Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Rokuronga Mumutemo Usingachinji

Muitiro wakakodzera inheyo yemajuristadence yeAmerica, yakavakirwa muMagna Carta naCompated muMagna Carta Reformations yeshanu ne14th Constitution yeU.S.. Gamende yeFind Findmment inozivisa kuti hakuna munhu acha “zvisakarurama, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zvisina muitiro womutemo.” Iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kuvanhu vose vari mukati meU.S. Nyika, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yenziridzo. Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa rasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti vasingatendi kuti zviitiko zvokubviswa kwenhau zvine maruramiro ehwaro, kunyange kana vakapinda munyika nenzira isati iri pamutemo. Mhaka yechiratidzo yetsika inopfuurira njodzi, kunyange mumugariro wokuedza kudzorwa kwehurumende. [FLD: 0]

MuImmigation and Nationality Act (INA) nemirau yamasangano yakapiwa neHofisi yeUniversity for Immigation Review (EOIR), muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa nhevedzano yekodzero dzetsika idzo dzinofanira kukudzwa munhu asati agona kurairwa kubviswa muUnited States. Kodzero idzi dzinobatanidza chiziviso chakanyorwa chepomero, mukana wokupa ufakazi, kodzero yokunzvera nokubudisa ufakazi hwehurumende, uye maruramiro okukwirira. Kana ipi neipi yeidziviriro ichidzoswa, kubviswa kungawanwa kusina kufanira zvikuru uye kurongwa kwokubvisa.

Dare rePamhene reU.S. rakasimbisa kuti kudzingwa chirango chakakomba zvikuru” — mune zvimwe zviitiko “kusazvibata kwenzvimbo yokugara munyika ino” — uye naizvozvo zvinodikanwa zvemuitiro wakafanira zvinofanira kuchengetwa nokungwarira. Iyi fandesheni yebumbiro remitemo inoparadzanisa U.S. zviito zvokubuda mumiitiro yokudzora yamamwe marudzi akawanda, kugadza bhawa rakakwirira nokuda kwokururamisira. Nokuda kwokunzvera zvikuru mavambo enhau edziviriro yemiitiro yakafanira yavatami, bvunza Cornell Regintion Information Institute yenhau ye .

Ziva Kupomera: Kodzero Yokuziva Mhaka Yaunopomerwa

Chisakiso chokutanga nechapakuvamba zvikurusa chomuitiro wakafanira mukutungamirira iziviso yakakwana. Hurumende inofanira kubatira isingashandisi chishamiso neChinongedzero kuti chivepo (NTA) icho chinoratidzira pomero dzechokwadi nezvikonzero zvapamutemo zvokubvisa. Pasina ziviso yakajeka, munhu haagoni kugadzirira dziviriro, uye zviitiko zvose zvakabvumiranwa. matare eFredera akarangarira kuti NTA inokundikana kutaura musi, nguva, kana kuti nzvimbo yokutonga ingaputsa muitiro wakafanira, kuchitungamirira kukuguma kwekutongwa kwenhau.

Zvicherekedzo zvinofanira kuva mumutauro uyo mudavidzi anogona kunzwisisa, kana kuti zvimwe anoperekedzwa nomuturikiri mukati mokutonga kwokutanga. Kurukurirano yeImmigration Court Practice Manual inoda kuti NTAS ibatirwe pachenu kana kuti netsamba kukero inopiwa nomunhu. Zvinetso zvinomuka apo vapinduri vangakundikana kugamuchira chiziviso nemhaka yokuti vakabva vasingagadziri kero yavo — nhau inozivikanwa yavose kuvatamiki. Kutaura neiyi nyaya ino, Board of Immigration Appects (BA) yakatonga kuti kuchinja kwakanyorwa kwechimiro chehandhuro kunofanira kunyorwa; kana kuti zvisina kudaro, hurumende ingabudisa chiziviso chenguva dzose kukero kuhurukuro yokupedzisira inozivikanwa, uye kukundikana kuoneka kuti inogona kuguma nokubviswa. Vatsoropotendi uyu mutemo unotambudza uye unoita kuti vanhu vashanyiripiwe nomutoo unova.

Akakodzera Kunzwa Pamberi Pomutongi Asingasaruri

Dare Rokutamira Kumwe

Nyaya dzokuendesa vanhu kunzvimbo dzinotongwa dzinoiswa mumatare okusakurira munyika, ayo ari rutivi rweHofisi yeUniversity yeDOJ yeImmigation Review. Vatongi vokubvisa vanonzi (IJ) vanogadzwa neAttorney General uye vanofanira kuva magweta ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rukuru. Mukutonga, IJ anosarudza kunzwika, anonzwa ufakazi, anorangarira kukumbira nokuda kweyamuro (kwakadai senzvimbo yokuvanda, kubviswa, kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwenzvimbo), uye kusarudza kana kubudisa nhevedzano yokubvisa. Muitiro weIJ unoda kuti uve asingasaruri norusaruro uye akasununguka. BIA yakabvisa mirairo apo anoratidzira rusaruro kana kuti anokundikana kuvamba zvizere chinyorwa.

Zvinotaura Vanonzwa

Mukati mokutonga, hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuva inoita kuti ive yakasununguka kupfurikidza ne “ufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa” nokuda kwavagari venguva dzose vanobvumirwa uye kupfurikidza no“ kurangarira kwoufakazi” nokuda kwavamwe vasingapikirwa. Mugamuchiri ane maruramiro okupa zvapupu, kutumira magwaro, uye kuisa zvapupu zvehurumende zvinoparirwa. IJ ine basa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kunzwa kwakazara nokururamisira kunoitika — kureva kuti IJ angada kubetsera mhinduro isina kusiiwa mukupinda muufakazi kana kuti kuzivisa mashoko epamutemo. Iri basa rinodzivirira nderechienzi kukukwidza nokukwira nokubereka zviteshi [[FLT:]] rakananga muitiro [[FLT:]]

Kunzwa kumene kunogona kuitika mumunhu, kupfurikidza nevhidhiyo revonence, kana kuti nenzira yokukumbira. Chifo cheCovid-19 chazova muitiro wekunzwa kwevhidhiyo. Hurumende painenge ichiita zvakanaka, vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kunzwa kure kunogona kukanganisa kukwanisa kwekukurukurirana nezano repamutemo kana kuti kuratidza kuvimbwa neche-personable. Matare haasati atonga nenzira yakakwana kana kunzwa kure mudare rinobuda munyika kuchiputsa muitiro wakafanira, asi nhau yacho ichiri kushanda. Verenga zvakawanda pamusoro pedare rokupa dare rokuendesa mashoko rokuvarambira matare panzvimbo inoyera paISwebsite yeEOIR[FLT].

Kuwana Zano Repamutemo

Gadziriro yeFindreFment inovimbisa gadziriro yakafanira, asi Sixth Amendment kodzero yezano mumhaka dzeutsotsi haishandi kumiitiro yokupinda munyika. Somugumisiro, kusaparadzisa kunoitwa nedare kunofanira kubhadharwa gweta pandyiko dzavo vamene, asi havana maruramiro okusununguka kupiwa zano rakagadzwa. Ikoku kunoparira kusatsarukana kukuru: hurumende inomirirwa nguva dzose negweta rinobva muImmignation neCrostom Enforcement (ICE), nepo vazhinji vanobvunzurudzwa vachitarisana nehurumende vari voga. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vane mimimiririri vanowana mipimo mikana mishanu zvikuru yokuwina. Kuziva ikoku, nhamba inokura yemitemo yakatsigira “kwako kukupa zano rakarurama nokuda kwemasangano okubudiswa munyika inobuda munyika yeU.

Muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti munhu apiwe banza rine revo rokuwana zano. Kana akagamuchira nguva yokuwana gweta, IJ anofanira kubvumira kazhinji kazhinji kupfuurira nokuda kwedonzo iroro, kana chikumbiro chacho chikada kuva chine mufungo. kana IJ akaramba kupfuuridzirwa uye mhinduro inooneka pasina zano, BIA ingawana kuti kuramba kwacho kunoumba kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechisarudzo kunoputsa muitiro wakafanira. Uyezve, kana mufambiro usina kururama wehurumende — wakadai somupurisa anotsausa murwi pamusoro pekodzero dzavo — kunodzivisawo mumwe munhu kusangana negweta, uko kunogona kuita kuti kundika kusava kubatira murayiro wokubvisa.

Kumirira kwapamutemo kunonyanyooma zvikuru nemhaka yokuti mutemo wokupinda munyika wakaoma zvikuru, nezvimiro zvakawanda zveyamuro, mazariro, uye kunze kwezvimwe. Pasina gweta, munhu mumwe angapamba maruramiro asingazivi, kupotsa nguva dzinotarwa, kana kuti kukundikana kupa ufakazi hwechitambudzo. American Immigation Lawyers Association inogovera zviwiso zvokuwana ratidziro yakaderera. Nokuda kwokupeta kuoneka kwechinetso chokusvika kurumbidzo mumatare okusapinda munyika, ona [ ACLU’s pamusoro pekodzero dzavatami musungwa [FLT].

Kodzero Yokupa Ufakazi Nenzvero Yechipiyaniso

Kunzwa kwakanaka kunoda kuti mugamuchiri ave nebanza rokupa ufakazi mukutsigira mhaka yavo uye kudenha ufakazi hwehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza ufakazi hwenhau (zvakadai sepasipoti, magwaro okubereka, mishumo yemipimo yenyika, zvinyorwa zvezvokurapa) uye ufakazi hunoratidza (zvapupu zvinogona kutsigira kutaura). Mutongi wokutama angaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo paufakazi kana husingashandi, hunopfuurira, kana kuti husingavimbiki, asi haagoni kubvisa ufakazi hwokunyama pasina kuputsa muitiro [[[FLT:]].

Kunzvera muchinjikwa kunodzivirirwawo. Mubvunzi kana kuti zano ravo rinogona kubvunza zvapupu zvehurumende — zvikurukuru gweta rokutonga reICE nezvapupu zvipi nezvipi zvine unyanzvi zvinodanwa nehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende inogona kuyambuka-examine mupinduri nezvapupu zvavo. Uyu muitiro wokupa mhinduro unokosha nokuda kwokuedza kuvimbika uye kuva nechokwadi chokuvimbika kwoufakazi. Matare akawana kuti kuramba mukana wokuyambuka muchinjikwa uchapupu hunokosha, zvikurukuru apo hurumende inotsamira pakubvumikisa kuva yakatendeka, inogona kushayisa murairo wokubvisa.

Muzvinoitika zvoutiziro, mugamuchiri anowanzova nomutoro wokupa ufakazi hwokutanga chitambudzo chomunguva yakapfuura kana kuti “rutyo rwakavakirwa zvakanaka” rwechitambudzo chomunguva yemberi. Muitiro wakafanira kuufakazi hunovapo unokosha, nemhaka yokuti chinyorwa chisina kukwana chingatungamirira kukurambwa kwenhema kwedziviriro. Zvikumbiro zvokuziva dziviriro kazhinji kazhinji zvinotsamira pamagwaro anotsigira semishumo yemapurisa, zvinyorwa zvechipatara, kana kuti zvishandiso zvinobva kumitezo yemhuri — zvingava zvakaoma kuwana kana mhinduro ikatiza nokukurumidza. IJ inofanira kupa mhinduro “nguva ine mufungo” yokuwana ufakazi hwakadaro.

Kodzero Dzokukwirira Nehwirudzuro Yorutongeso

Kukwirira Kunoshanda

Kana mutongi achitaura nezvemutongo wokubviswa kwehurumende, mupinduri ane kodzero yokukwirira kuBoard of Immigration Appeals (BIA) mukati mamazuva 30. BIA inoongorora zviwanwa zveidi pasi pe “kukanganisa kwakajeka” uye mibvunzo yomutemo devo. Chikumbiro chinofanira kududza zvikanganiso muchisarudzo chaIJ; kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kuguma nokupeta. Kukumbira kuBIA hakusi kunzwikwa kutsva; bhoti inosarudza yakavakirwa pachinyorwa chiripo. Zvisinei, BIA ingadzoserazve nhau kuIJ nokuda kweimwe bvunzurudzo kana kuchiwana kuti ABOA yakaitwa chikanganiso chitsva.

Muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti kukwirira kuve kune revo. BIA inofanira kurangarira nharo ndokupa chisarudzo chakarangarirwa. Kana biA ichipa kusimbisa kwepfupi pasina murangariro (muitiro unozivikanwa se “mukoto”), matare akawana kuti ikoku hakuputsi muitiro wakafanira chero bedzi chisarudzo cheIJ chiri chakakwana. Asi kana BOA ichikundikana kukurukura pfundo rebumbiro remitemo, dare rehurumende ringadzorera mhaka yacho.

Kuhwirudzura Dare Rakatarisana Nehurumende

Pashure pekupedza mishonga yokutarisira inonetesa, dare risingadzokorori ringakumbira kuhwirudzurwa muDare reZvikumbiro reU.S. Dare rinogona kubvisa murairo wokubvisa kana ukaputsa Bumbiro remitemo, mutevedzeri, kana kuti INA. matare ehurumende akatendeutsa kubviswa kwemiraudzo yemiitiro yakafanira — somuenzaniso, apo IJ akaramba kupfuurira nokuda kwechikonzero chisina kururama, apo kutonga kwacho hakuna kushandurwa zvakarurama, kana kuti apo hurumende yakakundikana kupa ziviso yakarurama. Zvisinei, Rwero Rwedial Act yakaganhuriro yakaganhurirwa zvikuru yezvisarudzo zvakati kuti zvamatwa, zvakadai sokuramba kurambwa kwokubvisa, zvinobudirira kudzorwa kwezviwanwa. Kuganhurirwa ikoko kumene kwakadenhwa sechinoshorwa pahashano pahasiro nemupitiko, asi dare guru redare rinodzoro rakatsigira chiteshina kudzo.

Matare eFederal anonzwawo zvikumbiro zvinobva kuvane muganhu mukuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika, achigovera nzira yokudenha nayo kusungwa kwenguva refu pasina kutongwa kwechisungo. Mu [[FLT: 0] Zadvydas v. Davis [2001], Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti hurumende haigoni kudzora murairo usingachinji kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi pashure penhevedzano yokupedzisira kana pasina “kubvira kukuru kwokubviswa munguva yemberi ine mufungo.” Ikoko kwakamisa maruramiro okusunungura mumuitiro wakafanira.

Kufambira Mberi MumaAsylum Purcers Nevanhu Vanogona Kuwanikwa

Vatsvaki veAsylum vanotarisana nedenho dzakakomba zvikuru. Kana mukuru mukuru akasvika pamuganhu unotiza chitambudzo, anonetseka, uye asina magwaro. Vazhinji havatauri Chirungu uye havana pamutemo. Mumuitiro we “kutya kusingaitiki” kuongorora muitiro wokubvisa, munhu anotaura kutya kudzokera anofanira kubvunzurudzwa nomukuru mukuru wechivako. Kana mukuru mukuru akawana “kubvira kwechitambudzo” kwokutambudzwa, munhu anowana kunzwa kwakazara pamberi pomutongi wokubuda munyika. Sezvinoreva kuti kubvunzurudzwa kwacho kuitirwe mumutauro munhu anonzwisisa uye kuti mukuru mukuru wevazheri arangarire ufakazi hwose hune revo. Zvisinei, vatsoropote kuti gadziriro yokubvisa dziviriro inorambwa nokuramba kunzwa kwakazara nokuda kwavazhinji, zvikurukuru mu “Rep" mutezo wekubuda mugweta.

Miganhu yokusazvidzora ingabatanidzawo muitiro wakafanira. Hurumende ingadzivisa kusabvisa matare achigere kubviswa. Asi Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti kusungwa kwenguva refu pasina chisungo kunopesana nomuitiro wakafanira, nemhaka yokuti mhindu yerusununguko ichokwadi. Mu Rodriguez v. Robbins[[FL:1] [9] (9 Kir. 2015), dare rakarangarira kuti vasungwa vane kodzero yokunzwa chisungo nechemitoro pahurumende mwedzi mitanhatu iri yose kuti vabvumikise noufakazi hwakajeka nokupwisa hunotendisa kuti kuchengetwa kunoruramiswa. Mamwe matunhu kubvira panguva iyoyo, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro harisati rabudisa mutemo wakapararira munyika yose. Nokuda kwomubatanidzwa wokuvakwa nokupinda munyika yose, ona [FUGUF]]

Kuchinja Kunoita Kushanda Kwokutengesa Zvinhu

Apo muitiro wakafanira unoremekedzwa zvizere, zvisarudzo zvokudzingwa zvinova zvakarurama zvikuru uye zvakarurama zvikuru. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti kupa zano namabasa okududzira zvinotungamirira kumitengo yakakwirira yokupa nokuda kweyamuro. Nenzira yakapesana, apo muitiro unodikanwa unopfupikiswa — somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokunzwa kwavazhinji nezvinomira zvinodzorwa, kuva nemukana wokushandura wakaganhurirwa, kana kuti kusaziva kusina kukwana kwekodzero — vanhu sezvingabvira zvikuru vanobviswa kunyange kana vane zvikumbiro zvakarurama. Izvi zvine miuyo yavanhu inokosha: mhuri dzinoparadzaniswa, vanhu vanodzorerwa kuchitambudzo, uye chivimbo chavose mugadziriro yokutama.

Muenzaniso mumwe wakasimba i “Operration Stramline” purogiramu, iyo inoita vatami vanopa mhaka mukutonga kukuru pamberi pomutongi mumwe, pane dzimwe nguva vane vazhinji vevakwirirwi muchinoitika chimwe. matare ehurumende akaratidzira itiro hanya dzokuti mapurogiramu akadaro angaputsa muitiro wakafanira kana mutongi asingagoni kupa ngwariro yomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Nenzira yakafanana, “rocket postryt" kusvika kwematare akati okubuda munyika — anoda kuti mhaka dzipedzwe muchinhu chakagadzirirwa, chimiro chenguva pfupi — yakatsoropotedzwa nokuda kwokumanikidza vatongi kubvisa ufakazi kana kuti kuramba kupfuurira.

Nheyo yatarwa inoganhurirawo kushandiswa kwoufakazi hwakavanzika. Hurumende haigoni kutsamira pamashoko akarongeka pasina kugovera mukana une revo wokuaramba. Mu Kaplan v. Chertoff [200], Tshaundi Yechitatu yaidavira kuti kushandisa mashoko asina kunyorwa mukubvisa zviitiko zvakafanira kupesana. Hurumende inofanira kugoverana ufakazi (kunyange muchimiro chakakudzorerwa) kana kuti kurega kushandisa. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti mabasa eAdversariary.

Kudzikama Kwehurumende.

Mutemo wokuisa muganhu wave uchiumbwa kwenguva refu neitiro hanya dzenyika. Pashure pa 9/11, hurumende yakakudza kunzvera, kupfigirwa kwe “nhau dzorusadziro”. Muitiro wakafanira unowanzova chigaro apo hurumende inotaura kuti dziviriro dzemitengo ingakuvadza fariro dzechengeteko. Dare Rapamusoro rakataura uku kunetseka mu Rasl v. Bush [2004], iro rakatambanudzira habeas kumiteshi yeGuantanamo Bay, uye [FLT] mu [FLT] . RMFFLT] , rakaita kuti utongerwe nomuitiro wokunze.

Mu Nhaka. Kim [2003], Dare Gurusa rakatsigira kusungwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwavaenzi voutsotsi vakati vari kumirira kubviswa, kurangarira kuti Congress yakanga ine hwaro hwakarurama hwokuvharira avo vanobvira kukuvadziko kana kuti kupa ngozi. Asi Dare rakabvuma kuti muitiro wakafanira unoganhurira urefu hwekupfigwa kwakadaro. Mamiriro ezvinhu akabviswa pachiremera chehurumende, zvikurukuru NYT. Diouf [[FL:3] zvisarudzo]. Ganhuro dzinoraira kuti hurumende iratidze tyisidziro yakananga uye kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe ane banza rinzwiwe.

Kuchinja Kunopfuurira Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mutemo wakadai seChiremera chakarongwa nokuda kweImmigrants Act uye Fairnes in Immigration Litigation Act wakavavarira kusimbisa dziviriro dzakafanira. Gurukota reBiden rakatora nhano dzokudzorera nhevedzano, kubatanidza mari yakawedzerwa nokuda kwepurogiramu dzemitemo, bhishopu inodzorwa paimwe inosungwa, uye nzvimbo mu . L. L. ICE iyo yakagadza mipimo yokuchengetwa kwemhuri. Zvisinei, kuchengetwa kunoramba kuripo kwemitemo, uye kudzokera kumatare okutama (pamusoro pezvinoitika zvinogara zviripo semiriyo ye2024) inotyisidzira mutoo mukurusa, mukati mokuparira kunonotswa kwavanhu kana kuti muudzoronze pamutemo.

Vatsigiri vanokurudzira chinjo dzinoverengeka: kupa zano kuvatami vose vanopara mhosva mukubviswa kwezvinoitika, kuganhurira kushandiswa kwekunzwa kwamavhidhiyo nokuda kwavanhu vakasungwa, kuvimbisa kunzwa kwokukurumidza, uye kusimbisa kodzero ku “kunzwa kwakazara nokururamisira” mumutemo. American Bar Association yakabudisa zvisarudzo zvinoraira muitiro wakafanira zvinovimbisa zvakananga nokuda kwavana navamwe vanhu vane njodzi. Ona mutemo wokubuda munyika nepfuma yakafanira [ nokuda kweidzi dzinoitwa.]

mhedziso

Muitiro wakafanira unoramba uri musimboti wezvinoitika zvokubuda munyika zvakanaka nokuendeswa. Haisi dzivirirowo zvayo asi inovimbisa kuti hurumende haipi vanhu rusununguko rwavo kana kuti kugura zvisungo zvavo zvemhuri pasina dziviriro yakakomba. Nepo gadziriro yapamutemo yakasimba — yakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo, mutemo wemitemo, uye muenzaniso wedare — kugadzirwa kwenyika chaikoiko kunoderera. Vasati vari vadzoreri vetsika pasina zano, miganhuro yomutauro, uye vanodzorwa mumitsetse yeungano. Kukurumidza kudzorera nokuwedzera muitiro wakafanira kunosimudzirwa nemigumisiro yakakomba yokubviswa: kurasikirwa nechinzwano yemhuri, nhamo yemari, uye pane dzimwe nguva ngozi yokutambudzwa kana kuti rufu.

Pakupedzisira, kuremekedza muitiro wakafanira kunotsigira mutemo uye kusimbisa kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro yokubuda. Inodzikamisa chengeteko yenyika neruramisiro huru, ichivimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa paufakazi hwakavimbika nerutongeso rusingasaruri. Sezvo nharo dzeU.S. dzinopazve kuchinjwa kwokupinda munyika, kuzvipira kumuitiro wakafanira kunofanira kuva kusingasaitiki. Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru zvikuru kodzero dzetsika, National Conference of State Legislatures.