kune mamwe mapazu, vachivimbisa kurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro peganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende.

mhedziso

Nyaya dzeDare Gurusa dzinobatira semienzaniso yakakomba yemashandire anoita mativi ose nedzikamo muUnited States. Kupfurikidza nokududzira Bumbiro remitemo uye kuva nechokwadi kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinoshanda mukati memiganhu yaro, Dare Rapamusoro rinoita basa rinokosha mukuchengeta mutemo uye kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe. Kubva [[[FLT:]] Maricary v. Madison[[[FLT:]]] ku [[FLT]]] ku [[FLT:]] [2]] maDobs v. Jackson of Health [[FLT], Dare rakaratidzira raratidzira rarosero kurondedzerazve chiremera charo chesimba kupfurikidza nokutsigira ukukwirira kwemubatanidzwa kwehurumende, kana kuti kudzosera zvisarudzo kumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Ungwarutsiri. Ungwarutsutsungiridzo inhauro yeIdzo yechipo yechipo yechipo.[5][5]